Brokeback Mountain
by Annie Proulx
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Home and Belonging Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Desire, Repression, and Regret  Theme Icon
Intolerance and Violence Theme Icon
Masculinity and Sexuality  Theme Icon
Home and Belonging Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Brokeback Mountain, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Home and Belonging Theme Icon
Home and Belonging Theme Icon

Jack and Ennis’s difficult childhoods have shaped their adult lives. Because of this, they think often about what home means to them and they search for a new concept of home that is more welcoming than the ones with which they grew up. Ennis seeks a sense of home by denying his desire for Jack and sticking to traditional notions of family and masculinity, while Jack searches for home in Ennis. He frequently asks to see Ennis more often, and repeatedly proposes that they run away together to start a ranch or go somewhere with less restrictive social norms. Ennis always refuses on the grounds of familial responsibility and physical safety, a choice that ultimately denies both of them their ideal concept of home. Home is a word that is traditionally associated with a sense of belonging, warmth, comfort, and happiness. In reality, however, home for both men proves to be more closely associated with restrictive social norms, expectations, and responsibilities than with belonging or happiness.

Jack and Ennis’s childhood homes inform who they become and how they make decisions, which impacts their lives and relationships. While their childhoods had significant differences (Ennis’s parents died when he was young, while Jack’s parents outlive him), their early lives had significant parallels. Both grew up in Wyoming, and neither man finished high school or had lofty career ambitions. Both Jack and Ennis have also experienced abuse at the hands of their fathers. Ennis’s father was a violent man who may have murdered a gay man (Earl), and Jack’s father, who is similarly homophobic, once beat and urinated on Jack as a toddler. The abuse both men endured at the hands of their fathers impacts how they approach their taboo relationship. Ennis’s homophobic father scares him into not wanting to live as a couple with Jack, for he fears for their physical safety, while Jack longs to fulfill his desires in spite of his upbringing and wants to live with Ennis on their own ranch. Ennis’s concept of home is one of physical safety, whereas Jack’s is one of emotional fulfillment.

For both men, the summer of 1963 on Brokeback Mountain is as close as they get to their concepts of home: they are secluded in the mountain, surrounded only by nature and one another, so they feel simultaneously physically safe and emotionally fulfilled. The beauty and solitude of the mountain is a memory that chases Jack and Ennis for the rest of their lives. They recall it as a time before the pressures of children and wives dominated their lives, and before they realized just how special it was that they had a place where they could be together, unafraid that they would be punished by society.

The two men strive repeatedly to recreate this environment by retreating into the wilderness for their affairs over the next twenty years, but they never come close to the purity and ease they achieved on the mountain. Ennis is never able to forget his responsibilities towards his work and his children. He’s also never fully at ease, and worries that if they make a wrong move, or act suspiciously in the wrong place, they will be in danger of being beaten, or even being murdered. Jack longs to erase these responsibilities and fears, and to run away to Mexico with Ennis. When they meet, they frequently argue about when and how they will see each other next, a concern that never came up on the mountain, where time and desire seemed endless and without limit. 

When Jack dies, Ennis creates a shrine to his memory with a postcard of Brokeback Mountain and some of their old shirts. Brokeback Mountain is intimately tied to his memories of his lover, no matter how many years have passed since that first summer together. Despite Jack’s violent murder, Ennis chooses to remember him the way he was on the mountain, before life and society kept them apart. Yet the two-dimensional postcard will never come close to their lost experience of feeling at home on the mountain, which underscores that feeling at home is a rarefied experience that must be cultivated and treasured.

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Home and Belonging ThemeTracker

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Home and Belonging Quotes in Brokeback Mountain

Below you will find the important quotes in Brokeback Mountain related to the theme of Home and Belonging.

Brokeback Mountain Quotes

They were raised on small, poor ranches in opposite corners of the state, Jack Twist in Lightning Flat, up on the Montana border, Ennis del Mar from around Sage, near the Utah line, both high-school drop-out country boys with no prospects, brought up to hard work and privation, both rough-mannered, rough-spoken, inured to the stoic life.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Page Number and Citation: 4
Explanation and Analysis:
The story begins with a comparison of its two main characters, Jack Twist and Ennis del Mar. They are both native to Wyoming—albeit from “opposite corners” of the state—and were brought up in rough households, where hard work and a lack of manners were the norm. The way Proulx writes this passage, it appears that Jack and Ennis fit into a stereotype of poor rancher boys from Wyoming, given their lack of education, family situations, and ways of life. By opening her story with a description of these two supposedly typical men, Proulx is setting up the later disclosure that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut ve

In 1963, when he met Jack Twist, Ennis was engaged to Alma Beers. Both Jack and Ennis claimed to be saving money for a small spread; in Ennis’s case that meant a tobacco can with two five-dollar bills inside. That spring, hungry for any job, each had signed up with Farm and Ranch Employment—they came together on paper as herder and camp tender for the same sheep operation north of Signal.

Related Characters: Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar, Alma Beers
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 5
Explanation and Analysis:
When they meet on Brokeback Mountain in the summer of 1963, Jack and Ennis are still teenagers. And yet, they have been thrust into adulthood: they have both already been working for years, and Ennis is engaged to Alma Beers. Both men have “savings,” which, as Proulx somewhat sarcastically points out, either don’t really exist or amount to just ten dollars in a can. Thus both boys are as poor as the parents who raised them, and are desperate for work. The government Farm and Ranch Employment program assigns them to work on Brokeback Mountain, which is difficult and low-paying Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidu

There were only the two of them on the mountain, flying in the euphoric, bitter air, looking down on the hawk’s back and the crawling lights of vehicles on the plain below, suspended above ordinary affairs and distant from tame ranch dogs barking in the dark hours. They believed themselves invisible, not knowing Joe Aguirre had watched them through his 10x42 binoculars for ten minutes one day, waiting until they’d buttoned up their jeans, waiting until Ennis rode back to the sheep, before bringing up the message that Jack’s people had sent word that his uncle Harold was in the hospital with pneumonia and expected not to make it. Though he did, and Aguirre came up again to say so, fixing Jack with his bold stare, not bothering to dismount.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 15
Explanation and Analysis:
The mood on the mountain completely shifts once Jack and Ennis become intimate. Despite their workload, the men feel free, reveling in the beauty of the mountain and their desire for one another. Having been saddled with difficult work, abusive fathers, and poverty for their whole lives, they feel liberated by having found someone who cares about them so deeply. However, this quote foreshadows the troubles that are to come. Even though they feel alone in their intimacy, they are not: Joe Aguirre spies on them having sex. He doesn’t immediately tell them that he knows they are lovers, but Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste

“Right,” said Jack, and they shook hands, hit each other on the shoulder; then there was forty feet of distance between them and nothing to do but drive away in opposite directions. Within a mile Ennis felt like someone was pulling his guts out hand over hand a yard at a time. He stopped at the side of the road and, in the whirling new snow, tried to puke but nothing came up. He felt about as bad as he ever had and it took a long time for the feeling to wear off.

Related Characters: Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 18
Explanation and Analysis:
When Jack and Ennis part at the end of the summer, they are forced to face the inevitable: it is time to return to their lives, and their relationship is effectively over. Without any concrete plans as to when they will see each other next, it feels to Ennis like they are saying good-bye forever. He feels so sick about leaving Jack that he tries to vomit, and the horrible feeling lingers. He feels sick to his stomach because he never truly confronted or acknowledged his feelings for Jack during the summer, and they affect him all at once as Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. U

“Ennis, please, no more damn lonesome ranches for us,” she said, sitting on his lap, wrapping her thin, freckled arms around him. “Let’s get a place here in town.”

“I guess,” said Ennis… They stayed in the little apartment, which he favored because it could be left at any time.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Alma Beers (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 19
Explanation and Analysis:
Alma and Ennis have two children in the few years after Ennis’s summer on Brokeback Mountain. Ennis moves the family around frequently in accordance with his ranch jobs. Alma objects to moving so often, particularly with two young daughters in tow. However, Ennis likes this way of life. Ranching is all he has ever known, and he has no desire to pursue any other career. He likes having a small apartment that he can move out of at a moment’s notice. Besides being convenient for his ranching jobs, it also means that, should an opportunity arise for him to be Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Volu

They seized each other by the shoulders, hugged mightily, squeezing the breath out of each other, saying son of a bitch, son of a bitch; then, and as easily as the right key turns the lock tumblers, their mouths came together, and hard, Jack’s big teeth bringing blood, his hat falling to the floor, stubble rasping, wet saliva welling, and the door opening and Alma looking out for a few seconds at Ennis’s straining shoulders and shutting the door again and still they clinched, pressing chest and groin and thigh and leg together, treading on each other’s toes until they pulled apart to breathe and Ennis, not big on endearments, said what he said to his horses and daughters, “Little darlin.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Alma Beers, Jack Twist
Page Number and Citation: 21
Explanation and Analysis:
After four years apart from Ennis, Jack sends word that he’ll be passing through Riverton. The two men make plans to meet. When they finally reunite, a warm embrace quickly turns passionate: the men kiss, and Alma witnesses their display of affection from the door. Even though Ennis has become used to his life with Alma and his daughters, seeing Jack again makes him realize how much his life has been missing without his old lover in it. Even though there is a risk Alma or his daughters might witness their embrace—and Alma does witness it—Ennis cannot help himself, and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempo

“Friend,” said Jack. “We got us a fuckin situation here. Got a figure out what to do.”

“I doubt there’s nothin now we can do,” said Ennis. “What I’m sayin, Jack, I built a life up in them years. Love my little girls. Alma? It ain’t her fault. You got your baby and wife, that place in Texas. You and me can’t hardly be decent together if what happened back there”—he jerked his head in the direction of the apartment—“grabs” on us like that. We do that in the wrong place we’ll be dead. There’s no reins on this one. It scares the piss out a me.”

Related Characters: Jack Twist (speaker), Ennis del Mar (speaker), Alma Beers, Alma Jr. and Francine
Page Number and Citation: 26-27
Explanation and Analysis:
When Jack and Ennis are in the motel room during their first reunion, they realize how badly they have missed one another. Jack wants them to figure out some way to be together, but Ennis tells him that’s not possible. Besides the responsibilities he has at home, he knows that another passionate display like the one in front of Alma could lead to them being murdered if it happens in front of the wrong people. And yet, he acknowledges, “there’s no reins on this one.” In other words, just because they know their homosexuality is stigmatized by society doesn’t mean Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. U

“Dad made sure I seen it. Took me to see it. Me and K.E. Dad laughed about it. Hell, for all I know he done the job. If he was alive and was to put his head in that door right now you bet he’d go get his tire iron. Two guys livin together? No. All I can see is we get together once in a while way the hell out in the back a nowhere—”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Tire Iron
Page Number and Citation: 30
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis tells Jack the story of Earl and Rich, two local ranchers who lived together near Ennis when he was young. A gang of gay-hating men murdered Earl. He was beaten to death with a tire iron, and Ennis’s father made sure his son saw the mutilated corpse. In this quote, Ennis surmises his father was likely one of the men that killed Earl. He even supposes that if his father saw Jack and Ennis together in the hotel room, that he would kill the two of them as well. He refuses Jack’s suggestion that they live together because he Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamu

Her resentment opened out a little every year: the embrace she had glimpsed, Ennis’s fishing trips once or twice a year with Jack Twist and never a vacation with her and the girls, his disinclination to step out and have any fun, his yearning for low-paid, long-houred ranch work, his propensity to roll to the wall and sleep as soon as he hit the bed, his failure to look for a decent permanent job with the county or the power company put her in a long, slow dive, and when Alma, Jr., was nine and Francine seven she said, What am I doin, hangin around with him, divorced Ennis, and married the Riverton grocer.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Alma Beers, Jack Twist
Page Number and Citation: 31-32
Explanation and Analysis:
There is a shift in Alma and Ennis’s marriage once Jack comes back into Enniss’ life. The passionate kiss she witnessed between them, coupled with the weeks he takes off to spend time with Jack, tips Alma off to the fact that Jack and Ennis are likely lovers. Further frustrated by his inclination for low-paying work that doesn’t make ends meet, Alma decides that her life is going nowhere as long as she is married to Ennis. As her girls age, she decides she needs to make a better life for them, as well as for herself. Marrying the grocer Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recu

The old man spoke angrily. “I can’t get no help out here. Jack used a say, ‘Ennis del Mar,’ he used a say, ‘I’m goin a bring him up here one a these days and we’ll lick this damn ranch into shape.’ He had some half-baked idea the two a you was goin a move up here, build a log cabin, and help me run this ranch and bring it up. Then this spring he’s got another one’s goin a come up here with him and build a place and help run the ranch, some ranch neighbor a his from down in Texas. He’s goin a split up with his wife and come back here. So he says. But like most a Jack’s ideas it never come to pass.”

Related Characters: Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Related Symbols: Tire Iron
Page Number and Citation: 49
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote confirms for Ennis that Jack has likely been murdered with a tire iron for being gay. Jack’s father angrily reveals that Jack had spoken about Ennis for years, talking about the two of them moving into a ranch together. He even said that he was going to leave his wife to start this new life with Ennis. He implies that he knows Jack and Ennis were lovers, and Ennis can only assume that other people knew this, too, and that Jack may have even had other lovers, as his father implies here that he did. While Ennis was Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus

He pressed his face into the fabric and breathed in slowly through his mouth and nose, hoping for the faintest smoke and mountain sage and salty sweet stink of Jack, but there was no real scent, only the memory of it, the imagined power of Brokeback Mountain of which nothing was left but what he held in his hands.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 52
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis is overcome with emotion when he finds the two shirts, one with Jack’s blood, and the other which used to belong to Ennis. It shows to Ennis that Jack must have felt the same way that he did when they left the mountain after their summer together. He inhales the shirt with the hopes of being transported back to the mountain. However, he knows that all he has left of that summer and his love of Jack is held in his hands—and in his head, in the form of his memories. The shirts—which would be meaningless as symbols to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet

There was some open space between what he knew and what he tried to believe, but nothing could be done about it, and if you can’t fix it you’ve got to stand it.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar
Page Number and Citation: 55
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis resumes his solitary life, but dreams frequently about Jack. These dreams make him feel both aroused and miserable. They are all he has left of his love. As this quote shows, he still can’t quite believe Jack is gone: if he hadn’t received the news from Lureen, it might have been the same as if it was just a bit of time between their last meeting and their next. Yet as he knows from inhaling the smell of the shirts and trying to transport himself back to the mountain, time can’t be turned back, and there’s no use wishing Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expe