A Wagner Matinée
by Willa Cather
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Civilization vs. The Frontier Theme Analysis

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Music and the Human Soul Theme Icon
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Civilization vs. The Frontier Theme Icon
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“A Wagner Matinée” explores the complex role of the pioneer in the American imagination, particularly through the character of Georgiana Carpenter. A former teacher at the Boston Conservatory, upon marrying Georgiana leaves behind her highly-cultured world for the Nebraska prairie, where she fights with grace and determination to maintain her connection to music. While her nephew Clark’s memories of his aunt suggest that she has succeeded in this, her visit to Boston, after decades of isolation, unravels whatever fragile balance she has found. Through Georgiana Cather argues that, while elements of frontier and “civilized” culture can maintain an uneasy coexistence for a time, they are ultimately at odds with each another.

Cather portrays the Nebraska frontier as almost unimaginably remote and foreign compared to Boston society. Clark describes Georgiana’s homestead with her husband Howard as a reversion to a primitive state, their dug-out a “cave dwelling” whose inhabitants share water with the buffalo and brace for Indian attacks. The weary, plodding daily struggle of such an existence infiltrates every aspect of life; even Uncle Howard’s letter to Clark, announcing Georgiana’s visit to Boston to settle a legal matter, appears the day before her scheduled arrival looking “worn and rubbed.”

Georgiana’s jarring arrival in the city further highlights her stark difference from the environment in which she suddenly finds herself. Clark describes his reaction to her as “that feeling of awe and respect with which we behold explorers who have left their ears and fingers north of Franz-Joseph-Land, or their health somewhere along the Upper Congo.” There is a whiff of exoticism, and even of heroism, about Georgiana, as a survivor of an implicitly dangerous place devoid of culture.

Indeed, for Clark, Georgiana represents a haven of civilization and beauty amid the unremitting drudgery of the frontier. Clark remembers his aunt as his instructor, encourager, and comforter against the backdrop of culturally deprived, toilsome Nebraska life. When he was young, she sat beside him at the parlor organ as Clark “[fumbled] the scales with … stiff, red fingers,” or ironed until midnight as Clark read Shakespeare. They milked cows together as Georgiana recounted musical performances she had seen in her youth, and she sang Verdi to Clark when he fell ill. She was responsible for “most of the good that ever came my way in my boyhood,” Clark recalls. Yet even as she encouraged him in “finer” things, Georgiana was constantly busy with the mundane manual tasks of the homestead, a pressing reality that haunted their every interaction. While Clark practiced music or studied, his aunt made mittens, ironed, or darned late into the night.

The frontier remains an overshadowing presence on Georgiana’s trip to Boston, as she frets distractedly over a sickly calf and an opened kit of mackerel she left behind. Even as she and Clark discuss the changes that have taken place in the city, Georgiana is haunted by farm duties and seems fearful of venturing out. Though Boston is her hometown, “the place longed for hungrily half a lifetime,” Georgiana seems not to recognize it. That Georgiana seems hopelessly out of place upon visiting Boston, reentering “civilization” for the first time in years, underscores how deeply frontier life has changed her from the cultured woman of Clark’s memories.

In light of his aunt’s “semi-somnambulent state,” Clark begins to doubt that taking her to a Wagner matinée—intended as a display of gratitude—is a good idea after all. Georgiana stands out painfully in the concert hall, with her “queer, country clothes” and her gnarled hands “mere tentacles to hold and lift and knead with.” She has been “dead” to civilization for a quarter of a century, and instead of serving art and beauty, her body has been given over to the utilitarian concerns of survival.

As the matinée goes on, however, Clark recognizes that his aunt is still the cultured woman he remembers, even as Georgiana mourns for the civilized world in which she no longer belongs. Despite her nephew’s misgivings about the matinée, Georgiana shows stirrings of life when they enter the concert hall, and Clark begins to realize “how superficially [he] had judged her.” Though she appears aloof and impassive at first, Georgiana is increasingly stirred by the music, silently playing the score of The Flying Dutchman from muscle memory. As later pieces evoke Georgiana’s tears, Clark is moved as well, recognizing that “the soul which can suffer so excruciatingly and so interminably … withers to the outward eye only.” His aunt’s weathered, anachronistic appearance had deceived him; underneath, the same “civilized” soul has somehow survived the barren atmosphere of the frontier.

After the concert, however, Georgiana is overcome, weeping, “I don’t want to go, Clark!” The empty stage has brought Nebraska near—“empty as a winter’s cornfield”—and reminded her what lies on the other side of this respite: “the tall, unpainted house … naked as a tower; the crook-backed ash seedlings … the gaunt, molting turkeys picking up refuse.” Georgiana realizes that she does not truly belong there, though it seems improbable that she can regain a place in modern Boston, either.

Cather uses Clark’s distance from Nebraska and from his aunt to create a sense of foreignness about Georgiana. By showing glimpses of Georgiana through the haze of a young boy’s adoration, as well as the passage of many years, she creates a heroic portrait of the pioneer woman, even as she complicates the picture by introducing the older, timid, displaced aunt at the same time. Cather’s story ultimately suggests that a person cannot withstand both the draw of civilization and the pressures of the frontier. They will either return to the former, like Clark, or be pulled apart by the tension between such disparate lives, as Georgiana seems to be at the story’s conclusion.

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Civilization vs. The Frontier Quotes in A Wagner Matinée

Below you will find the important quotes in A Wagner Matinée related to the theme of Civilization vs. The Frontier.

A Wagner Matinee Quotes

The name of my Aunt Georgiana opened before me a gulf of recollection so wide and deep that … I felt suddenly a stranger to all the present conditions of my existence, wholly ill at ease and out of place amid the familiar surroundings of my study. I became, in short, the gangling farmer-boy my aunt had known, scourged with chilblains and bashfulness, my hands cracked and sore from the corn husking.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Howard Carpenter, Georgiana Carpenter
Page Number and Citation: 190
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote comes immediately after Clark receives a letter from his Uncle Howard, informing him that Aunt Georgiana will be arriving in Boston the following day to attend to legal matters. Georgiana’s name sweeps Clark back to his boyhood, which was dramatically different from his present circumstances. In this way, the quote introduces both the theme of frontier versus civilization and the theme of estrangement. The youthful Clark was shy, workworn, and exposed to the elements (“chilblains” are sores associated with exposure to the cold); by implication, the present Clark is urban, cultured, well-sheltered, and confident. Though Clark never gives Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut al

Whatever shock Mrs. Springer experienced at my aunt’s appearance, she considerately concealed. As for myself, I saw my aunt’s battered figure with that feeling of awe and respect with which we behold explorers who have left their ears and fingers north of Franz-Joseph-Land, or their health somewhere along the Upper Congo.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter
Page Number and Citation: 191
Explanation and Analysis:
After Georgiana arrives in Boston looking disoriented and covered in soot and dust, Clark’s landlady immediately helps her to bed, and Clark ponders the startling impression his aunt has left. Clark’s comparison of his aunt to an intrepid explorer reflects the fact that, around the time Cather wrote, European exploration of remote regions was much in the public consciousness. Franz-Joseph-Land, an uninhabited group of islands located in the Arctic Ocean, had been discovered in the late nineteenth century, and in the early years of the twentieth, explorers mounted campaigns from the islands to reach the North Pole. Central Africa’s Congo Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostr

Aunt Georgiana had been a music teacher at the Boston Conservatory, somewhere back in the latter sixties. One summer, while visiting in the little village among the Green Mountains where her ancestors had dwelt for generations, she had kindled the callow fancy of my uncle, Howard Carpenter, then an idle, shiftless boy of twenty-one. When she returned to her duties in Boston, Howard followed her, and the upshot of this infatuation was that she eloped with him, eluding the reproaches of her family and the criticism of her friends by going with him to the Nebraska frontier.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter, Howard Carpenter
Page Number and Citation: 191
Explanation and Analysis:
The Boston Conservatory, founded in 1867 by a German-born violinist named Julius Eichberg, had been forward-thinking in its inclusion of women from its inception. Georgiana’s affiliation with the Conservatory, therefore, shows not just her talent, but that she was on the cutting edge of musicianship and musical education in her era. This makes it all the more surprising that she would have eloped with a man who seems to have been so strikingly her opposite. Clark never supplies further details as to why Georgiana married an immature, unambitious man, but the elopement brings about the first major estrangement of her Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequ

During the years when I was riding herd for my uncle, my aunt, after cooking the three meals—the first of which was ready at six o’clock in the morning—and putting the six children to bed, would often stand until midnight at her ironing-board, with me at the kitchen table beside her, hearing me recite Latin declensions and conjugations, gently shaking me when my drowsy head sank down over a page of irregular verbs. It was to her, at her ironing or mending, that I read my first Shakspere, and her old text-book on mythology was the first that ever came into my empty hands. She taught me my scales and exercises on the little parlour organ which her husband had bought her after fifteen years during which she had not so much as seen a musical instrument.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Howard Carpenter, Georgiana Carpenter
Page Number and Citation: 191
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote comes in the context of Clark’s reminiscences about Aunt Georgiana and her goodness to him during his years on the homestead. Cather sets up a contrast between the study of Latin, Shakespeare, and mythology and long days of demanding farm work. Georgiana clearly placed great emphasis on ensuring that Clark—his hands “empty,” yet evidently filled with potential in her eyes—receive not only a rudimentary education, but a grounding in the classics and in music. Yet Georgiana was equally committed to fulfilling the demands of the homestead—she did not allow the needs of the household to suffer despite her Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperio

She would sit beside me by the hour, darning and counting, while I struggled with the “Joyous Farmer.” She seldom talked to me about music, and I understood why. Once when I had been doggedly beating out some easy passages from an old score of Euryanthe I had found among her music books, she came up to me and, putting her hands over my eyes, gently drew my head back upon her shoulder, saying tremulously, “Don’t love it so well, Clark, or it may be taken from you.”

Related Characters: Howard Carpenter (speaker), Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 192
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Clark continues to reminisce about Georgiana and her role in his upbringing. In particular, he reflects on her influence on him as a novice musician. The “Joyous Farmer” is one of a collection of pieces for beginners, composed by Robert Schumann in 1848 for his young daughters. There is humor in the fact that Clark learned to play this piece in an environment that seems to have been lacking in joy. More to the point, however, as Clark gained proficiency and began practicing more advanced pieces on his own initiative, he learned as much from Georgiana’s warnings Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo

I had felt some trepidation lest she might become aware of her queer, country clothes, or might experience some painful embarrassment at stepping suddenly into the world to which she had been dead for a quarter of a century. But, again, I found how superficially I had judged her. She sat looking about her with eyes as impersonal, almost as stony, as those with which the granite Rameses in a museum watches the froth and fret that ebbs and flows about his pedestal. I have seen this same aloofness in old miners who drift into the Brown hotel at Denver … standing in the thronged corridors as solitary as though they were still in a frozen camp on the Yukon.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter
Page Number and Citation: 193
Explanation and Analysis:
These thoughts cross Clark’s mind after he and Georgiana enter the concert hall for the Wagner matinée he has planned as a special treat for his aunt. Perhaps he is slightly embarrassed himself by his aunt’s outdated fashion. In any case, he quickly discovers that he needn’t have worried. Despite looking jarringly out of place, Georgiana is every inch the dignified woman he remembers. By comparing her to a museum statue and a miner in a hotel, he likens her to figures similarly out of place, yet fully retaining their sense of self, despite whatever bustle occurs around them or Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaeca

The matinée audience was made up chiefly of women. One lost the contour of faces and figures, indeed any effect of line whatever, and there was only the colour of bodices past counting … red, mauve, pink, blue, lilac, purple, écru, rose, yellow, cream, and white, all the colours that an impressionist finds in a sunlit landscape, with here and there the dead shadow of a frock coat. My Aunt Georgiana regarded them as though they had been so many daubs of tube-paint on a palette.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter
Related Symbols: Black
Page Number and Citation: 193
Explanation and Analysis:
Before the concert begins, Georgiana is drawn to the sight of the other concertgoers’ dresses. Georgiana is elsewhere described as wearing a “queer, country” dress in black, which contrasts starkly with the vivid array of the other women’s clothes. The contrast between black and bright colors symbolizes the contrast between the drab, cultureless environment of the frontier and the lively world of the city. Perhaps it also suggests the contrast between Georgiana’s youthful hopes and the present reality of her life, as she gazes at the dresses as though at a potential work of art—the type of sight she has Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut

When the horns drew out the first strain of the Pilgrim’s chorus, Aunt Georgiana clutched my coat sleeve. Then it was I first realized that for her this broke a silence of thirty years. With the battle between the two motives, with the frenzy of the Venusberg theme and its ripping of strings, there came to me an overwhelming sense of the waste and wear we are so powerless to combat; and I saw again the tall, naked house on the prairie … The world there was the flat world of the ancients; to the east, a cornfield that stretched to daybreak; to the west, a corral that reached to sunset; between, the conquests of peace, dearer-bought than those of war.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter
Page Number and Citation: 194
Explanation and Analysis:
Here Clark observes Georgiana’s reaction to the first musical performance she has heard for thirty years and also considers what the music evokes for him personally. The first piece in the concert is the overture to Wagner’s 1845 opera, Tännhauser, set in medieval Germany and telling a story of the conflict between sacred and profane love. The dramatic conflict in the score echoes the conflict in Georgiana’s own life between the frontier and her love of music, between the old life of her dreams and the reality of her life now. Clark’s sense of “waste and wear” suggests that Georgiana Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore

She preserved this utter immobility throughout the number from The Flying Dutchman, though her fingers worked mechanically upon her black dress, as if, of themselves, they were recalling the piano score they had once played. Poor hands! They had been stretched and twisted into mere tentacles to hold and lift and knead with;—on one of them a thin, worn band that had once been a wedding ring. As I pressed and gently quieted one of those groping hands, I remembered with quivering eyelids their services for me in other days.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter
Related Symbols: Black
Page Number and Citation: 195
Explanation and Analysis:
Throughout the ensuing pieces, Clark is curious to know his aunt’s reactions to the music but finds her inscrutable. When he sees her playing along with the music of The Flying Dutchman, he is deeply moved by the sight of her marred hands. They remind him both of what might have been if Georgiana had not given up her dreams of music and how she taught and cared for Clark as a boy—ultimately helping him escape the drudgery of the farm, though she remained behind. Georgiana’s ability to recall the music, even if only to mimic it, shows how deeply Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecat

Some years before there had drifted to the farm in Red Willow County a young German, a tramp cow-puncher, who had sung in the chorus at Bayreuth when he was a boy, along with the other peasant boys and girls. Of a Sunday morning he used to sit on his gingham-sheeted bed in the hands’ bedroom … cleaning the leather of his boots and saddle, singing the “Prize Song,” while my aunt went about her work in the kitchen. She had hovered over him until she had prevailed upon him to join the country church, though his sole fitness for this step, in so far as I could gather, lay in his boyish face and his possession of this divine melody.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter
Page Number and Citation: 195
Explanation and Analysis:
During the concert intermission, Clark asks his aunt about her tearful reaction during the “Prize Song,” and she haltingly shares the memory it had conjured. A wandering German cowboy with opera training is a truly improbable figure which effectively mirrors the strangeness of Georgiana’s own situation. Bayreuth, a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, was Richard Wagner’s home in his later years and the site of an opera festival he founded in order to stage his own works. As such, Georgiana and the cowboy share an elite musical background, and Georgiana’s attempt to recruit the man for the church choir reflects Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident exp

The deluge of sound poured on and on; I never knew what she found in the shining current of it; I never knew how far it bore her, or past what happy islands. From the trembling of her face I could well believe that before the last number she had been carried out where the myriad graves are, into the grey, nameless burying grounds of the sea; or into some world of death vaster yet, where, from the beginning of the world, hope has lain down with hope and dream with dream and, renouncing, slept.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter
Related Symbols: Water
Page Number and Citation: 196
Explanation and Analysis:
During the second half of the concert, which closes with Siegfried’s funeral march in the Götterdämmerung (the last of Wagner’s Ring cycle), Georgiana weeps almost continuously, and Clark speculates about what is going on in her mind. As this opera’s final act includes a good deal of water imagery, including the overflowing of the banks of the Rhine, Cather is certainly drawing on her lifelong love of opera and likely expected her contemporary readers to be able to draw on an equivalent bank of knowledge. Here the “deluge” symbolizes music’s ability to awaken Georgiana’s latent love of music, but, ultimately, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio u

I spoke to my aunt. She burst into tears and sobbed pleadingly. “I don’t want to go, Clark, I don’t want to go!”

I understood. For her, just outside the concert hall, lay the black pond with the cattle-tracked bluffs; the tall, unpainted house, with weather-curled boards, naked as a tower; the crook-backed ash seedlings where the dish-cloths hung to dry; the gaunt, moulting turkeys picking up refuse about the kitchen door.

Related Characters: Clark (speaker), Georgiana Carpenter (speaker)
Related Symbols: Black
Page Number and Citation: 196
Explanation and Analysis:
These final two paragraphs compose the climax of the story. Georgiana sits motionless as the rest of the audience leaves the concert hall, and, when prompted by Clark, expresses with jarring simplicity what has been building up throughout the concert. Clark finally understands what her emotions have been. The line “just outside the concert hall” suggests that, for Georgiana, there is effectively no in-between, marginal space for her anymore; she must face head-on the frontier life and the losses it represents. Though she recoils at it, the frontier—a stark, barren, cultureless world all the more repellent in comparison to the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eli