A Confederacy of Dunces

A Confederacy of Dunces

by

John Kennedy Toole

Teachers and parents! Our Teacher Edition on A Confederacy of Dunces makes teaching easy.

Hypocrisy and Self-Interest Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Medievalism, Modernity, and Fate Theme Icon
The Legacy of Slavery Theme Icon
Sexuality, Attraction, and Repulsion Theme Icon
Freedom Theme Icon
Appearance, Identity, and Disguise  Theme Icon
Hypocrisy and Self-Interest  Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in A Confederacy of Dunces, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Hypocrisy and Self-Interest  Theme Icon

Throughout the novel, many of the characters pretend to act on the behalf of others. For instance, Mrs. Levy has her mind set on transforming the life and appearance of Miss Trixie, her husband’s elderly employee, while Ignatius is determined to start political upheavals in order to impress his ex-girlfriend, Myrna. However, although characters like these want to think of themselves as philanthropic, most of them are merely hypocrites who pretend to act with other people’s best interests in mind—really, they are just out to help themselves. Toole thus suggests that it does not take much to convince people that their actions are justified, especially when they can convince themselves that they are behaving charitably, and that people, in general, look out for their own interests before they take other people’s needs into account. 

Many of the characters undertake seemingly selfless acts throughout the novel. Mrs. Levy is endlessly proud of her own philanthropy because she adopts Miss Trixie, an elderly employee at Levy Pants, as a cause and tries to help Miss Trixie transform her life. Throughout the novel, Mrs. Levy is dedicated to helping Miss Trixie remain employed and views this as a great struggle against her husband, Mr. Levy, who wants to let Miss Trixie retire. This suggests that Mrs. Levy views herself as a virtuous person, who has other people’s best interests in mind. Similarly, Santa Battaglia, Patrolman Mancuso’s aunt, befriends Irene Reilly after Patrolman Mancuso tries to arrest Irene’s son, Ignatius. Santa gives the impression of being a generous woman who is intent on matchmaking for Irene—she tries to set Irene up with an acquaintance named Claude Robichaux. Like Mrs. Levy with Miss Trixie, Santa adopts the role of protector towards Irene and seems to feel that she is performing a charitable service through her interference in Irene’s life. Toole suggests that it is common for people to believe that they are helping others when really their actions are self-interested. This is demonstrated through Ignatius, who is extremely misanthropic but still feels that, eventually, he will help save humanity because he will write a book which will teach people how to behave properly. This suggests that even people who seem outwardly hostile towards others are subject to this type of vanity and can begin to see themselves as saviors for people who are seemingly less fortunate than themselves. 

However, although the characters may view their actions as selfless, they usually have an ulterior motive. Mrs. Levy is not really concerned about Miss Trixie’s welfare and, in fact, only wants an excuse to lambast Mr. Levy, whom she picks on throughout the novel. Miss Trixie is desperate to retire and despises the Mrs. Levy because she will not let her. This suggests that Mrs. Levy’s ulterior motive is her desire to dominate her husband and take on the self-aggrandizing role of hero or savior, to make herself seem important. Rather than openly bully Mr. Levy, Mrs. Levy convinces herself that Mr. Levy is the bully and that she must stand up for his victims, such as Miss Trixie. This implies that Mrs. Levy’s motivation is, in reality, self-interested rather than selfless, but that she denies this to herself. Santa’s plan to set Irene up with Claude also seems to be driven by a desire for control, rather than by genuinely selfless motives. Santa is pushy with Irene, who at first shows little interest in Claude. Even though Santa gets Irene out of the house and breaks her overly dependent bond with Ignatius, Santa also convinces Irene to place her son in a mental asylum—a controlling and destructive move the reader can safely assume that Irene will regret later. Again, Ignatius is the most extreme and parodic version of these traits. When he tries to organize a party of gay men to overthrow the government, Ignatius claims that he is acting for the greater social good (to bring about world peace), when really he is behaving selfishly and only wants to impress his ex-girlfriend, Myrna. This suggests that people often have ulterior motives for seemingly generous behavior, but that they often hide these motives even from themselves. 

Many of the novel’s characters are punished for their selfish behavior, making it clear that their so-called charitable acts were anything but. Some of the characters face negative consequences as a direct result of their selfish or hypocritical behavior. For example, Mrs. Levy’s attempt to use Miss Trixie to get back at her husband ultimately does not pay off—Miss Trixie spoils Mrs. Levy’s plans and reverses Mrs. Levy’s position of power in her marriage. Mr. Levy proves that Miss Trixie hates Mrs. Levy, and therefore no longer has to tolerate Mrs. Levy’s bullying, which Mrs. Levy claims is on Miss Trixie’s behalf. This demonstrates that selfish actions often have negative consequences. The novel makes a distinction between characters who try to control others to their own selfish ends and those who act out of self-interest to improve their situation. For example, although Irene is partly interested in Claude for his money, she is also interested in having a relationship and being treated kindly, instead of tolerating Ignatius’s selfish demands. Irene, therefore, it is suggested, gets a (somewhat) happy ending when she becomes engaged to Claude. Although she does have her own best interests in mind, her behavior also positively impacts Claude. In contrast, characters like Lana Lee, who is only out for herself and uses other people like Jones to advance her own position without benefiting him in any way, is punished at the novel’s conclusion. This suggests that selfishness is not necessarily a bad thing (and is, in fact, a perfectly natural motivating factor in most people’s lives) but that taking such an attitude too far will inevitably reap negative consequences. The novel draws a distinction between blind self-interest, which only advances one’s own position and uses other people purely for this end (often while pretending to help the people that it exploits) and a desire to help oneself and to improve one’s own situation, which Toole suggests is something to which everyone is susceptible.

Related Themes from Other Texts
Compare and contrast themes from other texts to this theme…

Hypocrisy and Self-Interest ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Hypocrisy and Self-Interest appears in each chapter of A Confederacy of Dunces. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
How often theme appears:
chapter length:
Get the entire A Confederacy of Dunces LitChart as a printable PDF.
A Confederacy of Dunces PDF

Hypocrisy and Self-Interest Quotes in A Confederacy of Dunces

Below you will find the important quotes in A Confederacy of Dunces related to the theme of Hypocrisy and Self-Interest .
Chapter 1, Part 1 Quotes

“Is it the part of the police department to harass me when this city is a flagrant vice capital of the civilized world?” Ignatius bellowed over the crowd in front of the store. “This city is famous for its gamblers, prostitutes, exhibitionists. Antichrists, alcoholics, sodomites, drug addicts, fetishists, onanists, pornographers, frauds, jades, litterbugs, and lesbians, all of whom are only too well protected by graft. If you have a moment, I shall endeavor to discuss the crime problem with you, but don’t make the mistake of bothering me.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly, Patrolman Mancuso
Page Number: 3
Explanation and Analysis:

“In addition, I am at the moment writing a lengthy indictment against our century. When my brain begins to reel from my literary labors, I make an occasional cheese dip.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly, Patrolman Mancuso
Page Number: 6
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 1, Part 2 Quotes

“How come you here, man?”

“I don’t know.”

“You don know? Whoa! That crazy. You gotta be here for somethin. Plenty time they pickin up color peoples for nothin, but, mister, you gotta be here for somethin.”

Related Characters: Burma Jones (speaker), Claude Robichaux (speaker), Ignatius J. Reilly, Patrolman Mancuso
Page Number: 14
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2, Part 3 Quotes

“The ironic thing about that program,” Ignatius was saying over the stove, keeping one eye peeled so that he could seize the pot as soon as the milk began to boil, “is that it is supposed to be an exemplum to the youth of our nation. I would like very much to know what the Founding Fathers would say if they could see these children being debauched to further the cause of Clearasil. However, I always suspected that democracy would come to this.” He painstakingly poured the milk into his Shirley Temple mug. “A firm rule must be imposed upon our nation before it destroys itself.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly, Patrolman Mancuso
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number: 42
Explanation and Analysis:

“Ignatius, what’s all this trash on the floor?”

“That is my worldview that you see. It still must be incorporated into a whole, so be careful where you step.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly (speaker)
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number: 46
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 3, Part 5 Quotes

For the first time in my life I have met the system face-to-face, fully determined to function within its context as an observer and critic in disguise, so to speak.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly
Page Number: 74
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4, Part 1 Quotes

If Levy Pants was to succeed, the first step would be imposing a heavy hand upon its detractors. Levy Pants must become more militant and authoritarian in order to survive in the jungle of modem commercialism.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly, Mr. Levy, Mr. Abelman
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number: 88
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4, Part 4 Quotes

At last he closed the looseleaf folder and contemplated a reply to Myrna, a slashing, vicious attack upon her being and worldview. It would be better to wait until he had visited the factory and seen what possibilities for social action there were there. Such boldness had to be handled properly; he might be able to do something with the factory workers which would make Myrna look like a reactionary in the field of social action. He had to prove his superiority to the offensive minx.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly, Myrna Minkoff
Page Number: 101
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5, Part 1 Quotes

“Now look here, Darlene, don’t tell that Jones we suddenly got the whole force in here at night. You know how colored people feel about cops. He might get scared and quit. I mean, I’m trying to help the boy out and keep him off the streets.”

Related Characters: Lana Lee (speaker), Burma Jones, Darlene
Related Symbols: The Night of Joy
Page Number: 105
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5, Part 4 Quotes

The original sweatshop has been preserved for posterity at Levy Pants. If only the Smithsonian Institution, that grab bag of our nation’s refuse, could somehow vacuum-seal the Levy Pants factory and transport it to the capital of the United States of America, each worker frozen in an attitude of labor, the visitors to that questionable museum would defecate into their garish tourist outfits. It is a scene which combines the worst of Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Fritz Lang’s Metropolis; it is mechanized Negro slavery; it represents the progress which the Negro has made from picking cotton to tailoring it.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Myrna Minkoff, Mr. Levy, Mr. Gonzalez
Page Number: 118-119
Explanation and Analysis:

In a sense, I have always felt something of a kinship with the colored race because its position is the same as mine; we both exist outside the inner realm of American society. Of course, my exile is voluntary. However, it is apparent that many of the Negroes wish to become active members of the American middle class. I cannot imagine why. I must admit that this desire on their part leads me to question their value judgments.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Myrna Minkoff, Mr. Levy, Mr. Gonzalez
Page Number: 122
Explanation and Analysis:

I must admit that I always suspected Myrna of being interested in me sensually; my stringent attitude toward sex intrigued her; in a sense, I became another project of sorts, I did, however, succeed in thwarting her every attempt to assail the castle of my body and mind.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Myrna Minkoff
Page Number: 125
Explanation and Analysis:

The subsidiary theme in the correspondence is one urging me to come to Manhattan so that she and I may raise our banner of twin confusion in that center of mechanized horrors […] Someday the authorities of our society will no doubt apprehend her for simply being herself. Incarceration will finally make her life meaningful and end her frustration.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Myrna Minkoff
Page Number: 126
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9, Part 2 Quotes

“I know this business. Stripping’s an insult to a woman. The kinda creeps come in here don’t wanna see a tramp get insulted […] Anybody can insult a tramp. These jerks wanna see a sweet, clean virgin get insulted and stripped. You gotta use your head for Chrissake, Darlene. You gotta be pure. I want you to be like a nice, refined girl who’s surprised when the bird starts grabbing at your clothes.”

Related Characters: Lana Lee (speaker), Darlene
Related Symbols: The Night of Joy
Page Number: 220-221
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 11, Part 2 Quotes

When we have at last overthrown all existing governments, the world will enjoy not war, but global orgies conducted with the utmost protocol and the most truly international spirit, for these people do transcend simple national differences. Their minds are on one goal; they are truly united; they think as one.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Dorian Greene
Page Number: 269
Explanation and Analysis: