Aurora Leigh
by Elizabeth Barrett Browning

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Themes and Colors
Marriage, Equality, and Social Class Theme Icon
Feminism and Women’s Roles Theme Icon
Art and Truth Theme Icon
Justice, Art, and Love Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Aurora Leigh, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Feminism and Women’s Roles Theme Icon
Feminism and Women’s Roles Theme Icon

Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh is sometimes considered part of the first wave of modern feminism due to the progressive and even radical ways that it explores women’s issues. The narrator, Aurora, is constantly considering what it means to be a woman and how it’s distinct from being a man, particularly when it comes to making art. As the poem shows, Aurora often has to deal with prejudice due to her status as a woman. People like Romney and some critics in the literary world, for example, don’t take Aurora’s poetry seriously because she’s a woman, believing that women in general aren’t capable of making art. While Elizabeth Barrett Browning herself obviously doesn’t endorse this view, she portrays how it was not exclusively a male opinion, with even women like Lady Waldemar believing that women are limited in what they can accomplish and ill-suited to art. In spite of these prejudices and even her own self-doubts, Aurora publishes a successful book, demonstrating how some women were able to succeed in spite of these hurdles—and challenging Romney’s perspectives on women, poetry, and life in so doing.

Even more so than Aurora, the character of Marian suffers from society’s views about a woman’s place. She begins life being mistreated by both her parents, in part because they see her as a weak and worthless girl. Her mother tries to sell her into sex work, which was one of the relatively few options available for a poor woman to make money. Marian eventually ends up at a French brothel where she is raped and has a child. Although Marian is a victim, people look down on her as “impure”—at least until she meets Aurora—illustrating the discrimination that poor women faced in particular. Aurora accepts Marian as she is, inviting Marian and her child to live with her in Italy, and the three of them form a successful family unit without the need for a man. Marian’s life challenges patriarchal ideas about how women need men to survive and how a family is incomplete without a man. Through challenges ranging from Aurora’s struggle to be taken seriously as an artist to Marian’s fight for survival, the poem consistently champions women’s inherent worth, dignity, and ability to determine the course of their own lives.

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Feminism and Women’s Roles ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Feminism and Women’s Roles appears in each book of Aurora Leigh. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Feminism and Women’s Roles Quotes in Aurora Leigh

Below you will find the important quotes in Aurora Leigh related to the theme of Feminism and Women’s Roles.

Book 1 Quotes

She had lived
A sort of cage-bird life, born in a cage,
Accounting that to leap from perch to perch
Was act and joy enough for any bird.
Dear heaven, how silly are the things that live
In thickets, and eat berries!
I, alas,
A wild bird scarcely fledged, was brought to her cage,
And she was there to meet me. Very kind.
Bring the clean water; give out the fresh seed.

Related Characters: Aurora Leigh (speaker), Aurora’s Father, Aurora’s Aunt, Aurora’s Mother
Related Symbols: Leigh Hall
Page Number and Citation: 13
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote is how Aurora (as the narrator) describes her aunt, who lives in the lavish but isolated Leigh Hall in the English countryside. Aurora considers her aunt to be someone who leads “a sort of cage-bird life,” meaning that she’s someone who is reserved and buttoned-up. More than that, Aurora’s aunt has limited horizons and can’t even imagine a life beyond isolated Leigh Hall. Continuing the bird metaphor, Aurora’s aunt thinks that other “birds” who live in the wild, in thickets and eating berries, are “silly.” Aurora thinks of herself as a wild bird, like her parents, who just Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta imped

Book 2 Quotes

‘Better far,
Pursue a frivolous trade by serious means,
Than a sublime art frivolously.’

Related Characters: Aurora Leigh (speaker), Romney Leigh, Aurora’s Aunt
Related Symbols: Books
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Aurora is having an argument with Romney about the role of women in society and whether or not it’s possible for them to be artists. Romney believes that women are incapable of making art, and he becomes increasingly vocal about this as Aurora’s arguments begin to frustrate him. As this quote shows, Aurora takes her artistic work very seriously. She believes that to create a masterpiece (“sublime art”), an artist can’t work “frivolously,” and that if they can’t do that, then they should just settle for a “frivolous trade” instead. On the one hand, Aurora’s strong beliefs Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Duc

‘You misconceive the question like a man,
Who sees a woman as the complement
Of his sex merely. You forget too much
That every creature, female as the male,
Stands single in responsible act and thought,
As also in birth and death. Whoever says
To a loyal woman, ‘Love and work with me,’
Will get fair answers, if the work and love,
Being good themselves, are good for her—the best
She was born for.’

Related Characters: Aurora Leigh (speaker), Romney Leigh
Page Number and Citation: 51
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote comes from the end of a conversation that Aurora and Romney have one fateful June morning when Aurora is 20 years old. Romney has just proposed marriage to Aurora somewhat suddenly, and in this passage, Aurora explains why she is rejecting Romney. Aurora’s main complaint is that Romney just sees women as a “complement” to men, meaning that they exist only to help men. Aurora rejects this idea strongly, arguing that instead, every person “stands single in responsible act and thought,” which means that men and women each have autonomy. Aurora will often think back on this moment, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error.

‘I go hence
To London, to the gathering-place of souls,
To live mine straight out, vocally, in books;
Harmoniously for others, if indeed
A woman’s soul, like man’s, be wide enough
To carry the whole octave (that’s to prove)
Or, if I fail, still, purely for myself.
Pray God be with me, Romney.’

Related Characters: Aurora Leigh (speaker), Romney Leigh
Related Symbols: Books, Leigh Hall
Page Number and Citation: 72
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote is one of the last things that Aurora says to Romney for a long while, right after she rejects his marriage proposal. After Romney questions the ability of any woman to succeed as a poet, Aurora decides that she wants to personally prove him wrong, going to London to try to make it as a writer herself. London, “the gathering-place of souls,” represents a new phase of Aurora’s life, with an urban setting being very different from both pastoral Italy and isolated Leigh Hall. She wants to prove that a woman’s soul is “wide enough” to contain what’s Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaqu

Book 3 Quotes

‘So young,’ he gently asked her, ‘you have lost
Your father and your mother?’
‘Both,’ she said,
‘Both lost! my father was burnt up with gin
Or ever I sucked milk, and so is lost.
My mother sold me to a man last month,
And so my mother’s lost, ’tis manifest.
And I, who fled from her for miles and miles,
As if I had caught sight of the fires of hell
Through some wild gap, (she was my mother, sir)
It seems I shall be lost too, presently,
And so we end, all three of us.’
‘Poor child!’
He said,—with such a pity in his voice.

Related Characters: Romney Leigh (speaker), Marian Erle (speaker), Aurora Leigh
Page Number and Citation: 109
Explanation and Analysis:
When Aurora goes to find Marian, the lower-class woman that Romney is about to marry, Marian tells Aurora her life story, including this quote about how Marian and Romney first met. It was in a hospital, where Marian ended up after her own mother severely beat her. As Marian describes, her father was “burnt up with gin” (alcoholic), while the whole reason that Marian’s mother beat her is because Marian refused when her mother tried to sell her to a man for sex. Initially, Marian is moved by how well Romney treats her, particularly since few other people in her Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta

Book 5 Quotes

Ay, but every age
Appears to souls who live in it, (ask Carlyle)
Most unheroic. Ours, for instance, ours!
The thinkers scout it, and the poets abound
Who scorn to touch it with a finger-tip:
A pewter age,—mixed metal, silver-washed;
An age of scum, spooned off the richer past;
An age of patches for old gaberdines;
An age of mere transition, meaning nought,

Except that what succeeds must shame it quite,
If God please. That’s wrong thinking, to my mind,
And wrong thoughts make poor poems.

Every age,
Through being beheld too close, is ill-discerned
By those who have not lived past it.

Related Characters: Aurora Leigh (speaker), Aurora’s Father
Related Symbols: Books
Page Number and Citation: 151
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Aurora continues to outline her literary philosophy, suggesting that while it might seem at first like the age she lives in isn’t remarkable, people in other ages probably thought the same thing. While literary critics point to various points in the past as “Golden Ages” of poetry, Aurora writes that her current age feels like a “pewter age,” with pewter being a functional material that is significantly less valuable than gold. According to Aurora, it’s easy to fall into the trap that there was some “richer past” that the present is only a pale echo of. Aurora’s Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possim

Book 6 Quotes

‘And so, that little stone, called Marian Erle,
Picked up and dropped by you and another friend,
Was ground and tortured by the incessant sea
And bruised from what she was,—changed! death’s a change,
And she, I said, was murdered; Marian’s dead.
What can you do with people when they are dead,
But, if you are pious, sing a hymn and go,
Or, if you are tender, heave a sigh and go,
But go by all means,—and permit the grass
To keep its green feud up ’twixt them and you?
Then leave me,—let me rest. I’m dead, I say.
And if, to save the child from death as well,
The mother in me has survived the rest,
Why, that’s God’s miracle you must not tax,—

I’m not less dead for that: I’m nothing more
But just a mother.’

Related Characters: Marian Erle (speaker), Aurora Leigh, Romney Leigh
Page Number and Citation: 209
Explanation and Analysis:
After Marian disappears on the day of her planned wedding to Romney, Aurora doesn’t see her for a while until one day when they happen to meet by chance in Paris, and Marian explains what has happened in her life since then. In this quote, Marian alludes to the rape (which she metaphorically calls a “murder”) that led to the birth of her child. Marian’s frequent references to death, including her proclamation that “Marian’s dead,” shows how traumatic and painful this event was for her. Still, while in this quote Marian describes her suffering, she ultimately shows resilience and that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui a

Book 7 Quotes

I thought, ‘Now, if I had been a woman, such
As God made women, to save men by love,—
By just my love I might have saved this man,

And made a nobler poem for the world
Than all I have failed in.’ But I failed besides
In this; and now he’s lost! through me alone!
And, by my only fault, his empty house
Sucks in, at this same hour, a wind from hell
To keep his hearth cold, make his casements creak
For ever to the tune of plague and sin—
O Romney, O my Romney, O my friend!
My cousin and friend! my helper, when I would,
My love, that might be! mine!

Related Characters: Aurora Leigh (speaker), Romney Leigh, Marian Erle
Page Number and Citation: 228
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Aurora has finally gone back to her home country of Italy in search of poetic inspiration, taking Marian and her child along with her, but even as she’s surrounded by the beautiful city of Florence, she can’t help thinking of her life back in England—and in particular of Romney. Aurora was adamant in her initial rejection of Romney’s marriage proposal, and in her reflections on that time, she has usually agreed that she made the right choice—until now, when she wonders nostalgically whether things would have turned out better if she had accepted Romney’s proposal. By saying Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta imped

‘Meantime your book
Is eloquent as if you were not dumb;
And common critics, ordinarily deaf
To such fine meanings, and, like deaf men, loth

To seem deaf, answering chance-wise, yes or no,
‘It must be,’ or ‘it must not,’ (most pronounced
When least convinced) pronounce for once aright:
You’d think they really heard,—and so they do ...
The burr of three or four who really hear
And praise your book aright: Fame’s smallest trump
Is a great ear-trumpet for the deaf as posts,
No other being effective. Fear not, friend;
We think, here, you have written a good book,
And you, a woman! It was in you—yes.’

Related Characters: Vincent Carrington (speaker), Romney Leigh, Aurora Leigh
Related Symbols: Books
Page Number and Citation: 239
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote is an excerpt of a letter from Vincent Carrington, a painter and a friend of both Aurora and Romney, whom Aurora put in charge of selling a manuscript of one of her long poems. When Vincent calls Aurora “dumb” (as in speechless), he is referencing how she didn’t answer one of his previous letters. Yet in spite of Aurora not writing to Vincent, her latest book has been saying a lot back in London, with critics praising it and vigorously debating its meaning. Vincent satirizes literary criticism of the day, suggesting that many critics are “like deaf men, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit

Book 8 Quotes

‘That is consequent:
The poet looks beyond the book he has made,
Or else he had not made it. If a man
Could make a man, he’d henceforth be a god
In feeling what a little thing is man:
It is not my case. And this special book,
I did not make it, to make light of it:
It stands above my knowledge, draws me up;
’Tis high to me.’

Related Characters: Romney Leigh (speaker), Aurora Leigh, Marian Erle
Related Symbols: Books
Page Number and Citation: 269
Explanation and Analysis:
Romney has just surprised Aurora and Marian by coming down to Florence to visit them at their villa, and one of the first things that Romney tells Marian is that he’s read her book of poetry, which has become popular in London. Although Romney spoke dismissively about Aurora’s poetic talents many years ago, as well as about the poetic capabilities of women in general, here he praises Aurora’s book effusively. Romney explains that in his concept of poetry, a poet “looks beyond the book he has made,/Or else he had not made it.” This means that a good poem is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accus

Book 9 Quotes

‘Oh, it does me good,
It wipes me clean and sweet from devil’s dirt,
That Romney Leigh should think me worthy still
Of being his true and honourable wife!
Henceforth I need not say, on leaving earth,
I had no glory in it. For the rest,
The reason’s ready (master, angel, friend,
Be patient with me) wherefore you and I
Can never, never, never join hands so.
I know you’ll not be angry like a man
(For you are none) when I shall tell the truth,—
Which is, I do not love you, Romney Leigh,
I do not love you. Ah well! catch my hands,
Miss Leigh, and burn into my eyes with yours,—
I swear I do not love him. Did I once?’

Related Characters: Marian Erle (speaker), Romney Leigh, Aurora Leigh
Page Number and Citation: 307
Explanation and Analysis:
Romney learns that Marian, having disappeared after her planned wedding to Romney, is alive and well, living unmarried with her new child, and this causes him to renew his marriage proposal to her. In this quote in response, Marian begins by offering gratitude for Romney’s offer before eventually getting into the reasons why she can’t accept his proposal. Marian admits that there is “glory” in the idea that someone as noble as Romney could love someone as low status as her, but Marian ultimately believes that the love between the two of them isn’t true and that true love is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Pe

My Romney!—Lifting up my hand in his,
As wheeled by Seeing spirits toward the east,
He turned instinctively,—where, faint and fair,
Along the tingling desert of the sky,
Beyond the circle of the conscious hills,
Were laid in jasper-stone as clear as glass
The first foundations of that new, near Day
Which should be builded out of heaven, to God.

He stood a moment with erected brows,
In silence, as a creature might, who gazed:
Stood calm, and fed his blind, majestic eyes
Upon the thought of perfect noon. And when
I saw his soul saw,—‘Jasper first,’ I said,
‘And second, sapphire; third, chalcedony;
The rest in order, ... last, an amethyst.

Related Characters: Aurora Leigh (speaker), Romney Leigh
Page Number and Citation: 325
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote is the ending of the novel. After Romney confesses to Aurora that he’s blind and the two of them confess their love to each other, Aurora embraces Romney and begins describing for him the landscape around him that he can no longer see. As Aurora notes, in spite of being unable to see, Romney sometimes still turns his head “instinctively” toward the direction where a new day is dawning. This again suggests how in spite of losing his physical sight, Romney has gotten better at seeing the truth. Dawn is significant both because it signifies new beginnings and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non in