Birdsong
by Sebastian Faulks
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Part One: France 1910 Quotes

“This morning I was out doing some errands in the town. There was a window open in a house near the cathedral and someone was playing the piano.”

Madame Azaire’s voice was cool and low […].

Monsieur and Madame Bérard looked startled. It was evidently not the kind of thing they had expected. Azaire spoke with the soothing voice of one use to such fancies. “And what was the tune, my dear?”

“I don’t know. I had never heard it before. It was just a tune like Beethoven or Chopin.”

“I doubt it was Beethoven if you failed to recognize it, Madame,” said Bérard

gallantly. “It was one of those folksongs, I’ll bet you anything.”

Related Characters: Isabelle Azaire (speaker), René Azaire (speaker), Monsieur Bérard (speaker), Madame Bérard, Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 9
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs at the very beginning of the novel, during protagonist Stephen Wraysford’s first dinner in the Azaire’s home. This is also Stephen’s first real interaction with the Azaire’s, and it is very telling of Isabelle’s oppressed existence as René’s wife. Isabelle is trapped within the confines of a sexist society, and when she attempts to make a meaningful contribution to their dinner conversation, she is met with condescension and insult. Monsieur and Madame Bérard look “startled” because they don’t believe that Isabelle knows the first thing about classical music, or anything else for that matter. As a representation Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic t

“Madame,” said Azaire, “I assure you that Isabelle has no fever. She is a woman of a nervous temperament. She suffers from headaches and various minor maladies. It signifies nothing. Believe me, I know her very well and I have learned how to live with her little ways.” He gave a glace of complicity toward Bérard who chuckled. “You yourself are fortunate in having a robust constitution.”

Related Characters: René Azaire (speaker), Madame Bérard, Monsieur Bérard, Isabelle Azaire
Page Number and Citation: 12
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs right after Isabelle excuses herself from the dinner table with a headache, and in a rare display of solidarity, Madame Bérard expresses polite concern. Of course, Isabelle doesn’t really have a headache—she simply wants to get away from René and Bérard’s sexist abuse. Not only does René minimize Madame Bérard’s concerns, in itself a show of his misogyny, but he insults Isabelle and minimizes her health and wellbeing. This quote relies on the popular tropes of women as “nervous” and delicate creatures who continually suffer, as if their gender is some type of disorder. René, not Isabelle, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum

Yet despite her formality toward him and her punctilious ease of manner, Stephen sensed some other element in what he had termed the pulse of her. It was impossible to say through which sense he had the impression, but somehow, perhaps only in the tiny white hairs on the skin of her bare arm or the blood he had seen rise beneath the light freckles of her cheekbones, he felt certain there was some keener physical life than she was actually living in the calm, restrictive rooms of her husband’s house with its oval door handles of polished china and its neatly inlaid parquet floors.

Related Characters: Isabelle Azaire, René Azaire, Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 21
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, Stephen is just beginning to fall in love with Isabelle, and he has given her the code word “pulse” in his encrypted journals. Again, this quote serves to disrupt traditional gender stereotypes of women and female sexuality. Isabelle pretends to be what society expects her to be—that is, she pretends to be modest and attentive to her husband—but she is someone else entirely. The very source of who she is, her “pulse,” is overtly sexual, and Stephen is able to sense this. This is reflected in Stephen’s vaguely sexual references to Isabelle’s bare skin and rising blood. Faulks’s use Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non invent

Azaire’s gaze had filled with something like amusement. “I don’t’ like to think of you having some kind of fit. I could easily—.”

“For goodness’ sake, René,” said Madame Azaire. “He’s told you there’s nothing to worry about. Why don’t you just leave him alone?”

Azaire’s fork made a loud clatter as he laid it down on his plate. For a moment his face had an expression of panic, like that of the schoolboy who suffers a sudden reverse and can’t understand the rules of behaviour by which his rival has won approval. Then he began to smile sardonically, as though to indicate that really he knew best and that his decision not to argue further was temporary indulgence he was granting his juniors. He turned to his wife with a teasing lightness of manner.

Related Characters: Isabelle Azaire (speaker), René Azaire (speaker), Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 23
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote appears after Stephen leaves the factory cafeteria feeling faint. Stephen’s symptoms are a result of his guilt over aligning himself with René’s poor treatment of his employees, but René’s is unaware of this and has a history of treating Stephen badly. René repeatedly implies that Stephen is less of a man than he is in the eyes of his French society. Stephen’s young age alone is proof of his powerlessness, according to René, and the fact that he is an Englishman does little to strengthen his case. Here, René’s description of Stephen’s ailment is very similar to his Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deser

“And have you heard your minstrel again in your wanderings in the town, my dear?”

She looked down at her plate. “I was not wandering, René. I was doing errands.”

“Of course, my dear. My wife is a mysterious creature, Monsieur,” he said to Stephen. “No one knows—like the little stream in the song—whither she flows or where her end will be.”

Related Characters: René Azaire (speaker), Isabelle Azaire (speaker), Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 23
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote takes place during another one of the Azaire’s dinnertime conversations with Stephen. Isabelle has challenged René’s power and authority by sticking up for Stephen, and René is determined to make Isabelle pay for her disregard of his standing. Again, René speaks to Isabelle in a condescending way, calling the piano song she heard in town a “minstrel,” implying that the tune must be a folksong because Isabelle is too simple and ignorant to appreciate the art of classical music. Even his use of the words “my dear” and “creature” serve to make Isabelle appear small, weak, and foreign Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas de

She was the only one who did not respond to Bérard’s promptings. She barely contributed when he invited her to do so, but would speak, unbidden, on a subject of her own choice. This appeared to leave Bérard no choice but to cut her off. He would apologize with a small bow of his head, though not for some minutes, and not until he had taken the conversation safely down the path he wanted. Madame Azaire would shrug lightly or smile at his belated apology as though to suggest that what she had been about to say was unimportant.

Related Characters: Isabelle Azaire, Monsieur Bérard
Page Number and Citation: 25
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, Isabelle endures yet another painful after-dinner conversation with Bérard. Like René, Bérard is a personification of the patriarchy, and he is filled with self-importance. He completely dominates every conversation he is part of—he selects the topics and decides who gets to speak and when—yet Isabelle resists him, and by extension, she resists the patriarchy as well. By ignoring Bérard’s invitations to join his conversations and instead starting her own “unbidden,” Isabelle implies that she won’t be commanded to do what Bérard says. Bérard’s interruptions of Isabelle are further proof of his misogyny and the confines of her sexist society, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Volu

Sometimes from the safety of the sitting room he would fix his eyes on the group and the vital, unspeaking figure of Madame Azaire. He didn’t ask himself if she was beautiful, because the physical effect of her presence made the question insignificant. Perhaps in the harshest judgement of the term she was not. While everything was feminine about her face, her nose was slightly larger than fashion prescribed; her hair had more different shades of brown and gold and red than most women would have wanted. For all the lightness of her face, its obvious strength of character overpowered conventional prettiness. But Stephen made no judgements; he was motivated by compulsion.

Related Characters: Isabelle Azaire, Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 26
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs as Stephen continues to fall in love with Isabelle, and it expresses Stephen’s love and attraction to her. Stephen is so drawn to Isabelle that she does not even have to speak in order to command a room, and he considers her presence “vital,” suggesting the entire interaction would cease to matter were she not part of it. Stephen’s attraction to Isabelle is so deep that it transcends the shallow nature of surface physical beauty. Ironically, however, while this quote illustrates Stephen’s love for Isabelle, it also reflects the sexist stereotypes of women present in French society Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum.

[René] saw the production of further children as important proof of his standing in society and a confirmation that this was a balanced match in which his age and the difference in tastes were not important. He approached his wife in a businesslike and predatory manner; she reacted with the submissive indifference which was the only response he left open to her. He made love to her each night, though, once embarked on it, he seemed to want it to be over quickly. Afterward he never referred to what they had done together. Madame Azaire, who was initially frightened and ashamed, slowly became frustrated by her husband’s attitude; she could not understand why this aspect of their lives, which seemed to mean so much to him, was something he would not talk about, nor why the startling intimacy of the act opened no doors in her mind, made no connections with the deeper feelings and aspirations that had grown in her since childhood.

Related Characters: René Azaire, Isabelle Azaire
Page Number and Citation: 36
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs as Faulks describes René and Isabelle’s marriage, and it is further evidence of the sexism present in early twentieth-century French society. René views children as a reflection of his manhood and virility—the more children he has, the stronger he is—and his advancing age threatens this power. René views sex as merely a business transaction, one that will secure him more social power, and he leaves Isabelle’s desires unrealized and her sexual needs unmet. René is resentful of Isabelle’s youth and capabilities, and he completely lacks any romantic feelings for her. Sadly, his marriage to Isabelle is not Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis

René Azaire had no suspicions of what was happening in his house. He had allowed his feelings toward Isabelle to become dominated by anger and frustration at his physical impotence and by what he subsequently experienced as a kind of emotional powerlessness toward her. He did not love her, but he wanted her to more responsive toward him. He sensed that she felt sorry for him and this infuriated him further; if she could not love him then at least she should be frightened of him.

Related Characters: René Azaire, Stephen Wraysford, Isabelle Azaire
Page Number and Citation: 75
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs as Stephen’s affair with Isabelle heats up, and it also serves to highlight the sexist nature of twentieth-century French society through René’s continued misogyny and self-importance. René refuses to see Stephen as a threat—after all, Stephen is young, undistinguished, and British—and René has no reason to believe that Isabelle has been unfaithful. René barely acknowledges Isabelle’s existence beyond his domestic expectations of her, and he is certainly unaware, and unconcerned, of her unmet needs and desires. René’s own insecurities over his advancing aging and diminishing social power have manifested in sexual impotence, he begins beating Isabelle in Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non invent

[René] remembered the pleasure he had taken in being the first man to invade that body, much younger than him, and the thrill he could not deny himself when she had cried out in pain. He remembered the puzzled look in her eyes when she gazed up at him. He could feel that she, more than his first wife, had the capacity to respond to the physical act, but when he saw the bewildered expression in her face he was determined to subdue it rather than to win her by patience. At that time Isabelle, though too willful for the father’s taste, was still docile and innocent enough to have been won over by a man who showed consideration and love, but with Azaire these things were not forthcoming. Her emotional and physical appetites were awakened but then left suspended as her husband turned his energy toward a long, unnecessary battle with his own shortcomings.

Related Characters: René Azaire, Isabelle Azaire
Page Number and Citation: 75
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, René reflects back on the first time he had sex with Isabelle, his young wife, and considers the current state of their relationship. René is empowered by the act of taking Isabelle’s virginity, and this is a reflection of the sexism and misogyny present in early twentieth-century French society. A good wife is chaste and pure—not tainted by previous sexual experiences, that is—and René is aroused by Isabelle’s virginity and tender age. Furthermore, René’s “thrill” in Isabelle’s expression of pain during this initial encounter mirrors his sadistic enjoyment of beating Isabelle when he replaces sex with physical violence because Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta it

“I don’t want this.” Isabelle shook her head. The words came from her mouth without thought or calculation in their purity of feeling. “I don’t know what to do or how to behave now. I could be happy in the simplest way, like any other woman with a family of her own, without this terrible pain I’ve caused. I won’t listen to ether of you. Why should I? How do I know that you love me, Stephen? How can I tell?” Her voice fell to the low, soft note Stephen had heard when she spoke on his first evening in the house. It was a beautiful sound to his ears: pleading and vulnerable, but with a sense of strength in its own rightness. “And you, René, why should I trust you when you have given me so little reason even to like you?”

Related Characters: Isabelle Azaire (speaker), Stephen Wraysford, René Azaire
Page Number and Citation: 92-3
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs after Isabelle admits to René that she and Stephen are having an affair. Stephen assumes that Isabelle will run away with him, but she is not so sure. The spontaneous nature of Isabelle’s outburst is a testament to its truth. When she says, “I don’t want this,” she does so without thought or influence, and this suggests that Isabelle doesn’t quite love Stephen as much as he loves her. When Isabelle claims that she “could be happy in the simplest way,” this harks back to René’s earlier thought that Isabelle was capable of loving any man who Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti n

Part Two: France 1916 Quotes

None of these men would admit that what they saw and what they did were beyond the boundaries of human behaviour. You would not believe, Jack thought, that the fellow with his cap pushed back, joking with his friend at the window of the butcher’s shop, had seen his other mate dying in a shellhole, gas frothing in his lungs. No one told; and Jack too joined the unspoken conspiracy that all was well, that no natural order had been violated. He blamed the NCOs, who blamed the officers; they swore at the staff officers, who blamed the generals.

Related Characters: Jack Firebrace
Page Number and Citation: 136
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs in the early days of World War I, as Jack Firebrace works seemingly endless hours digging miles of British trenches in France. As a miner, Jack spends most of his time underground and is not an infantry soldier; however, this does not shelter him from the unspeakable violence and death of the war, and Jack feels complicit in this inhumanity. Like Lieutenant Stephen Wraysford, Jack is beginning to learn that there isn’t a line the men won’t cross, and these terrible acts are committed by little more than children. Jack describes one of the soldiers as a Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum

In good humour, braving the barely understood the jeers of the washerwoman who stood by to take their clothes, the men queued naked for the baths that been set up in a long barn. Jack stood behind Shaw, admiring his huge back, with the muscles slabbed and spread out across his shoulder blades, so that his waist, though in fact substantial enough, looked like a nipped-in funnel by comparison, above the dimple of the coccyx and fatty swell of his hair-covered buttocks.

Related Characters: Jack Firebrace, Arthur Shaw
Page Number and Citation: 137
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, Jack and the other miners line up to take a rare bath during the war. This quote illustrates the humiliating nature of this task—they must strip naked out in the open, and they bathe in a barn like livestock. In addition to highlighting the hardships of war, Faulks also disrupts popular gender stereotypes with Jack’s admiration of Shaw’s body. The way Jack “admires” Shaw’s physique, noting his swollen muscles and strength, is vaguely sexual, and the parts of his body he lingers on—Shaw’s chest, waist, and buttocks—are typically what a man notices on a woman’s body. Jack notes that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Volup

“No one in England knows what this is like. If they could see the way these men live they would not believe their eyes. This is not a war, this is an exploration of how far men can be degraded. I am deeply curious to see how much further it can be taken; I want to know. I believe that it has barely started. I believe that far worse things than we have seen will be authorized and will be carried out by millions of boys and men like my Tipper and your Firebrace. There is no depth to which they can’t be driven.”

Related Characters: Stephen Wraysford (speaker), Jack Firebrace, Michael Weir, Tipper
Page Number and Citation: 145
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, after fighting for over a year, Stephen offers Weir his own opinion of the war. Like many of the soldiers and officers, Stephen initially believed in the war. It seemed a worthy cause, and no one thought that it would last long. However, World War I saw death and destruction on an unprecedented scale, including the targeting of civilians, and the violent nature of their existence as soldiers is unimaginable. Stephen believes that there is no end to the inhumanity, and worse, that innocent men like Firebrace and Tipper are expected to carry out unspeakable acts on behalf of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque pla

“I know you go out on patrol with [the men] and bind up their wounds and so on. But do you love them? Will you give your life for them?”

Stephen felt himself closely scrutinized. He could have said, “Yes, sir,” and closed the conversation; but Gray’s informal hectoring manner, although unsettling, permitted frankness.

“No,” he said. “I suppose not.”

“I thought so,” said Gray, with a small triumphant laugh. “Is that because you value your own life too much? You think it’s worth more than some simple footsoldier’s?”

“Not at all. I’m a simple footsoldier myself, don’t forget. It was you who promoted me. It’s because I don’t value my life enough. I have no sense of the scale of the sacrifices. I don’t know what anything is worth.”

Related Characters: Captain Gray  (speaker), Stephen Wraysford (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 159
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote also occurs during the early stages of the war, and it is a perfect reflection of Stephen's empty heart and loveless life. As an orphan, Stephen has never known the love of another. Both his mother and father abandon him as a child, and while Stephen briefly lives with his grandparents, he is not given the attention or affection other children typically know. Even when a local social reformer shows interest in Stephen and begins to mentor him, his efforts are focused on Stephen’s education and future career, not his emotional needs or wellbeing. Growing up this way Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi a

Jack tried not to imagine the weight of earth on top of them. He did not think of the roots of trees, stretching down through the soil. In any case they were too deep now. He had always survived in London by picturing the tunnel in which he worked as a railway compartment at night: the shutters were closed over a small space, you could not see anything, but outside a wide world of trees and fields beneath an open sky was whistling safely by in the darkness. When the space was no more than three feet wide and he had the earth pressing in his mouth and eyes, the illusion became difficult to sustain.

Related Characters: Jack Firebrace
Page Number and Citation: 161
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, Jack Firebrace is once again deep beneath the French soil digging British trenches during World War I. As a career miner, Jack is accustomed to life underground (he spent countless dark and dirty days digging London’s subway tunnel), but all this experience does not prepare him for the depths he sinks to during the war. Faulks repeatedly references nature throughout Birdsong and the cruel way it carries on during the war in complete disregard of the widespread human pain and suffering. Back in London, Jack was comforted by the presence of nature outside the cramped darkness of the tunnel, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferen

If night would fall, the earth might resume its natural process, and perhaps, in many years’ time, what had happened during daylight could be viewed as an aberration, could be comprehended within the rhythm of a normal life. At the moment it seemed to Stephen to be the other way about: that this was the new reality, the world in which they were now condemned to live, and that the pattern of the seasons, of night and day, was gone.

Related Characters: Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 224-5
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs after Stephen and the other soldiers charge across No Man’s Land and attack the German forces. The attack is badly planned and poorly executed, and Stephen is trapped behind enemy lines. This passage relies heavily on images of nature and the physical world, such as the earth and changing of the seasons, and it reflects Stephen’s belief that the war is a crime against nature and humanity. He refers to the war as an “aberration,” and struggles to understand its meaning and his place within in. He doubts that the war has a purpose and he fails Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a de

Part Three: England 1978 Quotes

In the tunnel of the Underground, stalled in the darkness, Elizabeth Benson sighed in impatience. She wanted to be home to see if there were any letters or in case the telephone should ring. A winter coat was pressed in her face by the crush of passengers along the aisle of the carriage. Elizabeth pulled her small suitcase closer to her feet. She had returned from a two-day business trip to Germany that morning and had gone straight in to work from Heathrow without returning to her flat. With the lights out she could not see to read her paper. She closed her eyes and tried to let her imagination remove her from the still train and its tightfitting hole.

Related Characters: Elizabeth Benson, Jack Firebrace
Page Number and Citation: 233
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote introduces Elizabeth Benson and her modern life in London in 1978, decades after her grandfather fought in World War I alongside Jack Firebrace. Birdsong highlights the impact of the past on future generations and considers the ways in which the past lives on in the present, and Elizabeth’s mundane daily commute does not escape these touches of the past. Stalled in the darkness, this gloomy underground world mirrors the darkness of the World War I trenches. Much like the men in the trenches, Elizabeth tries to imagine that she is not in this “tightfitting hole,” and the cramped Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi

“What do you do?” he said to Elizabeth.

“I run a clothing company.” She disliked being asked this question, thinking people ought to ask new acquaintances who they were rather than what they did, as though their job defined them.

“You say you run it. You’re the boss, are you?”

“That’s right. I started out as a designer about fifteen years ago but I transferred to the business side. We formed a new company and I became managing director.”

Related Characters: Elizabeth Benson (speaker), Stuart (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 236
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, Elizabeth has just been introduced to Stuart by her friend Lindsay, and he asks Elizabeth what she does for a living. Elizabeth represents a modern Englishwoman; she is fiercely independent, and she won’t be defined by her gender or what she does for a living. There is more to Elizabeth’s identity than who she is professionally—she is loving and loyal, and as evidenced by her relationship with Brennan, an aging and disabled war veteran, Elizabeth is an inherently good person—but Stuart equates her value to her job. Furthermore, Stuart is a representation of the patriarchy and the confines of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem a

Part Four: France 1917 Quotes

Stephen felt, at the better moments, the love for them that Gray had demanded. Their desperate courage, born from necessity, was nevertheless endearing. The grimmer, harder, more sardonic they became, the more he cared for them. Still he could not quite believe them; he could not comprehend the lengths to which they allowed themselves to be driven. He had been curious to see how far they could be taken, but his interest had slackened when he saw the answer: that there were no boundaries they would not cross, no limits to what they would endure.

Related Characters: Captain Gray , Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 270
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs as World War I rages on and Stephen begins to finally feel love for the soldiers he commands. Thus far, Stephen has been driven on and sustained by his hate. His lonely and loveless childhood as an orphan and the pain caused by the abandonment of his lover, Isabelle, before the war has left him cold and detached. He finds strength in the contempt he feels for his German enemy and he sees only the worst in the soldiers he commands, largely viewing them as weak subordinates who will do whatever their commanding officers say. However, due Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a d

Stephen felt himself overtaken by a climatic surge of feeling. It frightened him because he thought it would have some physical issue, in spasm or bleeding to death. Then he saw that what he felt was not an assault but a passionate affinity. It was for the rough field running down to the trees and for the path going back into the village, where he could see the tower of the church: these and the forgiving distance of the sky were not separate, but part of one creation, and he too, still by any sane judgement a young man, by the repeated tiny pulsing of his blood, was one with them.

Related Characters: Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 348
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, Stephen has been forced to take a furlough home to England during the war, and he is aimlessly walking along the British countryside. The abject horror of the war has left Stephen doubting humanity and the basic goodness of men, and he considers the murderous acts of the war a crime against nature. This passage is significant because Stephen is metaphorically cleansed by nature, the very thing that has been violated by his actions during the war. For the first time since his affair with Isabelle, Stephen is suddenly able to feel, and this “surge” of emotion is made Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. D

Part Five: England 1978-79 Quotes

I do not know what I have done to live in this existence. I do not know what any of us did to tilt the world into this unnatural orbit. We came here only for a few months. No child or future generation with ever know what this was like. They will never understand. When it is over we will go quietly among the living and we will not tell them. We will talk and sleep and go about our business like hum beings. We will seal what we have seen in the silence of our hearts and no words will reach us.

Related Characters: Stephen Wraysford (speaker), Elizabeth Benson
Page Number and Citation: 403
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote is written by Stephen in his encrypted journal to describe the war, and it is read by his granddaughter, Elizabeth, nearly seventy years later. Stephen implies that his horrific life as a soldier during the war is punishment for past sins. He believes that the war is a crime against nature, and this is reflected in the “unnatural orbit” the world has been tilted into. These coded words in Stephen’s journal are evidence of the deep shame and profound pain he feels due to his involvement in the war, and he buries them in an effort to forget. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut

Part Six: France 1918 Quotes

Gray stood up and came around the desk. “Think of the words on that memorial, Wraysford. Think of those stinking towns and foul bloody villages whose names will be turned into some bogus glory by fat-arsed historians who have sat in London. We were there. As our punishment of God knows what, we were there, and our men did in each of those disgusting places. I hate their names. I hate the sound of them and the thought of them, which is why I will not bring myself to remind you. But listen.” He put his face close to Stephen’s. “There are four words they will chisel beneath them at the bottom. Four words that people will look at one day. When they read the other words they will want to vomit. When they read these, they will bow their heads, just a little. ‘Final advance and pursuit.’ Don’t tell me you don’t want to put your name to those words.”

Related Characters: Captain Gray  (speaker), Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 409
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs during the end of the war after Captain Gray asks Stephen what he thinks will be inscribed on their monument after the war. Gray refers to their list of actions as a “proud list,” only Stephen doesn’t feel pride; he feels only shame and hate. Gray’s response to Stephen reflects the pain and destruction of the war with words like “stinking towns” and “foul bloody villages,” but it also calls into question the historical accuracy of official documents. He refers to this history as “bogus glory,” and to Gray, it is as fake and uniformed as the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure. Sint qui qui. Qui similique praesentium. Ex consequatur magna

Levi looked at this wild-eyed figure, half-demented, his brother’s killer. For no reason he could tell, he found that he had opened his own arms in turn, and the two men fell upon each other’s shoulders, weeping at the bitter strangeness of their human lives.

Related Characters: Lieutenant Levi, Stephen Wraysford
Page Number and Citation: 463
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote occurs at the very end of the war as Stephen is rescued from a collapsed tunnel by Levi, an enemy German soldier. Faulks’ description of Stephen as a “wild-eyed” and “half-demented” killer reflects the violent nature of the war. Stephen has been trapped under the French soil for over six days with a dying man, and the last explosion he let off in his attempt to escape resulted in the death of Levi’s brother. Up to now, Stephen has been motivated by his hate and it, along with a small mud puddle, has kept him alive in the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore

Part Seven: England 1979 Quotes

He threw the chestnuts up into the air in his great happiness. In the tree above him they disturbed a roosting crow, which erupted from the braches with an explosive bang of its wings, then rose toward the sky, its harsh, ambiguous call coming back in long, grating waves toward the earth, to be heard by those still living.

Related Characters: Robert, Elizabeth Benson
Related Symbols: Birds
Page Number and Citation: 483
Explanation and Analysis:
These are the closing lines of Birdsong, and Elizabeth has just given birth to Robert’s son. This quote reflects Robert’s happiness at the birth of his son, but more than that, it serves as a grave warning. Robert’s happiness “disturbs” a crow, and while birds and birdsongs typically symbolize nature, life, and optimism within Faulks’s novel, this bird’s song is much more pessimistic. Crows can also be seen to symbolize bad luck or death, and while the birth of Robert’s son, John, named after the son of a World War I veteran, represents the hope of a better future while Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et
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