A Confederacy of Dunces
A Confederacy of Dunces
by John Kennedy Toole
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Medievalism, Modernity, and Fate Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Medievalism, Modernity, and Fate Theme Icon
The Legacy of Slavery Theme Icon
Sexuality, Attraction, and Repulsion Theme Icon
Freedom Theme Icon
Appearance, Identity, and Disguise  Theme Icon
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Medievalism, Modernity, and Fate Theme Icon
Medievalism, Modernity, and Fate Theme Icon

A Confederacy of Dunces draws largely upon medieval culture and philosophy. In particular, the novel focuses on Ignatius J. Reilly’s interest in the medieval philosopher Boethius, who wrote The Consolation of Philosophy. Ignatius feels deeply connected to Boethius: in his lifetime, Boethius was imprisoned by the Ostrogoths, who were widely believed to be a barbarous people compared to the civilized Romans, and Ignatius feels that he, too, is surrounded by barbarians. A scholar of medievalism, Ignatius has absorbed his academic work so thoroughly that he allows it to rule his life, and builds his own personal philosophy around Boethius’s ideas—like the idea that fate is determined by a wheel of destiny manned by the goddess Fortuna or his belief in the divine right of kings. Ignatius’s life takes on farcical dimensions when his old-fashioned ideas clash with the modern world, which generally holds that people as responsible for their own actions and views democracy as a favorable system of government. However, although Ignatius’s worldview may seem strange, Ignatius feels that he and Boethius are sane while, really, it is modern society which is confused.

Ignatius’s belief that he cannot control his own destiny means that his life feels out of control and he does not learn from mistakes or from the consequences of his actions. Boethius believed that the goddess Fortuna controls a wheel of destiny, which affects the fate of each individual, as well as the fate of society, and that this wheel can spin either up or down, bringing either good or bad fortune. This was a common belief in medieval culture, and individuals were believed to have their own place on the wheel of fate. Ignatius believes that he, too, relies on fortune’s influence and that he must succumb to Fortuna’s fickle whims. Ignatius uses this medieval belief to avoid responsibility for his actions. He feels that he is not in control of his life and, therefore, he does not see a cause-and-effect relationship between his actions and their consequences. While Ignatius works at Levy Pants, a textile factory, he writes a rude letter to a client named Mr. Abelman and signs it from Mr. Levy, the owner of the factory, rather than with his own name. Later in the novel, Mr. Abelman tries to sue Mr. Levy, who then tracks down Ignatius to make him take responsibility for the letter. However, Ignatius does not view this as a consequence of his own actions but as a mere accident of fortune based on the random direction of the wheel. This suggests that Ignatius uses philosophy to make excuses for himself and to avoid changing his life. While he feels validated by the fact that he relates to Boethius, Ignatius often laments that he is helpless to prevent his own suffering at Fortuna’s hands. This suggests that Ignatius is, to an extent, limited by his own beliefs. The end of the novel, when Ignatius’s ex-girlfriend, Myrna, arrives to rescue Ignatius from incarceration in a mental institution (which his mother, Irene, has orchestrated) does not suggest any lasting change in Ignatius’s perspective. As Ignatius sees it, fate has once again come to his aid—and prevented him from taking responsibility for or really understanding the consequences of his actions. 

Beyond his antiquated beliefs in Fortuna, Ignatius also despises the modern world and sees it as inferior to the medieval period. Throughout the novel, Ignatius occasionally works on his own philosophical diatribe, which he hopes will pave the way for future societies. This is another example of the way in which Ignatius emulates Boethius and uses The Consolation of Philosophy as a manual to determine the course of his own life. In this work, Ignatius describes the post-medieval period, when Boethius’s work fell out of fashion, as a “low” era in which Fortuna’s wheel “turned against” humanity. In comparison, Ignatius describes the medieval period, during which Boethius’s work was widely revered, as a period of “order” and “tranquility.” This suggests that Ignatius views the whole of modernity, from the medieval period onwards, as a negative, chaotic, and uncivilized time. Ignatius is extremely conservative and bristles at anything that is considered progressive. For instance, he believes that America should have a king rather than a democracy, claiming that democracy is vulgar and common because it allows ordinary people to participate in politics. As Ignatius’s conservatism is taken to farcical extremes for the purpose of parody, it’s clear that his worldview is wildly outdated and totally at odds with contemporary thought.

However, while the novel pokes fun at Ignatius’s perspective, it does not dismiss it entirely. Many of the novel’s twists are based on chance and fate. For example, it is pure chance that after Ignatius lends his copy of The Consolation of Philosophy to Patrolman Mancuso, it is stolen and used as a prop in a pornographic photograph taken by corrupt nightclub owner Lana Lee. This, in turn, leads Ignatius to the club, which helps Jones, Lana’s porter, sabotage the establishment. As the characters are not aware of how these minor decisions affect their fate, the novel suggests that humans are not fully in control of their own destinies and, to an extent, are at the whims of fate. Furthermore, Ignatius’s belief that he is a great thinker who is unappreciated in his own time cannot necessarily be proven wrong, since this has been the case with so many famous thinkers who have only come to be accepted many years after their deaths. Even Boethius died unknown and persecuted, but his philosophy determined the direction of much of western culture in the following centuries.  Although Ignatius’s worldview is objectionable by modern standards, the novel suggests that what is considered popular and moral in one period may be considered repugnant in another. This, too, supports the idea that humans are at the mercy of fate—the course of history is mysterious and unfathomable, and it is impossible to predict how people in the future will interpret and emulate the past. 

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Medievalism, Modernity, and Fate Quotes in A Confederacy of Dunces

Below you will find the important quotes in A Confederacy of Dunces related to the theme of Medievalism, Modernity, and Fate.

Chapter 1, Part 1 Quotes

“Is it the part of the police department to harass me when this city is a flagrant vice capital of the civilized world?” Ignatius bellowed over the crowd in front of the store. “This city is famous for its gamblers, prostitutes, exhibitionists. Antichrists, alcoholics, sodomites, drug addicts, fetishists, onanists, pornographers, frauds, jades, litterbugs, and lesbians, all of whom are only too well protected by graft. If you have a moment, I shall endeavor to discuss the crime problem with you, but don’t make the mistake of bothering me.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly, Patrolman Mancuso
Page Number and Citation: 3
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius J. Reilly waits outside a department store in New Orleans for his mother, Irene. While he waits, he is approached by a police officer, Patrolman Mancuso, who wants to arrest Ignatius because he looks suspicious. Ignatius is a medieval scholar and despises the modernity because he feels it is morally corrupt compared with medieval times, as reflected by the rant that he “bellow[s] over the crowd in front of the store.” Ignatius connects the city with modern “vice” because urban industry, which capitalism is built around, did not exist until the post-medieval period. Ignatius especially dislikes people whom he Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure.

“In addition, I am at the moment writing a lengthy indictment against our century. When my brain begins to reel from my literary labors, I make an occasional cheese dip.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly, Patrolman Mancuso
Page Number and Citation: 6
Explanation and Analysis:
While Ignatius waits for his mother, Irene, outside a shop, he is almost arrested by Patrolman Mancuso because he looks so strange. When Irene leaves the store and intervenes, Ignatius explains to Patrolman Mancuso why he does not have a job and what he does with all his time. It is important for Ignatius to justify his unemployment because unemployment, or vagrancy, was illegal in New Orleans during the 1960s. Although America claimed to be a free society, citizens were not free to be unemployed. This reflects a facet of modern capitalism (a system which Ignatius intensely dislikes) in which Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae

Chapter 2, Part 1 Quotes

His vision of history temporarily fading, Ignatius sketched a noose at the bottom of the page. Then he drew a revolver and a little box on which he neatly printed gas chamber. He scratched the side of the pencil back and forth across the paper and labeled this APOCALYPSE.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 28
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Ignatius spends time on his academic work, which concerns the superiority of the medieval period over modernity. Ignatius is a medieval scholar and wants to write an academic tract which points out the evils of modernity. Ignatius views history as a downward spiral from the height point of culture, the medieval period, into the modern. The doodles he creates suggest that Ignatius feels modernity is unusually violent, oppressive, and corrupt. Guns, for example, are a modern invention which are associated with the use of violent force. Ignatius also draws attention to particularly modern atrocities, such as the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut.

Ignatius thought smugly that on their yellowed pages and wide-ruled lines were the seeds of a magnificent study in comparative history. Very disordered, of course. But one day he would assume the task of editing these fragments of his mentality into a jigsaw puzzle of a very grand design; the completed puzzle would show literate men the disaster course that history had been taking for the past four centuries.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 28
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius looks over his academic work, which is written in fragments on different notepads and scattered about his messy room. Ignatius is a medieval scholar and believes that the medieval period was superior to modernity. He plans to write a study which points out modernity’s flaws in comparison with the medieval values. Ignatius describes his work as “disordered” and hopes one day to bring order it. This supports his overall goal in life: to bring order to a world which he does not fit into by changing people’s worldview to suit his own. However, Ignatius does not show any movement Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qu

As a medievalist Ignatius believed in the rota Fortunae, or wheel of fortune, a central concept in De Consolatione Philosophiae, the philosophical work which had laid the foundation for medieval thought. Boethius, the late Roman who had written the Consolatione while unjustly imprisoned by the emperor, had said that a blind goddess spins us on a wheel, that our luck comes in cycles. Was the ludicrous attempt to arrest him the beginning of a bad cycle? Was his wheel rapidly spinning downward? The accident was also a bad sign. Ignatius was worried. For all his philosophy, Boethius had still been tortured and killed.

Related Characters: Patrolman Mancuso, Ignatius J. Reilly, Irene Reilly
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 29
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius bases his worldview around the work of the medieval scholar Boethius—a Roman writer who was imprisoned and killed by the Ostrogoths during the decline of the Roman Empire. Boethius’s idea of the wheel of fortune is generally understood as a metaphor by modern scholars and is not usually believed literally. The idea that the goddess spinning the wheel is blind suggests that fate is random and that humans cannot change or predict their destiny, as their actions may not achieve their desired result. Ignatius not only believes this literally—which often leads him to feel that his life is out Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum

Chapter 2, Part 3 Quotes

“The ironic thing about that program,” Ignatius was saying over the stove, keeping one eye peeled so that he could seize the pot as soon as the milk began to boil, “is that it is supposed to be an exemplum to the youth of our nation. I would like very much to know what the Founding Fathers would say if they could see these children being debauched to further the cause of Clearasil. However, I always suspected that democracy would come to this.” He painstakingly poured the milk into his Shirley Temple mug. “A firm rule must be imposed upon our nation before it destroys itself.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly, Patrolman Mancuso
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 42
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius despises television and sees it as another example of the evils of modernity, which he believes is inferior to the medieval period. Despite this, however, Ignatius is obsessed with television and religiously watches shows that he claims to hate. In this passage, he discusses one of these shows with Irene and Patrolman Mancuso. Ignatius dislikes the fact that modern advertisers use sex to sell products like Clearasil, since he views sex as sinful and the use of sex in advertising as an example of the modern world’s debauchery. Medieval culture focused on the importance of spirituality and the soul, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Molli

“Ignatius, what’s all this trash on the floor?”

“That is my worldview that you see. It still must be incorporated into a whole, so be careful where you step.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly (speaker)
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 46
Explanation and Analysis:
Irene, Ignatius’s mother, bursts into his room and asks about the paper all over the floor. Ignatius explains that this is his great academic work which he hopes to publish one day, and which explains his perspective to the world. Ignatius feels that he is not understood by modern society. He is a medieval scholar and believes that the medieval period is superior to modernity. Irene is clearly disinterested in Ignatius’s work, which is slow, sporadic, and brings in no money, and views it as “trash.” This supports Ignatius’s idea that he is misunderstood, but also suggests that he uses Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia so

Chapter 3, Part 1 Quotes

“I refuse to look up. Optimism nauseates me. It is perverse. Since man’s fall, his proper position in the universe has been one of misery.”

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Patrolman Mancuso, Irene Reilly
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 59
Explanation and Analysis:
Patrolman Mancuso tells Ignatius to look on the bright side of life and Ignatius sneeringly responds with this quote. Ignatius and Patrolman Mancuso are opposites within the narrative—Mancuso is somewhat of an antagonist to Ignatius, who is the protagonist of A Confederacy of Dunces. Unlike a typical antagonist, though, Mancuso is an optimistic, well-meaning person who is dedicated to his job even when his boss treats him unfairly. Ignatius, on the other hand, despises Mancuso’s chirpy disposition and feels that no amount of hard work can change or improve a person’s life. Ignatius’s worldview is medieval—he is a medieval scholar Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit

Chapter 3, Part 5 Quotes

For the first time in my life I have met the system face-to-face, fully determined to function within its context as an observer and critic in disguise, so to speak.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Irene Reilly
Page Number and Citation: 74
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius starts a job at the Levy Pants factory and determines to document his experience in a semi-fictional journal which he calls “The Journal of a Working Boy.” Ignatius despises modern systems like capitalism and has always avoided participating in them by refusing to get a job—though he still enjoys many of the comforts of capitalism, such as fast food and television. However, Ignatius is forced to find a job to help his mother, Irene, pay off a fine and decides to take on a role at Levy Pants. Ignatius is extremely concerned about retaining his individuality at work, since Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. M

Chapter 4, Part 1 Quotes

If Levy Pants was to succeed, the first step would be imposing a heavy hand upon its detractors. Levy Pants must become more militant and authoritarian in order to survive in the jungle of modem commercialism.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly, Mr. Abelman, Mr. Levy
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 88
Explanation and Analysis:
While working at Levy Pants, Ignatius hears about a complaints letter from a client, Mr. Abelman. Ignatius decides that Levy Pants must not tolerate this type of dissent and writes a rude letter back to Mr. Abelman, which he signs with Mr. Levy’s (the factory owner’s) name, rather than his own. Ignatius does not fit in with modern society and dislikes capitalist concepts like consumer satisfaction because he believes that humans are meant to suffer. Ignatius is a medieval scholar whose worldview is based on the Roman philosopher Boethius. The medieval period was a period of absolute monarchy in Europe, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore labor

Chapter 4, Part 4 Quotes

At last he closed the looseleaf folder and contemplated a reply to Myrna, a slashing, vicious attack upon her being and worldview. It would be better to wait until he had visited the factory and seen what possibilities for social action there were there. Such boldness had to be handled properly; he might be able to do something with the factory workers which would make Myrna look like a reactionary in the field of social action. He had to prove his superiority to the offensive minx.

Related Characters: Myrna Minkoff, Ignatius J. Reilly
Page Number and Citation: 101
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius receives a letter from Myrna Minkoff, his ex-girlfriend, which accuses him of being social backwards. Ignatius tries to think of a way to get back at Myrna and prove her wrong. Ignatius and Myrna are opposites—he is exceptionally conservative, and she tries to be extremely progressive—but their extreme and unconventional perspectives make them similar and draw them to each other. Ignatius is infuriated by Myrna, who represents everything he hates about modernity, and seems to want to inflict physical violence on her with his use of words like “slashing.” As they were once a couple, it is implied that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perfe

Chapter 5, Part 4 Quotes

The original sweatshop has been preserved for posterity at Levy Pants. If only the Smithsonian Institution, that grab bag of our nation’s refuse, could somehow vacuum-seal the Levy Pants factory and transport it to the capital of the United States of America, each worker frozen in an attitude of labor, the visitors to that questionable museum would defecate into their garish tourist outfits. It is a scene which combines the worst of Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Fritz Lang’s Metropolis; it is mechanized Negro slavery; it represents the progress which the Negro has made from picking cotton to tailoring it.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Mr. Gonzalez, Myrna Minkoff, Mr. Levy
Page Number and Citation: 118-119
Explanation and Analysis:
During Ignatius’s time as an employee at Levy Pants, he visits the factory and gathers evidence about the conditions in which the black workers operate. He writes these observations in his “Journal of a Working Boy.” Ignatius suggests that the conditions of the black workers at the factory are like the conditions of a sweat shop or plantation. Ignatius suggests that this comparison would be obvious to any modern person who witnessed it and that, if the scene was placed in a tourist museum like the Smithsonian Institute, people would be horrified that this took place in the supposedly civilized Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum

In a sense, I have always felt something of a kinship with the colored race because its position is the same as mine; we both exist outside the inner realm of American society. Of course, my exile is voluntary. However, it is apparent that many of the Negroes wish to become active members of the American middle class. I cannot imagine why. I must admit that this desire on their part leads me to question their value judgments.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Mr. Gonzalez, Mr. Levy, Myrna Minkoff
Page Number and Citation: 122
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius writes in his journal and describes his plans to start a race riot at work. He claims that this is for the benefit of the black workers—who are underpaid and work in unsafe conditions—but, really, it is to annoy his ex-girlfriend, Myrna, and prove that he is socially progressive. Ignatius feels that he can relate to the black workers because he feels discriminated against by modern society due to his unusual views—Ignatius is a medievalist and rejects modern values. Black people were socially “exiled” in the 1960s in the American South because of racial discrimination. Although the Civil Rights Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque

I must admit that I always suspected Myrna of being interested in me sensually; my stringent attitude toward sex intrigued her; in a sense, I became another project of sorts, I did, however, succeed in thwarting her every attempt to assail the castle of my body and mind.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Myrna Minkoff
Page Number and Citation: 125
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius writes in his journal about his ex-girlfriend, Myrna, with whom he had a celibate relationship but whom he suspected of making sexual advances toward him. Ignatius is disgusted by sex and views it as a sinful. Ignatius is a medieval scholar and holds a medieval worldview, as he believes it is superior to modernity. In the medieval period, sex was considered sinful because it was part of the material world and anything to do with materialism or the body was considered inferior to the spiritual realm. Ignatius, therefore, views his voluntary celibacy as evidence of his own purity compared Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam.

The subsidiary theme in the correspondence is one urging me to come to Manhattan so that she and I may raise our banner of twin confusion in that center of mechanized horrors […] Someday the authorities of our society will no doubt apprehend her for simply being herself. Incarceration will finally make her life meaningful and end her frustration.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Myrna Minkoff
Page Number and Citation: 126
Explanation and Analysis:
In a journal entry, Ignatius writes that his ex-girlfriend, Myrna, is desperate to persuade him to come live with her in New York. Myrna believes that New York is progressive while the American South, where Ignatius lives, is backward. Although Myrna claims to be tolerant and to love freedom, she wants to impose her worldview on everyone around her and, therefore, wants to literally move Ignatius to a place which she feels epitomizes her own beliefs. Ignatius, in contrast, hates cities—he views them as symbols of modernity and thinks the medieval period was superior to the modern world. Ignatius knows Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint a

Chapter 7, Part 1 Quotes

She described to Ignatius the courage of Patrolman Mancuso, who, against heavy odds, was fighting to retain his job, who wanted to work, who was making the best of his torture and exile in the bathroom at the bus station. Patrolman Mancuso’s situation reminded Ignatius of the situation of Boethius when he was imprisoned by the emperor before being killed.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly, Patrolman Mancuso, Irene Reilly
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 160
Explanation and Analysis:
Irene compares Ignatius to her friend Patrolman Mancuso and complains that Ignatius refuses to get a job, whereas Mancuso has one in which he is treated badly and yet still makes the best of it. Irene is frustrated with Ignatius because he despises the idea of work. This is because he believes that work is a modern concept which opposes his belief that the medieval period, in which work in the modern sense did not exist, was superior to modernity. However, Ignatius also partly rejects work because he is lazy and neglects the fact that, of course, people in the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore cor

Chapter 9, Part 2 Quotes

Like a note in a bottle, the address might bring some reply, perhaps from a legitimate and professional saboteur. An address on a package wrapped in plain brown paper was as damaging as a fingerprint on a gun, Jones thought. It was something that shouldn’t be there.

Related Characters: Lana Lee, George, Darlene, Burma Jones
Related Symbols: The Night of Joy
Page Number and Citation: 224
Explanation and Analysis:
Jones discovers a heap of packages in a cupboard at the Night of Joy and thinks that these may contain evidence of Lana’s criminal activities. He writes the address of the club on the side of a package to try and sabotage Lana. Jones cannot quit his job at the Night of Joy because he is black and will be arrested under racist vagrancy laws if he is unemployed. Lana knows this and will turn Jones in to the police if he tries because she knows the police will believe a white woman’s word against a black man. Jones suspects Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate la

Chapter 9, Part 4 Quotes

Some musk which my system generates must be especially appealing to the authorities of the government. Who else would be accosted by a policeman while innocently awaiting his mother before a department store? Who else would be spied upon and reported for picking a helpless stray of a kitten from a gutter? Like a bitch in heat, I seem to attract a coterie of policemen and sanitation officials. The world will someday get me on some ludicrous pretext; I simply await the day that they drag me to some air-conditioned dungeon and leave me there beneath the fluorescent lights and soundproofed ceiling to pay the price for scorning all that they hold dear within their little latex hearts.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Burma Jones
Related Symbols: The Consolation of Philosophy
Page Number and Citation: 230
Explanation and Analysis:
Ignatius writes in his journal about his tendency to attract suspicion when he is out in public and his worry that, one day, he will be arrested simply for being himself. Ignatius feels that he is uniquely persecuted because he is unconventional and at odds with modern society—Ignatius is a medievalist and believes that modernity is inferior to the medieval period. Although Ignatius is partly correct and was almost arrested outside a department store because he looked out of place, he fails to take responsibility for the part his own actions played in the incidents he describes. For example, the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. N

Chapter 10, Part 2 Quotes

“Color peoples cain fin no job, but they sure can fin a openin in jail. Coin in jail the bes way you get you somethin to eat regular. But I rather starve outside. I rather mop a whore floor than go to jail and be makin plenny license plate and rug and leather belt and shit. I jus was stupor enough to get my ass snatch up in a trap at that Night of Joy. I gotta figure this thing out myself.”

Related Characters: Burma Jones (speaker), Lana Lee, Mr. Watson
Related Symbols: The Night of Joy
Page Number and Citation: 240
Explanation and Analysis:
Jones complains to his friend, Mr. Watson, about his job in the Night of Joy strip club, where he is paid less than minimum wage and exploited by the owner, Lana Lee, because he is black. Jones draws attention to the racial discrimination, which was a widespread problem in 1960s New Orleans because of the history of slavery and segregation in the American South. Jones observes that, as a black person, it is easier to get regular meals in prison than it is to find decent employment that will pay minimum wage. Vagrancy laws, which made it illegal to be Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Imped

Chapter 11, Part 2 Quotes

When we have at last overthrown all existing governments, the world will enjoy not war, but global orgies conducted with the utmost protocol and the most truly international spirit, for these people do transcend simple national differences. Their minds are on one goal; they are truly united; they think as one.

Related Characters: Ignatius J. Reilly (speaker), Dorian Greene
Page Number and Citation: 269
Explanation and Analysis:
After he meets Dorian Greene, Ignatius comes up with a new “socially progressive” idea to annoy his ex-girlfriend, Myrna: he plans to enlist an army of gay men to overthrow the government and bring about world peace. Ignatius has an extremely reductive and stereotypical view of gay people. He is homophobic and believes that gay people are sexual deviants, who are obsessed with sex and will therefore turn every gathering into an orgy. Ignatius dislikes sexuality in general and views open displays of homosexuality as modern perversions which would not have occurred in the medieval period—a time he believes to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non invent