Brokeback Mountain
by Annie Proulx
Themes and Colors
Desire, Repression, and Regret  Theme Icon
Intolerance and Violence Theme Icon
Masculinity and Sexuality  Theme Icon
Home and Belonging Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Brokeback Mountain, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Intolerance and Violence Theme Icon
Intolerance and Violence Theme Icon

Intolerance, and the violence to which it can lead, are constant threats to Jack and Ennis’s relationship. Proulx presents intolerance toward homosexuality as a pervasive characteristic in Jack and Ennis’s society—not something specific to certain people or places. Earl and Jack’s violent deaths, for instance, are attributed not to any one person, but rather to a generalized “them.” Jack and Ennis’s fear of this pervasive violence and intolerance keeps them from being together, and for good reason: homophobic violence is ultimately what kills Jack and leaves Ennis alone with his regret. While violence is the most clearly horrible outcome of widespread intolerance, Proulx also uses Ennis’ thoughts and experiences to show that intolerance can lead to internal psychological effects that are nearly as devastating as outright violence. Ultimately, homophobia robs both men of their lives: Jack is murdered for his sexuality, while Ennis is stuck in limbo, unable to fulfill his desires or fit into a society that can’t accept him the way he is.

Intolerance and hatred, both internalized and external, are present even in the remote hills of Brokeback Mountain. Throughout their first summer together, Jack and Ennis never discuss the nature of their relationship or their feelings for one another, which shows how ingrained homophobic norms are. Only once does Ennis voice that he “ain’t no queer,” a sentiment Jack immediately agrees with. Though the two men are sexually intimate, they are afraid to label themselves as gay, since they have both internalized the notion that gay men are unnatural and they know that being outed can be a death sentence. While the two men do not experience outright violence that summer, they do face social consequences for their relationship. Their boss, Joe Aguirre, watches them have sex through binoculars. While he doesn’t address their relationship explicitly, he treats both men coldly afterwards. He doesn’t dismount his horse to deliver Jack the news that his uncle is dying, and he declines to offer them jobs again for next summer.

While Joe Aguirre’s homophobia is expressed without outright violence, the threat of violence, and even death, is a very real possibility for Jack and Ennis should their relationship become public knowledge. This shapes both their choices and fates. The fear of violence drives Ennis, in particular, because his father took him as a child to see the mutilated corpse of a gay man (Earl) who was murdered as a punishment for his sexuality. As a result of this experience, Ennis will not entertain the possibility of living with Jack, even if that is what he wants most; when the two men kissed in front of Ennis’s wife, Ennis tells Jack that if they do that again they will “be dead.” Jack does not have the same fear that Ennis does, and while it allows him to be more open to expressing and exploring his desires, his freer attitude towards his sexuality eventually leads him to be murdered by homophobes. The violence that has cast a pall over their relationship from the beginning is ultimately what brings it to a premature end.

While Ennis’s internalization of the intolerance around him may save his life (as it leads him to be more careful with his behavior than Jack), this internalization of homophobia also leads Ennis to psychological distress. It’s clear, for example, that Ennis is uncomfortable with his own sexuality because the only times in the story in which he is violent occur in response to others directly acknowledging his sexual desire. The first instance is at the end of their summer at Brokeback Mountain, when Ennis punches Jack hard for no apparent reason, although it seems that this unexpected violence is due to his own shame and distress over having to leave the man he loves. This interpretation of Ennis’s violence towards Jack gains credence when, years after Alma witnesses Jack and Ennis in a passionate embrace, she reveals to Ennis that she knew about Jack and Ennis’s relationship and calls Jack “nasty.” Ennis hurts Alma in a fit of violent rage and, as a result, he doesn’t see her or his children for several years afterwards. This is seemingly the first time Ennis has been accused of being gay, and he uses violence to try and show Alma that she is wrong, as well as to intimidate her into not sharing what she knows with others.

Ennis’s shame over his sexuality, which leads him to violence, shapes all of his choices and actions throughout the story. While Jack is open to the idea of being a social outcast in order to live with Ennis, Ennis does not entertain this possibility and, as a result, he loses his chance at the life he most wants. Although Ennis has not been physically touched by homophobic violence—he does not lose his life, as Jack does—he must live with the regret of not having fulfilled his deepest desires, which is a bitter and heartbreaking experience. Therefore, Ennis must live with the pain  of losing the person he loved most, living a life on the fringe of society, and knowing that to live as his true self would be to die a violent death. 

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Intolerance and Violence Quotes in Brokeback Mountain

Below you will find the important quotes in Brokeback Mountain related to the theme of Intolerance and Violence.

Brokeback Mountain Quotes

“Forest Service got designated campsites on the allotments. Them camps can be a couple a miles from where we pasture the sheep. Bad predator loss, nobody near lookin after em at night. What I want—camp tender in the main camp where the Forest Service says, but the herder”—pointing at Jack with a chop of his hand—“pitch a pup tent on the Q.T. with the sheep, out a sight, and he’s goin a sleep there. Eat supper, breakfast in camp, but sleep with the sheep, hundred percent, no fire, don’t leave no sign. Roll up that tent every mornin case Forest Service snoops around. Got the dogs, your .30-.30, sleep there. Last summer had goddam near twenty-five-percent loss. I don’t want that again. […] Tomorrow mornin we’ll truck you up the jump-off.” Pair of deuces going nowhere.

Related Characters: Joe Aguirre (speaker), Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 6-7
Explanation and Analysis:
Joe Aguirre is an older gruff man who has been a rancher for a long time. He is jaded and unaccommodating of the younger ranch hands who come and go, and seems irritated by having to explain how the mountain works year after year. He does not believe he must abide by the Forest Service’s rules, and orders Jack to sleep where he’s not supposed to, which means he’s not allowed to light a campfire, even for warmth. Even though he likely has a background similar to the two men, he assumes (unfortunately correctly) that they are uneducated, and have Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt.

There were only the two of them on the mountain, flying in the euphoric, bitter air, looking down on the hawk’s back and the crawling lights of vehicles on the plain below, suspended above ordinary affairs and distant from tame ranch dogs barking in the dark hours. They believed themselves invisible, not knowing Joe Aguirre had watched them through his 10x42 binoculars for ten minutes one day, waiting until they’d buttoned up their jeans, waiting until Ennis rode back to the sheep, before bringing up the message that Jack’s people had sent word that his uncle Harold was in the hospital with pneumonia and expected not to make it. Though he did, and Aguirre came up again to say so, fixing Jack with his bold stare, not bothering to dismount.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 15
Explanation and Analysis:
The mood on the mountain completely shifts once Jack and Ennis become intimate. Despite their workload, the men feel free, reveling in the beauty of the mountain and their desire for one another. Having been saddled with difficult work, abusive fathers, and poverty for their whole lives, they feel liberated by having found someone who cares about them so deeply. However, this quote foreshadows the troubles that are to come. Even though they feel alone in their intimacy, they are not: Joe Aguirre spies on them having sex. He doesn’t immediately tell them that he knows they are lovers, but Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste

Even when the numbers were right Ennis knew the sheep were mixed. In a disquieting way everything seemed mixed.

Related Characters: Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 16
Explanation and Analysis:
A hailstorm comes to the mountain in August, which blows the sheep herd off course, mixing them up with another herd. Ennis and a Chilean herder who doesn’t speak English spend five days attempting to separate them. Even when the herd has the right number of sheep, Ennis knows that some of them weren’t originally in his herd. The mixed-up sheep seem to him to be a metaphor for the summer coming to an end. Soon, he and Jack will have to leave the mountain, and he’ll go off to marry Alma Beers. Ennis’s life, like the mixed-up flock of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem.

“Right,” said Jack, and they shook hands, hit each other on the shoulder; then there was forty feet of distance between them and nothing to do but drive away in opposite directions. Within a mile Ennis felt like someone was pulling his guts out hand over hand a yard at a time. He stopped at the side of the road and, in the whirling new snow, tried to puke but nothing came up. He felt about as bad as he ever had and it took a long time for the feeling to wear off.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 18
Explanation and Analysis:
When Jack and Ennis part at the end of the summer, they are forced to face the inevitable: it is time to return to their lives, and their relationship is effectively over. Without any concrete plans as to when they will see each other next, it feels to Ennis like they are saying good-bye forever. He feels so sick about leaving Jack that he tries to vomit, and the horrible feeling lingers. He feels sick to his stomach because he never truly confronted or acknowledged his feelings for Jack during the summer, and they affect him all at once as Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. U

They seized each other by the shoulders, hugged mightily, squeezing the breath out of each other, saying son of a bitch, son of a bitch; then, and as easily as the right key turns the lock tumblers, their mouths came together, and hard, Jack’s big teeth bringing blood, his hat falling to the floor, stubble rasping, wet saliva welling, and the door opening and Alma looking out for a few seconds at Ennis’s straining shoulders and shutting the door again and still they clinched, pressing chest and groin and thigh and leg together, treading on each other’s toes until they pulled apart to breathe and Ennis, not big on endearments, said what he said to his horses and daughters, “Little darlin.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Jack Twist, Alma Beers
Page Number and Citation: 21
Explanation and Analysis:
After four years apart from Ennis, Jack sends word that he’ll be passing through Riverton. The two men make plans to meet. When they finally reunite, a warm embrace quickly turns passionate: the men kiss, and Alma witnesses their display of affection from the door. Even though Ennis has become used to his life with Alma and his daughters, seeing Jack again makes him realize how much his life has been missing without his old lover in it. Even though there is a risk Alma or his daughters might witness their embrace—and Alma does witness it—Ennis cannot help himself, and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempo

“Friend,” said Jack. “We got us a fuckin situation here. Got a figure out what to do.”

“I doubt there’s nothin now we can do,” said Ennis. “What I’m sayin, Jack, I built a life up in them years. Love my little girls. Alma? It ain’t her fault. You got your baby and wife, that place in Texas. You and me can’t hardly be decent together if what happened back there”—he jerked his head in the direction of the apartment—“grabs” on us like that. We do that in the wrong place we’ll be dead. There’s no reins on this one. It scares the piss out a me.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Jack Twist (speaker), Alma Jr. and Francine, Alma Beers
Page Number and Citation: 26-27
Explanation and Analysis:
When Jack and Ennis are in the motel room during their first reunion, they realize how badly they have missed one another. Jack wants them to figure out some way to be together, but Ennis tells him that’s not possible. Besides the responsibilities he has at home, he knows that another passionate display like the one in front of Alma could lead to them being murdered if it happens in front of the wrong people. And yet, he acknowledges, “there’s no reins on this one.” In other words, just because they know their homosexuality is stigmatized by society doesn’t mean Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. U

“Dad made sure I seen it. Took me to see it. Me and K.E. Dad laughed about it. Hell, for all I know he done the job. If he was alive and was to put his head in that door right now you bet he’d go get his tire iron. Two guys livin together? No. All I can see is we get together once in a while way the hell out in the back a nowhere—”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Tire Iron
Page Number and Citation: 30
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis tells Jack the story of Earl and Rich, two local ranchers who lived together near Ennis when he was young. A gang of gay-hating men murdered Earl. He was beaten to death with a tire iron, and Ennis’s father made sure his son saw the mutilated corpse. In this quote, Ennis surmises his father was likely one of the men that killed Earl. He even supposes that if his father saw Jack and Ennis together in the hotel room, that he would kill the two of them as well. He refuses Jack’s suggestion that they live together because he Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamu

Her resentment opened out a little every year: the embrace she had glimpsed, Ennis’s fishing trips once or twice a year with Jack Twist and never a vacation with her and the girls, his disinclination to step out and have any fun, his yearning for low-paid, long-houred ranch work, his propensity to roll to the wall and sleep as soon as he hit the bed, his failure to look for a decent permanent job with the county or the power company put her in a long, slow dive, and when Alma, Jr., was nine and Francine seven she said, What am I doin, hangin around with him, divorced Ennis, and married the Riverton grocer.

Related Characters: Alma Beers, Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Page Number and Citation: 31-32
Explanation and Analysis:
There is a shift in Alma and Ennis’s marriage once Jack comes back into Enniss’ life. The passionate kiss she witnessed between them, coupled with the weeks he takes off to spend time with Jack, tips Alma off to the fact that Jack and Ennis are likely lovers. Further frustrated by his inclination for low-paying work that doesn’t make ends meet, Alma decides that her life is going nowhere as long as she is married to Ennis. As her girls age, she decides she needs to make a better life for them, as well as for herself. Marrying the grocer Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recu

“Don’t lie, don’t try to fool me, Ennis. I know what it means. Jack Twist? Jack Nasty. You and him—”

She’d overstepped his line. He seized her wrist and twisted; tears sprang and rolled, a dish clattered.

“Shut up,” he said. “Mind your own business. You don’t know nothin about it.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Alma Beers (speaker), Jack Twist
Page Number and Citation: 33
Explanation and Analysis:
When Ennis attends a tense Thanksgiving dinner at Alma’s home with her new husband, Alma accuses Ennis of being in a relationship with Jack. Ennis has never been accused of being gay or discussed his sexuality with anyone but Jack, and he becomes angry. This anger is the manifestation of his deep-seated fear of the physical violence he might be subjected to at the hands of homophobes, like Earl had been years before. Attempting to assert his dominance over his ex-wife, he hurts Alma. He does this to try to intimidate her out of mentioning anything to other people. As Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas

It was Lureen and she said who? who is this? and when he told her again she said in a level voice yes, Jack was pumping up a flat on the truck out on a back road when the tire blew up. The bead was damaged somehow and the force of the explosion slammed the rim into his face, broke his nose and jaw and knocked him unconscious on his back. By the time someone came along he had drowned in his own blood.

No, he thought, they got him with the tire iron.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist, Lureen
Related Symbols: Tire Iron
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis is utterly shocked when he finds out Jack has died. As Lureen notes, she had no way of contacting Ennis immediately in the wake of the murder. Yet as he hears in her voice, he surmises that Lureen knew that the two were lovers, and was maybe less inclined, because of this, to tell Ennis what had happened even if she had known his contact information. Further, Ennis can tell from the tone of her voice that the story he tells her of Jack’s death is a fabricated one. The fact that she mentions a tire implies to Ennis Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Ap

The old man spoke angrily. “I can’t get no help out here. Jack used a say, ‘Ennis del Mar,’ he used a say, ‘I’m goin a bring him up here one a these days and we’ll lick this damn ranch into shape.’ He had some half-baked idea the two a you was goin a move up here, build a log cabin, and help me run this ranch and bring it up. Then this spring he’s got another one’s goin a come up here with him and build a place and help run the ranch, some ranch neighbor a his from down in Texas. He’s goin a split up with his wife and come back here. So he says. But like most a Jack’s ideas it never come to pass.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Tire Iron
Page Number and Citation: 49
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote confirms for Ennis that Jack has likely been murdered with a tire iron for being gay. Jack’s father angrily reveals that Jack had spoken about Ennis for years, talking about the two of them moving into a ranch together. He even said that he was going to leave his wife to start this new life with Ennis. He implies that he knows Jack and Ennis were lovers, and Ennis can only assume that other people knew this, too, and that Jack may have even had other lovers, as his father implies here that he did. While Ennis was Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus

He pressed his face into the fabric and breathed in slowly through his mouth and nose, hoping for the faintest smoke and mountain sage and salty sweet stink of Jack, but there was no real scent, only the memory of it, the imagined power of Brokeback Mountain of which nothing was left but what he held in his hands.

Related Characters: Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 52
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis is overcome with emotion when he finds the two shirts, one with Jack’s blood, and the other which used to belong to Ennis. It shows to Ennis that Jack must have felt the same way that he did when they left the mountain after their summer together. He inhales the shirt with the hopes of being transported back to the mountain. However, he knows that all he has left of that summer and his love of Jack is held in his hands—and in his head, in the form of his memories. The shirts—which would be meaningless as symbols to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet

There was some open space between what he knew and what he tried to believe, but nothing could be done about it, and if you can’t fix it you’ve got to stand it.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar
Page Number and Citation: 55
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis resumes his solitary life, but dreams frequently about Jack. These dreams make him feel both aroused and miserable. They are all he has left of his love. As this quote shows, he still can’t quite believe Jack is gone: if he hadn’t received the news from Lureen, it might have been the same as if it was just a bit of time between their last meeting and their next. Yet as he knows from inhaling the smell of the shirts and trying to transport himself back to the mountain, time can’t be turned back, and there’s no use wishing Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expe