Burial Rites
by Hannah Kent
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Literacy, Language, and the Icelandic Landscape Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Truth and Liberation Theme Icon
Women, Violence, and Innocence Theme Icon
Literacy, Language, and the Icelandic Landscape Theme Icon
Names, Superstition, and Christianity Theme Icon
Class, Colonization, and Hierarchies of Power Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Burial Rites, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Literacy, Language, and the Icelandic Landscape Theme Icon
Literacy, Language, and the Icelandic Landscape Theme Icon

In Burial Rites, the special place of writing and language in Icelandic culture quickly becomes apparent as Kent tells Agnes’s story. Language and literacy are essential aspects of Icelandic cultural history, as Iceland has long had one of the highest rates of literacy in the world.

Icelanders in Kent’s book place high value on literary knowledge and writing ability, showing how they value not only literacy itself, but also the quality of the literature being written and read. The poet Rósa enjoys a high amount of respect in her community for her ability to speak in verse and her skill at writing beautiful, moving poetry. Rósa’s poems clearly evoke strong emotional responses in readers, as Agnes describes them “making lamps out of people.”

Agnes’s superior, by-heart knowledge of the Icelandic sagas, meanwhile, is considered to be an extremely admirable quality, even if it is sometimes a source of jealousy from other characters. The Icelandic sagas are an unparalleled treasure trove of Norse mythology and literature and a source of Icelandic pride and identity. The sagas even seem to shape the way the characters see the world, as Kent suggests when Margrét thinks of the murderesses in the sagas while she’s trying to understand Agnes and quotes from the sagas in an attempt to make sense of the murder itself.

Notably, the writing Kent’s characters deal in is closely tied to another important aspect of Icelandic life: the climate and landscape. The striking Icelandic landscape shapes how characters in Burial Rites narrate their own stories and make metaphors. Agnes often describes her surroundings using metaphors from nature. At one point she describes Natan’s groaning as lingering in the air like “a cloud of ash over a volcano,” and in another instance, as Agnes is being transported from prison, she describes the crowd’s anger bursting forth like a “geyser.” These descriptions reflect the fact that Agnes’s vocabulary and sources for comparison come from nature and the volcanic and geothermal activity that is omnipresent in Iceland.

Not only does Agnes describe people and human things using natural terms, but she also personifies the island of Iceland and its nature. Agnes talks about the island of Iceland as “sulking” and days as “ill-tempered…full of spasms of snow.” At one point, the third-person narrator describes autumn as arriving like a “gasp.”

Although at times this landscape is harsh, it can also be beautiful, and often its beauty and harshness are inextricably linked. As characters go about their daily lives, they interact with the nature around them: stumbling over rocks, listening to seagulls, taking in views of the valleys. Although these encounters with the landscape are daily, they still inspire awe. Tóti, for example, describes the river near the Kornsá farm as “beautiful” while imagining Agnes’s throat being cut on the gray rocks. In another instance, Agnes, recounting what life was like at Natan’s farm, describes the driftwood appearing on the shore like “magic.” She talks about how, although miserable when the weather is bad, the ocean is “beautiful” on a clear day. These descriptions highlight how the power and splendor of nature in Iceland inspires both wonder and terror—essentially, the sense of the sublime often associated with poetry. Effectively, Kent shows how Icelandic nature inspires its rich tradition of writing, evoking strong emotions that poets translate into verse.

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Literacy, Language, and the Icelandic Landscape ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Literacy, Language, and the Icelandic Landscape appears in each chapter of Burial Rites. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Literacy, Language, and the Icelandic Landscape Quotes in Burial Rites

Below you will find the important quotes in Burial Rites related to the theme of Literacy, Language, and the Icelandic Landscape.

Chapter 1 Quotes

As he traveled over the north peninsula with its thin lip of ocean on the horizon, the clouds began to clear and the soft red light of the late June sun flooded the pass…The dread that Tóti had felt so firmly lining his stomach dissipated as he fell into a quiet appreciation of the countryside before him.
We are all God’s children, he thought to himself. This woman is my sister in Jesus, and I, as her spiritual brother, must guide her home… “I will save her,” he whispered.

Related Characters: Assistant Reverend Thorvardur Jónsson (Tóti) (speaker), Agnes Magnúsdottir
Page Number and Citation: 33
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote describes the scene as Tóti sets out on horseback to Kornsá to minister to Agnes for the first time. Tóti, who is extremely nervous to begin his work with Agnes, observes the landscape as he rides. While the Icelandic climate and landscape is often a stark and hostile presence in the novel, this quote shows the positive side of Icelandic nature as Tóti takes in the view of the ocean and the soft, red summer light. The spare yet beautiful landscape begins to set the scene for all the events of the novel, and here the scenery seems Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti s

Chapter 2 Quotes

How can I say what it was like to breathe again? I felt newborn. I staggered in the light of the world and took deep gulps of fresh sea air. It was late in the day: the wet mouth of the afternoon was full on my face. My soul blossomed in that brief moment as they led me out-of-doors. I fell, my skirts in the mud, and I turned my face upwards as if in prayer. I could have wept from the relief of light.

Related Characters: Agnes Magnúsdottir (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 35-36
Explanation and Analysis:
Agnes narrates this quote just after she is released from the storeroom where she was being imprisoned at Stora-Borg. From there she will ride to Kornsá, where she will be imprisoned again. Agnes, who has been kept in wretched, unsanitary conditions and not allowed outside, is thrilled to be outdoors. Agnes describes going outside again as a nearly religious experience. She talks about feeling “newborn” as she sees light for the first time in months, and she falls to her knees “as if in prayer” from the “relief of light.” Agnes’s pleasure at being outside and in the Icelandic nature Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expe

What sort of woman kills men?
The only murderesses Margrét had known were the women in the sagas, and even then, it was with words that they had killed men; orders given to servants to slay lovers or avenge the death of kin. Those women murdered from a distance and kept their fingers clean. But these times are not saga times…This woman is not a saga woman.

Related Characters: Agnes Magnúsdottir, Margrét
Page Number and Citation: 52
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Margrét, who is still very wary of Agnes, ponders her crime. Margrét does not know any other women who have murdered men, except in the Icelandic sagas. Margrét’s meditation on the female murderers in the Icelandic sagas shows how characters use literature not only as entertainment, but also as a point of reference for making sense of their own world. As Margrét struggles to fit Agnes in with the murderesses that she remembers from literature, she thinks that a key difference between Agnes and these women is how Agnes physically killed Natan while the other women ordered Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptat

Chapter 3 Quotes

I prefer a story to a prayer. They whipped me for that at this farm, Kornsá, once, when I was young and fostered out to watch over the home field. The farmer Björn did not like that I knew the sagas better than him. You’re better off keeping company with the sheep, Agnes. Books written by man, not God, are faithless friends and not for your kind.

Related Characters: Agnes Magnúsdottir (speaker), Björn
Page Number and Citation: 69
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Agnes discusses her love of literature and how her foster father disapproved of her literary talent. Agnes begins by saying that she prefers “a story to a prayer,” setting literature in opposition to religion. This is interesting because, at various other points in the novel, Christianity and reading are closely linked, since many children learn to read through the church and the Bible. Agnes is punished for her preference for non-religious stories as a child—perhaps an early sign of Agnes’s skepticism towards mainstream Christianity. Agnes believes that Björn is jealous of her superior knowledge of the sagas, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusan

Chapter 5 Quotes

He built his church from wives’ tales and the secret language of weather; saw the blinking eye of God in the habits of the sea, the swooping merlin, the gnashing teeth of his ewes. When he caught me knitting on the doorstep he accused me of lengthening the winter. “Do not think nature is not watchful of us,” he warned me. “She is as awake as you and I.” He smiled at me. Passed the smooth breadth of his palm over my forehead. “And as secretive.”

Related Characters: Natan Ketilsson (speaker), Agnes Magnúsdottir (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 114
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Agnes describes Natan’s spiritual philosophy. Agnes equates Natan’s spiritual and superstitious views to Christian religion when she describes it as a “church” “built…from wives’ tales and the secret language of weather.” Natan’s religious views are highly connected to nature and the Icelandic landscape, and Agnes describes how he found “God” in “the habits of the sea, the swooping merlin… his ewes.” Interestingly, and although other characters describe Natan in ways that suggest that he lacks religion, Agnes sees Natan as highly religious and spiritual, although he is not a member of an organized Christian church. Natan also Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusanda

Chapter 7 Quotes

When I was sixteen years old I dreamt that I was walking barefoot in a lava field…In every direction there was nothing but rock and snow, and great chasms and crack in the ground…Just when I thought I would die from fear, a young man appeared …and even though I was still terrified, I had his hand in mine, and it was a comfort. Then suddenly, in my dream, I felt the ground give way beneath my feet…and I fell into a chasm…I was dropped into the earth, buried in silence, and it was unbearable, and then I woke.

Related Characters: Agnes Magnúsdottir (speaker), Assistant Reverend Thorvardur Jónsson (Tóti)
Page Number and Citation: 175
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Agnes tells Tóti about a dream she had when she was sixteen, in which she met Tóti for the first time. Agnes is crossing a lava field covered in snow and she is frightened, but Tóti finds her and helps her. Agnes then falls into a chasm and is swallowed into the earth. Agnes’s dream is one of many throughout the book that carry symbolic significance. Agnes’s dream clearly is prophetic, as are several dreams in the novel, since she had never met Tóti before she saw him in this vision. The dream seems to be a Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus

Chapter 9 Quotes

Agnes Jónsdóttir. I never thought it could be that easy to name yourself…Let everyone know whose bastard I truly am. Agnes Jónsdóttir. She sounds like the woman I should have been…She could even be the sister of Sigurlaug and Steinvör Jónsdóttir. Margrét’s daughter. Born blessed under a marriage. Born into a family that would not be ripped apart by poverty. Agnes Jónsdóttir would not have been so foolish as to love a man who spent his life opening veins, mouths, legs…She would have been assured of a place in heaven. She would have believed in heaven.

Related Characters: Agnes Magnúsdottir (speaker), Jón of Brekkukot
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:
Agnes narrates this quote just after the local priest visits to record the names and literacy levels of every member of the household. Agnes, who previously went by Agnes Magnúsdóttir, tells the priest her name is Agnes Jónsdóttir to reflect the fact that she believes her real father was named Jón. Agnes expresses how her name change gives her a sense of comfort and relief. Throughout the book, Agnes shows that she believes names are supremely important for defining the essence of who someone is, so Agnes experiences her own name change as a kind of rebirth. Changing her name Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. U

Chapter 10 Quotes

What else is God good for other than a distraction from the mire we’re all stranded in? We’re all shipwrecked. All beached in a peat bog of poverty. When was the last time I even attended church? Not while I was at Illugastadir…Perhaps things would have been different if Natan had let me go to church at Tjörn. I might have made friends there. I might have met a family to turn to when it all became twisted…But he didn’t let me go, and there was no other friend, no light to head towards in that wintered landscape.

Related Characters: Agnes Magnúsdottir (speaker), Natan Ketilsson
Page Number and Citation: 236
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Agnes wonders how her life at Natan’s farm might have been different if she had been allowed to attend church. Clearly, Agnes does not have a lot of optimistic Christian faith (she wonders “what else is God good for other than a distraction”— not an especially rosy portrait of Christianity). Still, Agnes admires and wishes for the community that many Icelanders find in religion and thinks that this kind of social network could have helped her escape from Natan’s abuse. Instead, Agnes has “no light to head towards in that wintered landscape.” Agnes, who loves the outdoors, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis conse

Where would I have gone? I knew only the valley of Vatnsdalur; knew where it was scabbed with rock, knew the white-headed mountains and the lake alive with swans, and the wrinkled skins of turf by the river. And the ravens, the constant, circling ravens. But Illugastadir was different. I had no friends. I didn’t understand the landscape. Only the outlying tongues of rock scarred the perfect kiss of sea and sky— there was no one and nothing else. There was nowhere else to go.

Related Characters: Agnes Magnúsdottir (speaker), Natan Ketilsson
Related Symbols: Ravens
Page Number and Citation: 252
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, Agnes remembers her feelings after Natan hit her and she saw Natan sleeping with Sigga. Agnes wanted to leave, but she had nowhere else to go. Agnes ponders the landscape around her as she imagines leaving Natan. She thinks about the landscape that she knows well, around Vatnsdalur, where she perhaps could have set out on her own. She imagines the land as a person, describing its “[scabs[“ of rock, “white-headed mountains,” and the “wrinkled skins of turf.” The land around Natan’s farm, however, is totally unfamiliar to Agnes, and the toxicity of Natan and Agnes’s relationship Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum d

Chapter 13 Quotes

I am crying and my mouth is open and filled with something, it is choking me and I spit it out. On the ground is a stone, and I look back at Margrét, and see that she did not notice. “The stone was in my mouth,” I say.

Related Characters: Agnes Magnúsdottir (speaker), Margrét, Ingveldur Rafnsdóttir
Related Symbols: Agnes’s Mother’s Stone
Page Number and Citation: 307
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote comes when Agnes is preparing to leave Kornsá for her execution. As she is saying goodbye to everyone, Agnes feels something in her mouth and spits out a stone. It is uncertain whether the stone actually exists or whether it is Agnes’s imagination. It seems likely, however, that Agnes, who is extremely emotionally distressed, is hallucinating the stone. The stone seems to be the stone Agnes’s mother gave her years ago, which Ingveldur said she could use to talk to birds. The significance of Agnes finding the stone in her mouth is somewhat unclear, but seems to represent Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. A