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Chapter 7
Themes
and Colors
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in A Beautiful Mind, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Mental Illness, Recovery, and the Quest for Knowledge
Genius, Morality, and Relationships
Love, Desire, and the Impact of Hidden Lives
Summary
Analysis
At Princeton, Nash becomes interested in game theory, invented by von Neumann in the 1920s. Game theory can be defined as “an attempt […] to construct a systematic theory of rational human behavior by focusing on games as simple settings for the exercise of human rationality.” Von Neumann is the first to suggest that the theory of games might have wide applications, including to economics. Oskar Morgenstern, an Austrian economics professor at Princeton, convinces von Neumann to collaborate with him on a treatise arguing that game theory is the “correct foundation for all economic theory.” The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, von Neumann and Morgenstern’s treatise, argues that the “prevailing paradigm in economics”—an emphasis on individual incentives and behavior—is inadequate, proposing that math (and especially a new theory of games) should form the basis of economic logic.
Game theory forever reshaped the relationship between economics and math, placing new emphasis on theories of cooperation and strategy among rational actors in group scenarios. Cooperation was central to the founding of game theory itself, since Morgenstern and von Neumann worked together on their groundbreaking treatise. Yet as a game theorist, Nash shied away from similar types of collaboration, choosing to focus on his own ideas. This behavior had negative consequences for his links to the math community: Nash was often viewed as difficult and abrasive.
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Though “the bible”—as von Neumann and Morgenstern’s book was referred to by Princeton’s graduate students—is ground-breaking, Nash and other students realize that von Neumann and Morgenstern’s work does not contain any new theorems, other than one von Neumann formulated (the min-max theorem). Nash is especially intrigued by von Neumann and Morgenstern’s focus on “zero-sum two-person games,” a problem they left open to further research.
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