Brokeback Mountain
by Annie Proulx
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Masculinity and Sexuality Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Desire, Repression, and Regret  Theme Icon
Intolerance and Violence Theme Icon
Masculinity and Sexuality  Theme Icon
Home and Belonging Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Brokeback Mountain, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Masculinity and Sexuality  Theme Icon
Masculinity and Sexuality  Theme Icon

Jack and Ennis’s homosexuality defies the masculine norms under which they have been raised, leaving them unable to reconcile their understanding of the lives they are supposed to lead as men with the relationships they want to pursue. Proulx explores the intersection of masculinity and homosexuality by illustrating the ways in which society sees any deviation from the very narrow traditional notions of masculinity as unnatural and deserving of punishment. Ultimately, this reveals the inherent flaws of narrowly defining how an entire gender must act and advocates for a more expansive definition of masculinity—one that includes non-heterosexual forms of sexual expression.

Jack and Ennis have both internalized homophobic concepts of masculinity that they learned from their fathers. When he was a young boy, for instance, Ennis’s father took him to see the mutilated corpse of a gay man (Earl), and Ennis even surmises that his father may have been one of the men who killed Earl. This experience was clearly meant to impress upon Ennis that being gay was not acceptable. Likewise, Ennis recalls a story Jack told him about how his father once beat and urinated on him for not making it to the toilet in time, even though he was only three or four years old. Like Ennis’s father “punishing” Earl for his homosexuality, Jack’s father’s punishment of Jack for soiling himself shows that masculine norms are often reinforced through violence and humiliation, no matter how minor or accidental the “transgression.”

Traditional notions of masculinity prize heterosexual virility and dominance, and for a time, it seems that both Jack and Ennis are able to fit into this narrow ideal. At first, both men appear to have picture-perfect families. Ennis and Alma marry and have two girls, whom Ennis adores. Ennis asserts dominance over Alma, dictating where they live, how much money they earn, and how they have sex. Likewise, Jack marries Lureen and moves to Texas, where he has a son. However, when Ennis and Jack reignite their affair, both men’s façades of traditional masculinity begin to fall apart. Ennis loses interest in Alma, both emotionally and sexually, and she divorces him, taking the girls with her. Meanwhile, Jack has extramarital affairs with both men and women and is relegated to a vague managerial role when Lureen inherits her father’s business, leaving him with less power than his wife. When Jack dies, Lureen tells Ennis it was due to an accident (which it most likely wasn’t), revealing that she is ashamed of her late husband’s sexuality.

Even though it was something of an open secret that Jack was gay, his family members attempt to masculinize him even after his death. When Ennis goes to visit Jack’s family to get permission to scatter Jack’s ashes over Brokeback Mountain as Jack had wanted, Jack’s father refuses and insinuates that he knows Ennis and Jack were more than old ranching buddies. This implies that Jack’s father’s homophobia causes him to defy his son’s own wishes for what would happen with his remains. Ultimately, Jack’s family buries the rest of his ashes in an ancestral burial ground. This connects Jack to his family (and thus to his homophobic father) forevermore, rather than connecting him to Brokeback Mountain, a symbol of freedom and personal choice. Even in death, then, Jack is subjected to strict societal expectations about who he should be.

Every aspect of Ennis and Jack’s life and identity is influenced by societal expectations of who they will be as men, and it’s ironic that the masculine traits they wish to present to the world are also the traits that, in others, bring them the most misery. Ennis, for example, refuses to leave his life and move to a ranch with Jack due to his fear of masculine violence, but Ennis himself becomes violent in instances in which he feels that his sexual orientation is eclipsing his masculinity (such as when Alma insinuates that she knows he is sexually intimate with Jack). By punishing men who stray from tradition with violence and even death, men scare people like Ennis into denying themselves the lives they want to lead and encourage them to prove their masculinity through violence, thereby ensuring a self-perpetuating cycle of masculine violence. Therefore, traditional masculinity is shown to be anything but “natural”—rather, it is a violently-reinforced set of socially-constructed norms.

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Masculinity and Sexuality Quotes in Brokeback Mountain

Below you will find the important quotes in Brokeback Mountain related to the theme of Masculinity and Sexuality .

Brokeback Mountain Quotes

In 1963, when he met Jack Twist, Ennis was engaged to Alma Beers. Both Jack and Ennis claimed to be saving money for a small spread; in Ennis’s case that meant a tobacco can with two five-dollar bills inside. That spring, hungry for any job, each had signed up with Farm and Ranch Employment—they came together on paper as herder and camp tender for the same sheep operation north of Signal.

Related Characters: Alma Beers, Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 5
Explanation and Analysis:
When they meet on Brokeback Mountain in the summer of 1963, Jack and Ennis are still teenagers. And yet, they have been thrust into adulthood: they have both already been working for years, and Ennis is engaged to Alma Beers. Both men have “savings,” which, as Proulx somewhat sarcastically points out, either don’t really exist or amount to just ten dollars in a can. Thus both boys are as poor as the parents who raised them, and are desperate for work. The government Farm and Ranch Employment program assigns them to work on Brokeback Mountain, which is difficult and low-paying Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidu

“Forest Service got designated campsites on the allotments. Them camps can be a couple a miles from where we pasture the sheep. Bad predator loss, nobody near lookin after em at night. What I want—camp tender in the main camp where the Forest Service says, but the herder”—pointing at Jack with a chop of his hand—“pitch a pup tent on the Q.T. with the sheep, out a sight, and he’s goin a sleep there. Eat supper, breakfast in camp, but sleep with the sheep, hundred percent, no fire, don’t leave no sign. Roll up that tent every mornin case Forest Service snoops around. Got the dogs, your .30-.30, sleep there. Last summer had goddam near twenty-five-percent loss. I don’t want that again. […] Tomorrow mornin we’ll truck you up the jump-off.” Pair of deuces going nowhere.

Related Characters: Joe Aguirre (speaker), Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 6-7
Explanation and Analysis:
Joe Aguirre is an older gruff man who has been a rancher for a long time. He is jaded and unaccommodating of the younger ranch hands who come and go, and seems irritated by having to explain how the mountain works year after year. He does not believe he must abide by the Forest Service’s rules, and orders Jack to sleep where he’s not supposed to, which means he’s not allowed to light a campfire, even for warmth. Even though he likely has a background similar to the two men, he assumes (unfortunately correctly) that they are uneducated, and have Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt.

They were respectful of each other’s opinions, each glad to have a companion where none had been expected. Ennis, riding against the wind back to the sheep in the treacherous, drunken light, thought he’d never had such a good time, felt he could paw the white out of the moon.

Related Characters: Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 12
Explanation and Analysis:
The day after Jack and Ennis switch jobs, Ennis stays late in the main campsite with Jack. They share whisky, cigarettes, and stories, and tell each other more about their pasts. The hour grows late without either of them realizing. After Ennis offered to take Jack’s job, something shifted in their relationship. Now, rather than coworkers, they have become fast friends. As Ennis drunkenly rides out to the sheep, he feels delighted—he didn’t expect to find such a good friend out on the isolated Brokeback Mountain, especially one who was so respectful of his opinions and fun to be around. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Opt

Ennis woke in red dawn with his pants around his knees, a top-grade headache, and Jack butted against him; without saying anything about it, both knew how it would go for the rest of the summer, sheep be damned.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 14-15
Explanation and Analysis:
One night, Ennis stays up drinking and talking with Jack until late. It’s too late and cold for him to ride back—plus, both men are very drunk—so Jack tells him he can sleep in his tent. The men soon become intimate and have sex. In the morning, Ennis wakes up next to Jack with his pants down. Neither of the men acknowledge what happened, but they both know that the rest of the summer will go like this: staying up, drinking, talking, and singing, and being sexually intimate. It is a testament to how close they’ve become in a short Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Oc

There were only the two of them on the mountain, flying in the euphoric, bitter air, looking down on the hawk’s back and the crawling lights of vehicles on the plain below, suspended above ordinary affairs and distant from tame ranch dogs barking in the dark hours. They believed themselves invisible, not knowing Joe Aguirre had watched them through his 10x42 binoculars for ten minutes one day, waiting until they’d buttoned up their jeans, waiting until Ennis rode back to the sheep, before bringing up the message that Jack’s people had sent word that his uncle Harold was in the hospital with pneumonia and expected not to make it. Though he did, and Aguirre came up again to say so, fixing Jack with his bold stare, not bothering to dismount.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 15
Explanation and Analysis:
The mood on the mountain completely shifts once Jack and Ennis become intimate. Despite their workload, the men feel free, reveling in the beauty of the mountain and their desire for one another. Having been saddled with difficult work, abusive fathers, and poverty for their whole lives, they feel liberated by having found someone who cares about them so deeply. However, this quote foreshadows the troubles that are to come. Even though they feel alone in their intimacy, they are not: Joe Aguirre spies on them having sex. He doesn’t immediately tell them that he knows they are lovers, but Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste

Even when the numbers were right Ennis knew the sheep were mixed. In a disquieting way everything seemed mixed.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 16
Explanation and Analysis:
A hailstorm comes to the mountain in August, which blows the sheep herd off course, mixing them up with another herd. Ennis and a Chilean herder who doesn’t speak English spend five days attempting to separate them. Even when the herd has the right number of sheep, Ennis knows that some of them weren’t originally in his herd. The mixed-up sheep seem to him to be a metaphor for the summer coming to an end. Soon, he and Jack will have to leave the mountain, and he’ll go off to marry Alma Beers. Ennis’s life, like the mixed-up flock of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem.

“Right,” said Jack, and they shook hands, hit each other on the shoulder; then there was forty feet of distance between them and nothing to do but drive away in opposite directions. Within a mile Ennis felt like someone was pulling his guts out hand over hand a yard at a time. He stopped at the side of the road and, in the whirling new snow, tried to puke but nothing came up. He felt about as bad as he ever had and it took a long time for the feeling to wear off.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Brokeback Mountain
Page Number and Citation: 18
Explanation and Analysis:
When Jack and Ennis part at the end of the summer, they are forced to face the inevitable: it is time to return to their lives, and their relationship is effectively over. Without any concrete plans as to when they will see each other next, it feels to Ennis like they are saying good-bye forever. He feels so sick about leaving Jack that he tries to vomit, and the horrible feeling lingers. He feels sick to his stomach because he never truly confronted or acknowledged his feelings for Jack during the summer, and they affect him all at once as Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. U

“Ennis, please, no more damn lonesome ranches for us,” she said, sitting on his lap, wrapping her thin, freckled arms around him. “Let’s get a place here in town.”

“I guess,” said Ennis… They stayed in the little apartment, which he favored because it could be left at any time.

Related Characters: Alma Beers (speaker), Ennis del Mar (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 19
Explanation and Analysis:
Alma and Ennis have two children in the few years after Ennis’s summer on Brokeback Mountain. Ennis moves the family around frequently in accordance with his ranch jobs. Alma objects to moving so often, particularly with two young daughters in tow. However, Ennis likes this way of life. Ranching is all he has ever known, and he has no desire to pursue any other career. He likes having a small apartment that he can move out of at a moment’s notice. Besides being convenient for his ranching jobs, it also means that, should an opportunity arise for him to be Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Volu

They seized each other by the shoulders, hugged mightily, squeezing the breath out of each other, saying son of a bitch, son of a bitch; then, and as easily as the right key turns the lock tumblers, their mouths came together, and hard, Jack’s big teeth bringing blood, his hat falling to the floor, stubble rasping, wet saliva welling, and the door opening and Alma looking out for a few seconds at Ennis’s straining shoulders and shutting the door again and still they clinched, pressing chest and groin and thigh and leg together, treading on each other’s toes until they pulled apart to breathe and Ennis, not big on endearments, said what he said to his horses and daughters, “Little darlin.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Jack Twist, Alma Beers
Page Number and Citation: 21
Explanation and Analysis:
After four years apart from Ennis, Jack sends word that he’ll be passing through Riverton. The two men make plans to meet. When they finally reunite, a warm embrace quickly turns passionate: the men kiss, and Alma witnesses their display of affection from the door. Even though Ennis has become used to his life with Alma and his daughters, seeing Jack again makes him realize how much his life has been missing without his old lover in it. Even though there is a risk Alma or his daughters might witness their embrace—and Alma does witness it—Ennis cannot help himself, and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempo

“Friend,” said Jack. “We got us a fuckin situation here. Got a figure out what to do.”

“I doubt there’s nothin now we can do,” said Ennis. “What I’m sayin, Jack, I built a life up in them years. Love my little girls. Alma? It ain’t her fault. You got your baby and wife, that place in Texas. You and me can’t hardly be decent together if what happened back there”—he jerked his head in the direction of the apartment—“grabs” on us like that. We do that in the wrong place we’ll be dead. There’s no reins on this one. It scares the piss out a me.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Jack Twist (speaker), Alma Jr. and Francine, Alma Beers
Page Number and Citation: 26-27
Explanation and Analysis:
When Jack and Ennis are in the motel room during their first reunion, they realize how badly they have missed one another. Jack wants them to figure out some way to be together, but Ennis tells him that’s not possible. Besides the responsibilities he has at home, he knows that another passionate display like the one in front of Alma could lead to them being murdered if it happens in front of the wrong people. And yet, he acknowledges, “there’s no reins on this one.” In other words, just because they know their homosexuality is stigmatized by society doesn’t mean Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. U

“Dad made sure I seen it. Took me to see it. Me and K.E. Dad laughed about it. Hell, for all I know he done the job. If he was alive and was to put his head in that door right now you bet he’d go get his tire iron. Two guys livin together? No. All I can see is we get together once in a while way the hell out in the back a nowhere—”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Tire Iron
Page Number and Citation: 30
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis tells Jack the story of Earl and Rich, two local ranchers who lived together near Ennis when he was young. A gang of gay-hating men murdered Earl. He was beaten to death with a tire iron, and Ennis’s father made sure his son saw the mutilated corpse. In this quote, Ennis surmises his father was likely one of the men that killed Earl. He even supposes that if his father saw Jack and Ennis together in the hotel room, that he would kill the two of them as well. He refuses Jack’s suggestion that they live together because he Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamu

Her resentment opened out a little every year: the embrace she had glimpsed, Ennis’s fishing trips once or twice a year with Jack Twist and never a vacation with her and the girls, his disinclination to step out and have any fun, his yearning for low-paid, long-houred ranch work, his propensity to roll to the wall and sleep as soon as he hit the bed, his failure to look for a decent permanent job with the county or the power company put her in a long, slow dive, and when Alma, Jr., was nine and Francine seven she said, What am I doin, hangin around with him, divorced Ennis, and married the Riverton grocer.

Related Characters: Alma Beers, Jack Twist, Ennis del Mar
Page Number and Citation: 31-32
Explanation and Analysis:
There is a shift in Alma and Ennis’s marriage once Jack comes back into Enniss’ life. The passionate kiss she witnessed between them, coupled with the weeks he takes off to spend time with Jack, tips Alma off to the fact that Jack and Ennis are likely lovers. Further frustrated by his inclination for low-paying work that doesn’t make ends meet, Alma decides that her life is going nowhere as long as she is married to Ennis. As her girls age, she decides she needs to make a better life for them, as well as for herself. Marrying the grocer Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recu

“Don’t lie, don’t try to fool me, Ennis. I know what it means. Jack Twist? Jack Nasty. You and him—”

She’d overstepped his line. He seized her wrist and twisted; tears sprang and rolled, a dish clattered.

“Shut up,” he said. “Mind your own business. You don’t know nothin about it.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar (speaker), Alma Beers (speaker), Jack Twist
Page Number and Citation: 33
Explanation and Analysis:
When Ennis attends a tense Thanksgiving dinner at Alma’s home with her new husband, Alma accuses Ennis of being in a relationship with Jack. Ennis has never been accused of being gay or discussed his sexuality with anyone but Jack, and he becomes angry. This anger is the manifestation of his deep-seated fear of the physical violence he might be subjected to at the hands of homophobes, like Earl had been years before. Attempting to assert his dominance over his ex-wife, he hurts Alma. He does this to try to intimidate her out of mentioning anything to other people. As Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas

It was Lureen and she said who? who is this? and when he told her again she said in a level voice yes, Jack was pumping up a flat on the truck out on a back road when the tire blew up. The bead was damaged somehow and the force of the explosion slammed the rim into his face, broke his nose and jaw and knocked him unconscious on his back. By the time someone came along he had drowned in his own blood.

No, he thought, they got him with the tire iron.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist, Lureen
Related Symbols: Tire Iron
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis is utterly shocked when he finds out Jack has died. As Lureen notes, she had no way of contacting Ennis immediately in the wake of the murder. Yet as he hears in her voice, he surmises that Lureen knew that the two were lovers, and was maybe less inclined, because of this, to tell Ennis what had happened even if she had known his contact information. Further, Ennis can tell from the tone of her voice that the story he tells her of Jack’s death is a fabricated one. The fact that she mentions a tire implies to Ennis Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Ap

The old man spoke angrily. “I can’t get no help out here. Jack used a say, ‘Ennis del Mar,’ he used a say, ‘I’m goin a bring him up here one a these days and we’ll lick this damn ranch into shape.’ He had some half-baked idea the two a you was goin a move up here, build a log cabin, and help me run this ranch and bring it up. Then this spring he’s got another one’s goin a come up here with him and build a place and help run the ranch, some ranch neighbor a his from down in Texas. He’s goin a split up with his wife and come back here. So he says. But like most a Jack’s ideas it never come to pass.”

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar, Jack Twist
Related Symbols: Tire Iron
Page Number and Citation: 49
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote confirms for Ennis that Jack has likely been murdered with a tire iron for being gay. Jack’s father angrily reveals that Jack had spoken about Ennis for years, talking about the two of them moving into a ranch together. He even said that he was going to leave his wife to start this new life with Ennis. He implies that he knows Jack and Ennis were lovers, and Ennis can only assume that other people knew this, too, and that Jack may have even had other lovers, as his father implies here that he did. While Ennis was Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus

There was some open space between what he knew and what he tried to believe, but nothing could be done about it, and if you can’t fix it you’ve got to stand it.

Related Characters: Ennis del Mar
Page Number and Citation: 55
Explanation and Analysis:
Ennis resumes his solitary life, but dreams frequently about Jack. These dreams make him feel both aroused and miserable. They are all he has left of his love. As this quote shows, he still can’t quite believe Jack is gone: if he hadn’t received the news from Lureen, it might have been the same as if it was just a bit of time between their last meeting and their next. Yet as he knows from inhaling the smell of the shirts and trying to transport himself back to the mountain, time can’t be turned back, and there’s no use wishing Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expe