Carmilla
by Sheridan Le Fanu

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Women and Sexuality Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Women and Sexuality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence Theme Icon
Love and Lust Theme Icon
Class and Class Warfare Theme Icon
Science, Religion, Nature, and the Supernatural Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Carmilla, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Women and Sexuality Theme Icon
Women and Sexuality Theme Icon

Carmilla, a tale of a female vampire who preys on young women, centers on the anxieties associated with female sexuality. Le Fanu was one of the first writers to depict a female vampire, and he consistently associates vampirism with eroticism. The disguised vampire Carmilla’s longing for Laura is primarily sexual, and her craving for the blood of young women suggests that female sexual desire—particularly homosexual desire—is inherently threatening. Despite that Carmilla frames female sexuality as negative, the mere fact that Le Fanu acknowledges the existence of female sexuality is a divergence from the traditional gender roles of the time period, which often prevented women from demonstrating any sort of sexual desire.

Le Fanu emphasizes the sexual nature of Carmilla’s attraction to Laura even more than the vampire’s violent nature, as it is her “looks” that “won” Laura over. This asks the reader to see an intimate connection between vampirism and sexuality. Laura’s first encounter with Carmilla, which occurs twelve years before the main plot, sets this relationship up. Laura dreams of a young woman who crawls into bed with her, who “caressed” her, an act that soothed rather than frightened her. Years later, Carmilla engages in similar behavior, crawling into bed with Laura and treating Laura like her possession. Carmilla’s behavior resembles that of a passionate lover, though she never outright says that she sees Laura as anything more than a friend. While Laura has conflicting emotions for Carmilla, she can’t deny that she is fascinated by Carmilla and wishes to be close to her, feeling an intense physical response to Carmilla that certainly indicates an attraction.

Laura’s simultaneous attraction to and fear of Carmilla relates to the fact that Carmilla is free from the control of men. While she is with Carmilla, Laura is allowed to exist within a world that is not entirely controlled by men, which causes her to respond both physically and emotionally to Carmilla’s temptation. When Carmilla first arrives, Laura, confused by her guest’s displays of affection, wonders if perhaps Carmilla is a male suitor in disguise. The only way she can understand Carmilla’s desire is by believing that she might be a man, which shows the extent to which female sexuality was repressed. Not only does Carmilla experience sexual freedom, but she also has earned physical freedom from men by consistently escaping capture by the men who seek to destroy her. As a result, she never needs to conform to typical expectations—her permanent youth, and the presence of only her mother, ensures that she never needs to marry or rely on any man.

Laura’s feelings for Carmilla grow into both “adoration” and “abhorrence,” a “paradox” which reflects the uncertainty she feels towards sexual freedom. Le Fanu is explicit that Laura’s escalating illness is sexual in nature, and that Laura can only be “cured” once the source of her illness, Carmilla (and, specifically, the attraction they both feel for one another) has been eliminated. The illness comes to Laura in a female form, and she is overcome with “strange” sensations that both frighten and fascinate her. The result of these sexual encounters is shown to be deadly. Despite that Le Fanu defies gender norms by depicting female desire, he ultimately restores traditional norms by showing female desire as dangerous, and by making men—who are otherwise pushed to the fringes of the story—defeat Carmilla. Thus, as is traditional, men are the heroes who defeat the dangerous, erotic woman. At the end of the book, Laura’s father travels with her around Italy in an attempt to “cure” her, thereby placing her back within the norms that she escaped through her relationship with Carmilla. However, Laura is not wholly cured; it seems that she no longer wishes to be placed within a masculine narrative now that she has experienced the freedom that Carmilla gave her.

This complicated ending embodies the ambiguity about gender norms at the heart of Carmilla. On the one hand, it seems that Le Fanu is advocating for a degree of gender equality, implying that women have the potential to be just as evil and sexual as men. Furthermore, Le Fanu doesn’t wholeheartedly condemn lesbianism, despite the prejudices of the time. Since Laura doesn’t want to escape the consequences of her relationship with Carmilla, it seems that the relationship has been, in some way, freeing and liberating to her. However, Carmilla’s sexuality is still shown to be dangerous (as shown by Laura’s illness) and worthy of punishment, evident in Carmilla’s eventual defeat. Overall, then, the book takes no simple moralistic attitude towards gender and sexuality, challenging some norms and beliefs while upholding others.

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Women and Sexuality Quotes in Carmilla

Below you will find the important quotes in Carmilla related to the theme of Women and Sexuality.

Chapter 1  Quotes

The first occurrence in my existence, which produced a terrible impression upon my mind, which, in fact, never has been effaced, was one of the very earliest incidents of my life which I can recollect….I saw a solemn, but very pretty face looking at me from the side of the bed. It was that of a young lady who was kneeling, with her hands under the coverlet. I looked at her with a kind of pleased wonder, and ceased whimpering. She caressed me with her hands, and lay down beside me on the bed, and drew me towards her….I was now for the first time frightened.

Related Characters: Laura (speaker), Carmilla
Related Symbols: Dreams
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 10
Explanation and Analysis:
Laura recalls an incident that occurred when she was a young child, which has continued to impact her many years later. Although she claims to have been dreaming, the effects of the dream—as they often do—are real and lasting and inspire complicated emotions within her. Laura has previously led a very sheltered and protected life, ignorant of the harsh realities of the world, but her first encounter with something that scares her leaves a lasting impression. Laura’s conflicting feelings for the girl are apparent even here. The girl lays down in bed with Laura and caresses her, an affectionate and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus

Chapter 2  Quotes

“Before then I had no idea of her danger. I have lost her, and now learn all, too late. She died in the peace of innocence, and in the glorious hope of a blessed futurity. The fiend who betrayed our infatuated hospitality has done it all. I thought I was receiving into my house gaiety, a charming companion for my lost Bertha. Heavens! what a fool have I been!”

Related Characters: General Spielsdorf (speaker), Bertha Rheinfeldt
Page Number and Citation: 14
Explanation and Analysis:
General Spielsdorf’s letter conveys his rage and anger at the fate that befell his niece Bertha. The General didn’t realize the truth about her mysterious illness until it was too late to save her, and although he is glad that she died in the “peace of innocence,” in reality, if he had been able to see the real cause of her illness sooner, he might have been able to save her life. Thus, it was his stubbornness and unwillingness to see the true nature of his house guest, the “charming companion,” that truly cost Bertha her life. This passage foreshadows Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita d

Chapter 3  Quotes

I saw the very face which had visited me in my childhood at night, which remained so fixed in my memory, and on which I had for so many years often ruminated with horror, when no one suspected of what I was thinking.

Related Characters: Laura (speaker), Carmilla
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 26
Explanation and Analysis:
This is the moment in which Laura recognizes her new companion as the one she saw a child, in the dream incident that frightened her for the first time. Her inability to forget Carmilla’s face is indicative of the profound effect the girl has on her, even before they officially meet. Laura’s initial reaction to Carmilla is one of horror, as she Carmilla has haunted Laura for years after she first dreamt about the girl. Nonetheless, Laura is drawn to Carmilla for reasons she can’t entirely understand. This recognition is one of the first signs that Carmilla is not who Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad d

“If you were less pretty I think I should be very afraid of you, but being as you are, and you and I both so young, I feel only that I have made your acquaintance twelve years ago, and have already a right to your intimacy; at all events it does seem as if we were destined, from our earliest childhood, to be friends. I wonder whether you feel as strangely drawn towards me as I do to you…”

Related Characters: Carmilla (speaker), Laura
Page Number and Citation: 28
Explanation and Analysis:
This is one of the first instances in which Carmilla expresses the connection and attraction she feels towards Laura. Carmilla is constantly open and candid about her feelings for Laura, even though they have, in this passage, only just met. Unlike Laura, Carmilla is not afraid to express her emotions, even when they are so intense as to be socially alienating. While Carmilla suggests that their meeting has been destined, she will later insist that she doesn’t believe in things like fate or destiny. Carmilla is a supernatural being, though, so her later denials of the supernatural (as well as Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut i

Chapter 4 Quotes

In these mysterious moods I did not like her. I experienced a strange tumultuous excitement that was pleasurable, ever and anon, mingled with a vague sense of fear and disgust. I had no distinct thought about her while such scenes lasted, but I was conscious of a love growing into adoration, and also of abhorrence. This I know is paradox, but I can make no other attempt to explain the feeling.

Related Characters: Laura (speaker), Carmilla
Page Number and Citation: 33
Explanation and Analysis:
It is clear that Laura does not fully understand her feelings for Carmilla, particularly when Carmilla enters into one of her “mysterious moods” in which she becomes overly affectionate and loving. As in her frightening dream, Laura experiences a certain pleasure mixed with a fear and disgust that perhaps stem from her failure to acknowledge or accept her own long-repressed feelings. Laura is afraid of Carmilla, but more than that she is afraid of the emotions that Carmilla inspires within her, particularly homoerotic desire. Carmilla's openness about her love for Laura frightens Laura because she refuses to understand how women Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus vo

Sometimes after an hour of apathy, my strange and beautiful companion would take my hand and hold it with a fond pressure, renewed again and again; blushing softly, gazing in my face with languid and burning eyes, and breathing so fast that her dress rose and fell with the tumultuous respiration. It was like the ardor of a lover; it embarrassed me; it was hateful and yet over-powering; and with gloating eyes she drew me to her…” You are mine, you shall be mine, you and I are one forever.”

Related Characters: Carmilla (speaker), Laura (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 34
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage again expresses Carmilla’s odd behavior and Laura’s inability to understand or fully comprehend her friend’s actions. She compares Carmilla’s behavior—her “burning eyes” and “tumultuous respiration”—to that of a lover, which is fitting since Carmilla is looking at Laura and holding her hand. It frightens and embarrasses Laura to believe that Carmilla is overly affectionate towards her, behaving in a way that is inappropriate for a woman, and particularly for a woman towards another woman. Carmilla’s words, then, reflect her possessiveness of Laura, telling her that she belongs to her, establishing a connection that once again Laura can’t fully Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut o

Chapter 5 Quotes

“I have been in love with no one, and never shall,” she whispered, “unless it should be with you.” … I live in you; and you would die for me, I love you so.”

Related Characters: Laura (speaker), Carmilla (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 45-46
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote once again exemplifies the strength and intensity of Carmilla’s feelings for Laura, as well as her own lack of understanding of what love truly is. She confesses her love for Laura despite the short amount of time they’ve known each other, and despite their young age. Carmilla also assumes that she knows Laura’s own emotions, claiming that Laura would die for her, despite the fact that Laura has never vocally reciprocated Carmilla’s interest or love, and frequently insists that she sees Carmilla as nothing more than a friend. Carmilla’s version of love—and her assumption that Laura shares it—is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam cons

Chapter 6 Quotes

“The time is very near when you shall know everything. You will think me cruel, very selfish, but love is always selfish; the more ardent the more selfish. How jealous I am you cannot know. You must come with me, loving me, to death; or else hate me and still come with me, and hating me through death and after. There is no such word as indifference in my apathetic nature.”

Related Characters: Laura (speaker), Carmilla (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 49-50
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, Carmilla demonstrates her emotional immaturity; although she is thousands of years old, her emotions have never fully matured and she fails to understand that love must not be selfish. Her insistence that “love is always selfish” comes only from her own experiences of “love,” which was actually physically-violent lust that killed her lovers. If Carmilla believes that all love is selfish, and her self-interest requires her to kill young women, then Carmilla’s love is, by definition, deadly. While Carmilla is honest about this, stating that Laura will “come with me, loving me, to death,” she is surprisingly unable to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officii

“Love will have its sacrifices. No sacrifice without blood.”

Related Characters: Laura (speaker), Carmilla (speaker)
Related Symbols: Blood
Page Number and Citation: 50
Explanation and Analysis:
Again, Carmilla shares her destructive and toxic perspective on love, an emotion which she clearly does not really understand and likely can’t properly feel. In her twisted version of love, love is about forcing another person to make a sacrifice, rather than making sacrifices on behalf of someone beloved. The latter form of selflessness—real love—is apparent in the actions of Laura’s father and the General Spielsdorf, but for Carmilla, any expression of love is meant to hide her true intentions of taking everything from her beloved, including life itself. Here, Carmilla connects love to sacrifice, and sacrifice to blood, thereby Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Com

Chapter 7 Quotes

It would be vain my attempting to tell you the horror with which, even now, I recall the occurrence of that night. It was no such transitory terror as a dream leaves behind it. It seemed to deepen by time, and communicated itself to the room and the very furniture that had encompassed the apparition.

Related Characters: Laura (speaker)
Related Symbols: Dreams
Page Number and Citation: 53
Explanation and Analysis:
Laura’s reaction to her dreams shows the important and lasting effects they have on her. Although she is consistently told that these nightmares are not real, and her father tries to protect her by insisting that she has nothing to be afraid of, the fear and horror that she experiences are a part of the transformation she experiences. Even years later as an adult, as she is recalling these events with greater distance and clarity, she is unable to properly convey what happened to her or what she felt. These dreams, regardless of whether they are “real,” show the very Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor

For some nights I slept profoundly; but still every morning I felt the same lassitude, and a languor weighed upon me all day. I felt myself a changed girl. A strange melancholy was stealing over me, a melancholy that I would not have interrupted. Dim thoughts of death began to open, and an idea that I was slowly sinking took gentle, and, somehow, not unwelcome, possession of me…Whatever it might be, my soul acquiesced to it.

Related Characters: Laura (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 55-56
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage marks the culmination of Laura’s transformation, her maturation from child to adult that she undergoes somewhat unwillingly. Although she, once again, does not understand what she is experiencing, she would “not have interrupted” these changes. For the first time, she begins to think about death and these dark thoughts that she had previously been sheltered and protected from. Although these thoughts frightened her, they were also “not unwelcome.” Like much of Laura’s character, she fails to truly comprehend what is happening to her, or what she is feeling, but she allows it to happen, and in this case, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequ

….and of having spoken to people whom I could not see; and especially of one clear voice, of a female’s, very deep, that spoke as if at a distance, slowly, and producing always the same sensation of indescribable solemnity and fear…Sometimes it was as if warm lips kissed me, and longer and longer and more lovingly as they reached my throat, but there the caress fixed itself.

Related Characters: Laura (speaker)
Related Symbols: Dreams
Page Number and Citation: 57
Explanation and Analysis:
Laura’s dreams frequently express both her fear of Carmilla and her homoerotic desire for Carmilla. The female voice that warns her is both a manifestation of her desire and a warning against it that foreshadows the danger that female sexuality can bring, particularly when it is allowed to be expressed and vocalized. Further, Laura imagines lips kissing her and caressing her, not unlike her visions and encounters with Carmilla. The sexualized imagery is something that Laura both welcomes and is afraid of, but ultimately the expression of that sexuality is going to hurt her.

Chapter 16 Quotes

Its horrible lust for living blood supplies the vigor of its waking existence. The vampire is prone to become fascinated with an engrossing vehemence, resembling the passion of love, by particular persons. In pursuit of these it will exercise inexhaustible patience and stratagem, for access to a particular object may be obstructed in a hundred different ways. It will never desist until it has satiated its passion, and drained the very life of its coveted victims…. In these cases it seems to yearn for something like sympathy and consent.

Related Characters: Laura (speaker), Carmilla
Page Number and Citation: 105
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage summarizes the nature of Carmilla’s actions throughout the story and her feelings towards Laura. The vampire is driven by lust for blood, but every once in a while this lust is disguised as some sort of love, and a form of courtship. The fact that sometimes, in these instances in which they become particularly obsessed with their victims, vampires seem to long for “sympathy and consent” adds a deeper dimension to Carmilla’s character, and particularly to her relationship with Laura. It is unclear whether Carmilla ever felt anything even remotely real towards Laura, if she cared about her Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptate

The following Spring my father took me a tour through Italy. We remained away for more than a year. It was long before the terror of recent events subsided; and to this hour the image of Carmilla returns to memory with ambiguous alternations—sometimes the playful, languid, beautiful girl; sometimes the writhing fiend I saw in the ruined church; and often from a reverie I have started, fancying I heard the light step of Carmilla at the drawing room door.

Related Characters: Laura (speaker), Carmilla
Page Number and Citation: 107-108
Explanation and Analysis:
The novel ends with Laura summarizing what happens to her in the wake of her experiences with Carmilla, and stating definitively that she never truly recovers from what happened to her. Her father is unable to really understand what she went through or the depth of her relationship with Carmilla, as he believes that she will be able to heal. Although he wants the best for her and did all he could to protect her, he never truly understands Laura, and perhaps that is part of the reason she never really grapples with what happened to her or what she Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantiu