Another Country

by James Baldwin

Rufus Scott Character Analysis

Rufus Scott is an African American jazz musician living and performing in Harlem, New York. Rufus is Ida’s brother. At the start of the novel, he is at the lowest point in his life. He is living out on the streets and performing sex work for money because he feels he has lost all his friends and loved ones. Rufus ended up on the street after ending his relationship with Leona, a white woman from the South, whom he abused and drove insane. Rufus’s only friend in the world is Vivaldo, who he fears might hate him because of what he did to Leona. Although Rufus is a despicable character in many ways, he is also endearing and inspires sympathy. Rufus grew up in a social environment where no one cared about his struggles or those of his family. He experiences casual racism on a daily basis and has to hide his bisexuality from the world. He does not feel as though he can be fully truthful with anyone, and he has difficulties with intimacy. All of his intimate relationships end in violence, and he tends to push everyone who cares about him away—or at least keep them at a distance. After spending a day reflecting on some of the uglier moments in his life, Rufus reconnects with Vivaldo, desperate for any amount of human connection. Vivaldo tries to help Rufus, as does Cass, but their efforts are in vain. Rufus does not think white, heterosexual people like Cass and Vivaldo have the capacity to understand his struggles, which leads him to despair. Fed up with the world and himself, Rufus commits suicide by jumping off the George Washington Bridge.

Rufus Scott Quotes in Another Country

The Another Country quotes below are all either spoken by Rufus Scott or refer to Rufus Scott. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Race in America Theme Icon
).

Book 1, Chapter 1 Quotes

Beneath them Rufus walked, one of the fallen—for the weight of this city was murderous—one of those who had been crushed on the day, which was every day, these towers fell. Entirely alone, and dying of it, he was part of an unprecedented multitude. There were boys and girls drinking coffee at the drugstore counters who were held back from his condition by barriers as perishable as their dwindling cigarettes. They could scarcely bear their knowledge, nor could they have borne the sight of Rufus, but they knew why he was in the streets tonight, why he rode subways all night long, why his stomach growled, why his hair was nappy, his armpits funky, his pants and shoes too thin, and why he did not dare to stop and take a leak.

Related Characters: Rufus Scott
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 4
Explanation and Analysis:

He had expected her to resist and she did, holding the glass between them and frantically trying to pull her body away from his body’s touch. He knocked the glass out of her hand and it fell dully to the balcony floor, rolling away from them. Go ahead, he thought humorously; if I was to let you go now you’d be so hung up you’d go flying over this balcony, most likely. He whispered, “Go ahead, fight. I like it. Is this the way they do down home?”

Related Characters: Rufus Scott (speaker), Leona, Steve Ellis, Ida Scott
Page Number and Citation: 20
Explanation and Analysis:

“Rufus,” Leona had said—time and again—“ain’t nothing wrong in being colored.”

Sometimes, when she said this, he simply looked at her coldly, from a great distance, as though he wondered what on earth she was trying to say. His look seemed to accuse her of ignorance and indifference. And, as she watched his face, her eyes became more despairing than ever but at the same time filled with some immense sexual secret which tormented her.

Related Characters: Leona (speaker), Rufus Scott (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 52-53
Explanation and Analysis:

“Rufus said he’d kill me,” he said, half-smiling.

The taxi stopped beside them. He gave her his keys. She opened the door, keeping her face away from the driver.

“Rufus ain’t going to kill nobody but himself,” she said, “if he don’t find a friend to help him.” She paused, half-in, half-out of the cab. “You the only friend he’s got in the world, Vivaldo.”

Related Characters: Leona (speaker), Vivaldo (speaker), Rufus Scott
Page Number and Citation: 59-60
Explanation and Analysis:

He stood at the center of the bridge and it was freezing cold. He raised his eyes to heaven. He thought, You bastard, you motherfucking bastard. Ain’t I your baby, too? He began to cry. Something in Rufus which could not break shook him like a rag doll and splashed salt water all over his face and filled his throat and his nostrils with anguish. He knew the pain would never stop. He could never go down into the city again. He dropped his head as though someone had struck him and looked down at the water. It was cold and the water would be cold.

He was black and the water was black.

Related Characters: Rufus Scott
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 87
Explanation and Analysis:

Book 1, Chapter 2 Quotes

“Have you been to the police?” Richard asked.

“Yes.” She made a gesture of disgust and rose and walked to the window. “They said it happens all the time—colored men running off from their families. They said they’d try to find him. But they don’t care. They don’t care what happens—to a black man!”

“Oh, well, now,” cried Richard, his face red, “is that fair? I mean, hell, I’m sure they’ll look for him just like they look for any other citizen of this city.”

Related Characters: Richard (speaker), Ida Scott (speaker), Cass, Rufus Scott
Page Number and Citation: 101
Explanation and Analysis:

“I didn’t love Rufus, not the way you did, the way all of you did. I couldn’t help feeling, anyway, that one of the reasons all of you made such a kind of—fuss—over him was partly just because he was colored. Which is a hell of a reason to love anybody. I just had to look on him as another guy. And I couldn’t forgive him for what he did to Leona. You once said you couldn’t, either.”

Related Characters: Richard (speaker), Eric, Rufus Scott, Leona, Vivaldo, Ida Scott, Cass
Page Number and Citation: 106-107
Explanation and Analysis:

Book 2, Chapter 1 Quotes

No one, in any case, had written very often; he had not really wanted to know what was happening among the people he had fled; and he felt that they had always protected themselves against any knowledge of what was happening in him. No, Rufus had been his only friend among them. Rufus had made him suffer, but Rufus had dared to know him.

Related Characters: Vivaldo, Eric, Rufus Scott, Cass, Richard
Page Number and Citation: 192
Explanation and Analysis:

Book 2, Chapter 2 Quotes

This note of despair, of buried despair, was insistently, constantly struck. It stalked all the New York avenues, roamed all the New York streets; was as present in Sutton Place, where the director of Eric’s play lived and the great often gathered, as it was in Greenwich Village, where he had rented an apartment and been appalled to see what time had done to people he had once known well. He could not escape the feeling that a kind of plague was raging, though it was officially and publicly and privately denied. Even the young seemed blighted—seemed most blighted of all.

Related Characters: Eric, Rufus Scott
Page Number and Citation: 230-231
Explanation and Analysis:

But, as he said this, he realized that he did not care what Richard had been doing. He was merely being polite because Richard was married to Cass. He wondered if he had always felt this way. Perhaps he had never been able to admit it to himself. Perhaps Richard had changed—but did people change? He wondered what he would think of Richard if he were meeting him for the first time. Then he wondered what Yves would think of these people and what these people would think of Yves.

Related Characters: Yves, Eric, Richard, Rufus Scott
Page Number and Citation: 241
Explanation and Analysis:

“Is it because they’re colored and we’re white? Is that why?”

Again, Richard and Eric looked at each other. Richard swallowed. “The world is full of all kinds of people, and sometimes they do terrible things to each other, but—that’s not why.”

Related Characters: Paul (speaker), Richard, Eric, Michael, Rufus Scott, Leona
Page Number and Citation: 243
Explanation and Analysis:

“I understand,” said Ida, carefully, “that you were a very good friend of my brother’s.”

“Yes,” he said, “I was. Or at least I tried to be.”

“Did you find it so very hard—to be his friend?”

Related Characters: Ida Scott (speaker), Eric (speaker), Rufus Scott
Page Number and Citation: 265
Explanation and Analysis:

Book 3, Chapter 1 Quotes

He wished that he could rescue her, that it was within his power to rescue her and make her life less hard. But it was only love which could accomplish the miracle of making a life bearable—only love, and love itself mostly failed; and he had never loved her. He had used her to find out something about himself. And even this was not true. He had used her in the hope of avoiding a confrontation with himself which he had, nevertheless, and with a vengeance, been forced to endure.

Related Characters: Leona, Cass, Eric, Rufus Scott
Page Number and Citation: 404
Explanation and Analysis:
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Rufus Scott Character Timeline in Another Country

The timeline below shows where the character Rufus Scott appears in Another Country. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Book 1, Chapter 1
Race in America Theme Icon
Alienation and New York City Theme Icon
Rufus Scott, a Black jazz musician from Harlem, sits in a movie theater in Times Square.... (full context)
Race in America Theme Icon
When Rufus arrives at the club, Black musicians are playing on stage to a mixed audience. Rufus... (full context)
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Embarrassed, Rufus decides to urinate outside in an alley and hope that no one comes out and... (full context)
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Rufus also thinks about how Harlem became too much for him as a young man, so... (full context)
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Seven months before the present day (when Rufus is at the movie theater), he played at a hot new jazz club in Harlem.... (full context)
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When Rufus got off stage, he saw a white woman he did not recognize who seemed eager... (full context)
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Rufus flirted with Leona in the cab. Leona blushed but flirted back. When they arrived at... (full context)
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While walking into the party, Rufus asked Leona if her fellows Southerners had warned her about Black people from the North.... (full context)
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After Rufus and Leona had set their coats down, Rufus called Vivaldo to see if he planned... (full context)
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After spending some time at the party, Rufus invited Leona to join him on a balcony. Leona agreed to join as long as... (full context)
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Rufus and Leona made light conversation on the balcony as Leona admired the city. After some... (full context)
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Leona moaned and protested as Rufus took off her clothes and played with her breasts. Rufus ignored Leona, brought her down... (full context)
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Rufus did not know what to make of Leona’s response. He asked her what her husband... (full context)
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Before returning to the party, Rufus asked Leona if she likes him. Leona said she does and asked Rufus not to... (full context)
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The following afternoon, Vivaldo showed up at Rufus’s apartment. Rufus was still in bed, so Leona opened the door to greet him. Seeing... (full context)
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Rufus and Vivaldo moved into the kitchen to include Leona in their conversation. Vivaldo promised Leona... (full context)
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...cooking, Leona went to the bedroom to get dressed. While she was away, Vivaldo asked Rufus if Leona was going to stay with him. Rufus said that he thought that was... (full context)
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After breakfast, Rufus, Vivaldo, and Leona went for a walk around the streets of New York. As they... (full context)
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When Rufus, Vivaldo, and Leona arrived at a park, Rufus looked around and recognized many people from... (full context)
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Without Vivaldo present, Rufus could feel the eyes of everyone in the park on him and Leona, judging them.... (full context)
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High Art vs. Low Art Theme Icon
In a flashback within a flashback, Rufus recalls a situation from the previous year when he had first discovered his hatred for... (full context)
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...her to leave the bar. Before they could leave, an Irishman started a fight with Rufus and Vivaldo, and the rest of the patrons jumped in on the Irishman’s side. The... (full context)
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Vivaldo wanted to go to a hospital, but Rufus took him to Jane’s place instead. He thought if he and Vivaldo showed up to... (full context)
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...10 days and had to get stitches in his scalp. After the incident, Vivaldo and Rufus never talked about that night or Jane. However, Rufus knew Vivaldo was seeing Jane again,... (full context)
High Art vs. Low Art Theme Icon
Eventually, Vivaldo pulled away from the drunk girl and rejoined Leona and Rufus. Moments later, he spotted Cass, a white woman from New England whom he is friends... (full context)
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Cass also asked Leona about herself and had a brief conversation with Rufus about coming to see one of his shows. After they finished catching up, Cass left,... (full context)
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Skipping back to the present—the evening at the movie theater—Rufus is standing outside in a shady restaurant. Rufus knows that people come to the restaurant... (full context)
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The man orders Rufus a sandwich, which Rufus eagerly wolfs down. The man offers Rufus another sandwich, but Rufus... (full context)
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As Rufus walks away from the man, he thinks about an old lover named Eric. Eric is... (full context)
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Rufus walks all the way to Vivaldo’s apartment and knocks on the door. When Vivaldo hears... (full context)
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Vivaldo tells Rufus that he should have gotten in touch with him. Rufus responds that he did not... (full context)
Race in America Theme Icon
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Vivaldo puts on a record and for the a few minutes, he and Rufus sit without saying anything. Vivaldo tries to help Rufus makes sense of his situation and... (full context)
Race in America Theme Icon
Love and Sexuality Theme Icon
Alienation and New York City Theme Icon
Rufus thinks about the past and how crazy his relationship with Leona became. He got into... (full context)
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As Rufus thinks about what he did to Leona, he breaks down crying. Vivaldo holds Rufus and... (full context)
Race in America Theme Icon
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One night after Leona lost her job, Vivaldo visited Leona and Rufus’s apartment. When he arrived, he found Leona weeping in a corner because Rufus had been... (full context)
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Eventually Vivaldo got Leona out the door, but not before Rufus threatened to kill him if he returns. As they walked outside, Vivaldo asked Leona about... (full context)
Race in America Theme Icon
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...he did not go with her because he wanted to go back and talk to Rufus. Leona thanked Vivaldo for his help and insisted that he is the only friend Rufus... (full context)
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While he was walking back to Rufus’s place, Vivaldo recalls a time where a Black woman seduced him at a bar. She... (full context)
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Vivaldo walked into Rufus’s apartment to find his friend holding a knife. He asked Rufus to put the knife... (full context)
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Vivaldo told Rufus that his treatment of Leona was not right. Rufus knew Vivaldo was correct and tried... (full context)
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Then, Rufus grilled Vivaldo about his sex life and asked him if he has ever been in... (full context)
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Back in the present, Vivaldo takes Rufus out for pizza. He thinks about what happened after the night Rufus held the knife... (full context)
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After Vivaldo and Rufus finish eating pizza, they go to a bar for a nightcap. At the bar, they... (full context)
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As Richard and Vivaldo discuss writing, Cass moves over and sits next to Rufus. She asks him about Leona. Rufus explains that Leona is down in Georgia. He tried... (full context)
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...walks over and says hello. She looks much better than the last time Vivaldo and Rufus saw her. She explains that she quit drinking and is doing much better now; she... (full context)
Race in America Theme Icon
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Eventually, Rufus makes his way to the subway. As he looks around, he finds himself despising everyone.... (full context)
Book 1, Chapter 2
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The morning after Rufus’s suicide, Cass sits in her living room as rain comes down outside. The telephone rings... (full context)
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Cass tells Ida that she does not know where Rufus ended up after she left him at the bar. However, she knows Vivaldo was with... (full context)
Race in America Theme Icon
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...does not mind that Ida will be joining him, though he has little sympathy for Rufus. He suggests that Rufus is missing because he “found some other defenseless little girl to... (full context)
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...he still hasn’t fully sobered up. Cass asks Vivaldo if he knows what happened to Rufus. Vivaldo explains that Rufus said he was going to the bathroom and then disappeared.  (full context)
Race in America Theme Icon
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...in. Cass offers Ida a drink and mindfully warns her that Vivaldo is unsure of Rufus’s location. This news is alarming to Ida, who immediately starts worrying about her brother again.... (full context)
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Ida asks Vivaldo why he did not call her immediately after Rufus showed up at his apartment. Vivaldo explains that it was already late at night, and... (full context)
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Vivaldo asks Ida if there is anything he can do to help her; he loves Rufus too and wants to help find him. Ida appreciates the sentiment but is unsure whether... (full context)
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...calm everyone down, Cass suggests that Ida and Vivaldo stick around for dinner. She believes Rufus could show up later in the day, so it might be better if Ida and... (full context)
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...a grave look on his face. When Cass asks what is wrong, Richard explains that Rufus committed suicide by jumping off the George Washington Bridge a few days before—Vivaldo just called... (full context)
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...fixes herself a drink while wondering what she could have done differently. Richard insists that Rufus was already beyond help by the time they saw him at the bar; he encourages... (full context)
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Cass thinks that Rufus acted the way he did because he was in pain. Despite the way he behaved,... (full context)
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The following Saturday, Cass and Vivaldo get in a taxi to go head uptown for Rufus’s funeral. On the way to the funeral, Cass and Vivaldo discuss how their parents are... (full context)
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Vivaldo tells Cass that he went to visit Rufus’s family following his death. When he walked through their door, Rufus’s family thanked him for... (full context)
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...tells Vivaldo that nothing happened because of his skin color. However, a lot happened to Rufus because of his skin color—he and the rest of the Black community have suffered more... (full context)
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Vivaldo tells Cass about the only time he ever met Rufus’s family prior to his death. At the time, Ida was only 15 and had her... (full context)
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...walks outside and hails a cab. Finally, she makes it back to the chapel for Rufus’s service, just as it is starting to get underway. As she enters, everyone turns around... (full context)
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...her place. He introduces himself to the audience and then gives a lengthy speech about Rufus. Revered Foster does not mince words; he describes Rufus as “full of the devil” and... (full context)
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After Reverend Foster finishes speaking, he invites three of Rufus’s friends up on stage to perform another song. After the song is over, pallbearers come... (full context)
Book 1, Chapter 3
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Vivaldo worries that Rufus and every other Black person from Harlem felt that Vivaldo was using them for titillation.... (full context)
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...Vivaldo begins contemplating Ida instead. He thinks about the first time he and Ida met. Rufus invited Vivaldo to his house and introduced him to Mrs. Scott (his mother) and Ida.... (full context)
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Rufus asked Mrs. Scott about what was going on in the neighborhood. She told him that... (full context)
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...she looked beautiful and recalls her being struck by him as well. Mrs. Scott asked Rufus and Ida where they were planning to go. Rufus explained that he had promised to... (full context)
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...truth. In fact, she thinks he has been a great help in the wake of Rufus’s death; she is not sure how she would have gotten through it otherwise. (full context)
Book 2, Chapter 1
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...long time sing Eric has been in contact with his New York friends, especially following Rufus’s death. Eric found out about Rufus because Cass sent him a letter. He still has... (full context)
Book 2, Chapter 2
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...it has become, and Cass agrees. Eric also thanks Cass for writing to him about Rufus; he knows he would not have found out until he returned otherwise. Then, Cass invites... (full context)
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When Eric and Cass’s conversation starts to wane, Eric breaks the silence by asking what Rufus was like toward the end of his life. Cass tells him that she did not... (full context)
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...in front of the crowd and gives a strong performance. The crowd recognizes her as Rufus’s sister and gets excited. As she performs, Eric thinks that, although she is not a... (full context)
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...but she plans to be one day. Briefly, the conversation turns to the subject of Rufus, as Eric tells Ida he is sorry for her loss. Ida appreciates the sentiment and... (full context)
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...to call Cass, leaving Eric and Ida alone. Ida asks Eric about his relationship with Rufus. Eric says that he cared for Rufus very much, though their relationship was difficult. Rufus... (full context)
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Ida says that people often wanted more from Rufus than he was able to give. She brings up Leona and once again insults her,... (full context)
Book 2, Chapter 3
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...Ellis. Vivaldo wishes he had someone to talk to about his situation. He realizes that Rufus was his only true friend, the only person he truly felt comfortable confiding in. He... (full context)
Book 2, Chapter 4
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...thinks that Ida does not like Eric because she knows Eric had a relationship with Rufus. He suspects that Ida blames Eric, in part, for her brother’s death and says so.... (full context)
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Vivaldo’s mention of Ida leads the conversation toward Rufus. Vivaldo shares a memory with Eric from the night he had to remove Leona from... (full context)
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...held him tight all night long. The memory still haunts Vivaldo because of how anguished Rufus seemed in the moment. Nonetheless, he is glad he could provide some support for his... (full context)
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...understand her struggle and never will. She knows this is the case because Vivaldo was Rufus’s best friend, and he never managed to wrap his mind around Rufus’s struggle either. Ida... (full context)
Book 3, Chapter 1
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Ida says she has been thinking about Rufus’s death and the terrible impact it has had on her life. She remembers how bright... (full context)
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...at all; rather, she had become yet another victim of the same system that took Rufus’s life. (full context)