Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

Jean-Jacques Rousseau addresses the leaders and citizens of Geneva, Switzerland, expressing admiration for the Republic’s governance and social structure. He opens by explaining his desire to pay homage to his homeland, emphasizing his belief that only a virtuous citizen should present such acknowledgment to their country. Rousseau reflects on Geneva’s unique combination of equality and order, which he considers a rare achievement. He explains how this balance aligns with the natural law while also ensuring public order and individual happiness.

Rousseau’s ideal state reflects the principles he sees embodied in Geneva. He values a republic where governance aligns with the natural abilities of its citizens. In such a republic, individuals assume personal responsibility for their roles rather than delegating tasks unnecessarily. Rousseau believes a close-knit community fosters accountability, allowing citizens to be well-acquainted with one another, ensuring that virtues receive public recognition, and preventing vice from remaining hidden. He values a sense of national identity rooted in love for one’s fellow citizens rather than attachment to the land itself.

Rousseau prefers a state where the interests of the sovereign and the people align completely. He believes that only a government structured as a democracy can achieve this unity. He criticizes systems where any individual or external authority stands above the laws, as such systems inevitably subject the entire population to the arbitrary will of the powerful.

According to Rousseau, a republic’s longevity is critical to its success. He argues against new or unstable governments, which he believes often fail to adapt to the needs of their people or vice versa. He compares liberty to rich food or wine: it nourishes those accustomed to it but overwhelms those unprepared for it. He believes gradual acclimation to liberty and independence is essential for a nation to thrive. Rousseau favors a peaceful and ancient republic that has weathered challenges and emerged stronger, with citizens who value and sustain their freedom.

Rousseau also prefers a republic that refrains from conquest and avoids becoming a target for others. He describes an ideal state situated in a region where its neighbors see no advantage in attacking it and may even intervene to preserve its independence. In such a state, citizens maintain a readiness for self-defense not out of necessity but to keep their spirit of liberty alive. Rousseau envisions a legislative system where citizens collectively determine the terms of their governance, yet he rejects unchecked populism. He believes magistrates should propose laws with careful deliberation, while citizens, in turn, should evaluate them with restraint. He stresses the importance of preserving longstanding laws, as frequent changes undermine their authority and respect.

Rousseau warns against republics that reserve all civil and judicial powers for the people, arguing that this lack of structure leads to poor governance. Instead, he supports a system where citizens retain the power to sanction laws and decide significant matters while delegating administration to elected magistrates. He advocates for a separation of powers and an annual rotation of officials to ensure accountability and prevent corruption. In his view, a republic that fosters mutual respect between magistrates and citizens will maintain peace even during periods of conflict or misunderstanding.

Geneva, according to Rousseau, embodies many of these ideals. He admires its laws, which he believes reflect deep wisdom, and its citizens, who he describes as industrious, virtuous, and respectful of their leaders. He acknowledges the clergy for their alignment with civic values and their ability to inspire trust through their personal conduct. He emphasizes the importance of harmony between the clergy and other leaders in maintaining the state’s stability. Rousseau also highlights the contributions of Geneva’s women, whom he credits with preserving societal virtue and fostering unity through their roles in family and community life.

Rousseau hopes for Geneva’s continued prosperity and unity. He urges citizens to remain vigilant against division, respect their magistrates, and preserve the republic’s laws and values. He views Geneva as a model of liberty and governance, rooted in its citizens’ collective wisdom and commitment to their shared ideals.