Farewell My Concubine

by Lilian Lee

Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi Character Analysis

Xiao Douzi is one of the novel’s protagonists. Later, the narration refers to him by his stage name, Cheng Dieyi. When Xiao Douzi is young, his mother, Yanhong, leaves him at Master Guan’s opera school, which trains boys in Peking opera. There, Xiao Douzi is mentored by the eldest boy, Xiao Shitou (stage name Duan Xiaolou), who protects him against bullies and with whom Xiao Douzi eventually falls in love. Xiao Douzi’s aptitude for opera eventually lands him the role of dan (female lead). He is partnered with Xiao Shitou as his sheng (male lead). Following their apprenticeship, Xiao Douzi and Xiao Shitou strike out on their own and receive their stage names. Their most famous piece is Farewell My Concubine. Dieyi comes to identify with Yu Ji, the heroine he portrays on stage, and sees Xiaolou as his love interest on and off stage. Dieyi and Xiaolou remain close until Xiaolou marries Juxian, which strains their friendship. No matter what happens in his personal life, though, Dieyi remains devoted to opera. Because of this, he struggles to find a sense of belonging in the real world—especially after the Communist Party strips Peking opera of its cultural status. When Dieyi refuses to relinquish his art, the Party dubs him a counterrevolutionary and forces him to participate in a “criticism,” during which he betrays Xiaolou. Ashamed and alone, Dieyi tries and fails to end his own life. He is later sent away for reeducation. After his release, he marries and returns to the stage. Decades later, while touring Hong Kong with his opera company, Dieyi reunites with Xiaolou, who admits that he has always known about Dieyi’s love for him. At Dieyi’s urging, they perform one final performance together to an empty theater. Though Dieyi imagines killing himself the way his character Yu Ji does, he ultimately finds that he cannot die for love.

Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi Quotes in Farewell My Concubine

The Farewell My Concubine quotes below are all either spoken by Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi or refer to Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Art vs. Life Theme Icon
).

Chapter 1 Quotes

The stage is populated by brilliant young scholars and beautiful ladies whose exalted passions are more vivid than the drab colors of our workaday existence. Compared to their stories, everyday life is like the plain and pale face of an actor stripped of his makeup.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 1
Explanation and Analysis:

As the children started to crawl quietly out of bed, Master Guan was seized by cold terror when he thought of Xiao Laizi’s suicide and all the beatings he had given him. He recalled as well as the many beatings he had received as a child, innocent of any wrongdoing but still held accountable, judged. His teachers had treated him and his classmates even more harshly than he treated his own students—it was to toughen them up for their demanding careers.

Related Characters: Xiao Laizi, Master Guan, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 37
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 2 Quotes

His once deformed hand became the embodiment of feminine beauty as his wrists circled elegantly, the posed fingers of his “orchid hands” weaving through the air. […] Putting one hand under his chin in a pensive attitude, he gazed out, his eyes resting on some indistinct point neither near nor far. He was in another world.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 40
Explanation and Analysis:

That day at the Spring Blossom Teahouse they were Lu Bu, Diao Chan, and a group of “heroes.” But outside the theater, they were “ninth-class” citizens. As performers, opera singers, and actors, they stood on one of the bottom rungs of the social ladder in the China of the 1920s and 1930s. The time they spent in the limelight, dressed in elaborate costumes, was a brief respite from otherwise hard lives. For a few hours they embodied the dreams of their people, and then they went back to being objects of contempt.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 3 Quotes

Yuan Siye’s gaze did not wander from the lady for the rest of the show.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Yuan Siye, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 82
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 4 Quotes

Yuan Siye was not a great general or leader. He had been born in the wrong age. But he wielded the power of a general in the imaginary world of the theater, holding sway within the narrow confines of a realm that had been frozen in time for almost two centuries.

Related Characters: Yuan Siye, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 87
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 5 Quotes

Once stripped bare, his fine-featured face stared tiredly from the mirror. He felt dead inside, his heart as cold and gray as ashes. He knew how it felt to be an abandoned woman and remembered an old saying: A woman without a man is a vine with no stakes to support her.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 105
Explanation and Analysis:

“One must pay meticulous attention to every aspect of one’s artistry. Only then can one hope for that sublime merging of players and play into one. There is a saying that if the actor is not himself deeply moved by his performance, then the audience won’t be touched either.”

Related Characters: Yuan Siye (speaker), Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 108
Explanation and Analysis:

Perhaps he was already dead. Maybe his mother had killed him when he was ten, and the man he was today was only a ghost. Or maybe he was that abandoned baby girl. Suddenly, he didn’t know who or where he was.

Related Characters: Master Ni, Master Guan, Yanhong, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Yuan Siye
Page Number and Citation: 113
Explanation and Analysis:

Remembering why he had come, he bowed his head deferentially. He was still nothing but the evening’s “entertainment,” an actor joining his host for a brief meal.

Related Characters: Juxian, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Xiao Si
Page Number and Citation: 138
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 6 Quotes

The century-old lyrics still had meaning. They told of the rise and fall of a dynasty, and yet they could have been describing the fortunes of the Nationalist government. China was locked in a civil war.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 161
Explanation and Analysis:

Then [Xiao Si] spotted the sword hanging on the wall. Following his gaze, the others saw it, too. It ought to be worth something. Juxian and Dieyi both looked at Xiaolou.

“We can’t sell that!” Xiaolou said emphatically.

Dieyi sighed with relief, but Juxian’s eyes flashed angrily. She wanted nothing more than to cast that old relic into the depths of hell.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou (speaker), Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian, Xiao Si
Related Symbols: The Sword
Page Number and Citation: 163
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 7 Quotes

“‘Loyalty’ means an unwavering devotion to a person or a cause. Loyalty cannot be distracted by any hardship, no matter how extreme.”

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Chairman Mao, Juxian, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 174
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 8 Quotes

The characters were wrong, and the confessions were lies. Everything was wrong. They seemed to have walked into the wrong play.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 199
Explanation and Analysis:

He had failed where his heroine Yu Ji had succeeded. Life in the opera was more fulfilling, indeed. All one had to do was sing, up to the glorious finale; and the curtain always fells, right on cue. Onstage, Yu Ji was able to tell her lover that just as a virtuous minister does not serve two princes, so a virtuous woman cannot marry twice.; then she asks for her sword so that she can ender her life in his presence. This was her way of demonstrating her love for him., and her acceptance of his boundless love for her. But in real life, Dieyi’s love was unrequited.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:

Dieyi and Xiaolou had given up their places at center stage to a new cast of monsters. Today’s victim was a playwright. […]

After this group had been criticized and struggled against, a new group would be hauled in.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 223-224
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 9 Quotes

Red Guards no longer ran everything, and these children had obviously run away from a “reeducation camp” somewhere in the countryside.

Related Characters: Chairman Mao, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 229
Explanation and Analysis:

He had fled to Hong Kong by sea from Fujian. Unlike General Xiang Yu, he had chosen to live. His life was not a play.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 230
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 10 Quotes

Dieyi returned to his senses. The glittering tragedy was over. It had all been fake. He would not die for love.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 254
Explanation and Analysis:

There wasn’t even any refuge in virtue anymore.

Related Characters: Juxian, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 255
Explanation and Analysis:
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Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi Character Timeline in Farewell My Concubine

The timeline below shows where the character Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi appears in Farewell My Concubine. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Chapter 1
History, Politics, and Power Theme Icon
In the winter of 1929, a woman named Yanhong guides her nine-year-old son ( Xiao Douzi ) through a busy market street. It is clear from her appearance that she is... (full context)
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...crowd erupts in cheers and throws copper coins onto the stage. Yanhong’s little boy ( Xiao Douzi ) is in awe; he is impressed by Xiao Shitou’s demonstration of bravery. (full context)
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Yanhong and her son enter the room. The boy introduces himself as Xiao Douzi (“Little Bean”). Master Guan examines the boy’s facial features and looks satisfied. But soon he... (full context)
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Master Guan later presents a contract to Yanhong and Xiao Douzi . It stipulates that Xiao Douzi will apprentice under Master Guan for 10 years before... (full context)
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Master Guan abruptly sends the boys to bed, and Xiao Shitou shows Xiao Douzi to the sleeping room, where all the students share a large bed. No one makes... (full context)
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The following morning, Master Guan shaves Xiao Douzi ’s head and gives him a uniform. He now resembles all the other boys. The... (full context)
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...out immediately. Then, Master Guan brags about the agility and cleverness of his new student Xiao Douzi . But Xiao Douzi falls during his demonstration, so Master Guan orders him to practice... (full context)
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Xiao Shitou sees Xiao Douzi is in pain and casually kicks the bricks off his legs. Master Guan catches him... (full context)
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Three months pass since Xiao Douzi ’s arrival, and it is now spring. The students have since learned Chinese martials arts,... (full context)
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Master Guan considers Xiao Douzi his star pupil, and he calls on him Xiao Douzi to sing his aria. Despite... (full context)
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...to the storage room, where they discover that Xiao Laizi has hanged himself. That night, Xiao Douzi cannot sleep. He has wet the bed and is scared thinking of Xiao Laizi. Xiao... (full context)
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...dialogue in the operas they perform, they must learn to express with only their eyes. Xiao Douzi and Xiao Shitou are partnered with one another as dan (female lead) and sheng (male... (full context)
Chapter 2
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Summer arrives, and the students continue training. Many are jealous of Xiao Douzi , whose elevated technique has landed him the role of dan (female lead). Master Guan... (full context)
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...of Heroes” from the Three Kingdoms. The opera is a historical romance. Xiao Shitou and Xiao Douzi play the leads. While on stage, they represent “heroes.” But in real life, they are... (full context)
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...the river while Master Guan runs errands. They joyfully splash and play together except for Xiao Douzi , who sits alone on the riverbank and sings to himself. One of the boys... (full context)
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...try to use their clothes to stop the bleeding, but their sashes are too wet. Xiao Douzi ’s sash, however, is still dry. Sobbing, he walks over and wraps his sash tightly... (full context)
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Xiao Douzi then asks Xiao Shitou to leave with him when his mother comes back to get... (full context)
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...cut in such a place is bad luck, as it means “brothers will become enemies.” Xiao Douzi shudders when he hears this, because he thinks of Xiao Shitou as his older brother.... (full context)
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...Qing dynasty, which has long been replaced with the new republic. The audience cheers for Xiao Douzi and Xiao Shitou as they perform their roles of Yu Ji and General Xiang Yu,... (full context)
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...Master Guan a bag of silver coins. At that same moment, Master Guan notices that Xiao Douzi is helping Xiao Shitou remove his stage make-up and accidentally re-opens his cut. To stop... (full context)
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When Xiao Douzi finds Master Ni, he has just smoked opium. Behind Master Ni, Xiao Douzi notices a... (full context)
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...his students leave Master Ni’s house the following morning. Xiao Shitou tries to talk to Xiao Douzi , who, still feeling sad and afraid, says nothing. Soon, they hear the cry of... (full context)
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On New Year’s Eve, while most of the students are playing in the streets, Xiao Douzi is inside making window decorations. Xiao Shitou invites him to play. He tells Xiao Douzi... (full context)
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...Xiao Shitou quickly spends all his money on sweets. He wants to give some to Xiao Douzi , but he has walked off and is standing in front of an embroidery shop.... (full context)
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...prays for his students’ success. The narrative then jumps ahead ten years. Xiao Shitou and Xiao Douzi are all grown up and praying before that same altar. (full context)
Chapter 3
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Xiao Shitou and Xiao Douzi are now 22 and 19 years old, respectively. They have graduated from Master Guan’s school... (full context)
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After some time performing in a nearby rural region. Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi return to Peking to pay their respects to their former teacher, Master Guan, as his... (full context)
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Expecting to continue touring for several years, Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi get their portrait taken to use for publicity for future performances. They hear a crowd... (full context)
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The rickshaw brings them through Peking’s antique market district, and Cheng Dieyi notes aloud to Duan Xiaolou that the shop that once sold the sword he promised... (full context)
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...his name on the marquee. He then looks at the playbill posted at the entrance: Cheng Dieyi ’s name is written above Xiaolou’s. Though Dieyi is secretly delighted to have “top billing,”... (full context)
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The company manager greets Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi and secretly whispers in Cheng Dieyi’s ear that a man named Yuan Siye is in... (full context)
Chapter 4
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Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi are removing their makeup after the performance. Dieyi passes Xiaolou a handkerchief, which he uses... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi tells Duan Xiaolou that an important patron named Yuan Siye has been coming to see... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi then shares that he has saved enough money to begin buying his own costumes. Duan... (full context)
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...several other people escort Yuan Siye backstage. He offers an array of expensive gifts to Cheng Dieyi . Duan Xiaolou tells Yuan Siye he shouldn’t have brought such expensive presents and invites... (full context)
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Backstage the following evening, Cheng Dieyi asks Duan Xiaolou about the previous night’s events at the House of Flowers. He wonders... (full context)
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Just as Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou are performing climax of Farewell My Concubine, the sound of a gunshot... (full context)
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The next day, Cheng Dieyi visits a letter writer and drafts a note to his mother. In it, he encloses... (full context)
Chapter 5
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After the performance, Duan Xiaolou asks Cheng Dieyi if he is angry about the fight at the House of Flowers. Dieyi insists he... (full context)
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...and ask for a wedding date. Xiaolou says he must first buy Juxian some shoes. Cheng Dieyi places a pair of embroidered slippers at her feet. He then makes a snide remark... (full context)
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Yuan Siye visits Cheng Dieyi in his dressing room and leaves some attendants to escort him to his home. Yuan... (full context)
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Yuan Siye continues to talk about the portrait of Guanyin and then offers Cheng Dieyi some wine. He explains that he is unable to offer praise to Duan Xiaolou because... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi notices a sword hanging from the wall. Yuan Siye explains that he bought it a... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi waves the sword around, but Yuan Siye quickly takes it from him. He makes a... (full context)
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...soldiers parade down the street, signaling the arrival of the Japanese in Peking. Feeling despondent, Cheng Dieyi hallucinates a young boy standing in the cul-de-sac and holding a newborn baby girl. Dieyi... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi arrives at the event hall where Duan Xiaolou and Juxian have celebrated their wedding. Most... (full context)
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...demanding business owners to display them outside of their shops. The people are upset, but Cheng Dieyi is so absorbed in the loss of his stage partner that he is unconcerned: now... (full context)
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During one of Cheng Dieyi ’s performances, political pamphlets encouraging readers to resist the Japanese flutter down from the balcony... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi stands up to leave while Juxian is talking. Just as he is exiting the theater,... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi ’s room is cluttered and untidy. His walls are filled with portraits of former opera... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi finds Duan Xiaolou gambling at his friend’s home. He asks Xiaolou to perform with him... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou perform Farewell My Concubine. As the piece reaches its climax, a group... (full context)
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The following day, Juxian asks Cheng Dieyi to help her free Duan Xiaolou. He says he will help on the condition that... (full context)
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Duan Xiaolou is released later that night, and Cheng Dieyi waits for him the prison gates. But when Xiaolou sees him, he becomes furious, accusing... (full context)
Chapter 6
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The year is now 1945. Cheng Dieyi now spends much of his time smoking opium alone in his room, which is now... (full context)
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It is now June, and the weather is warm. Cheng Dieyi is riding around town on a rickshaw. He passes a market street, where he hears... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou return to see Master Guan, who shames them for skirting their lifelong... (full context)
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...to civil unrest, and most of the theaters close and reopen as dance halls. Still, Cheng Dieyi refuses to abandon his passion, no matter how dire the circumstances. He continues to perform... (full context)
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...Farewell My Concubine, the crowd gets rowdy after a former soldier shines a flashlight in Cheng Dieyi ’s eyes, causing him to stumble. Duan Xiaolou steps up to defend Dieyi, but the... (full context)
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The police arrive at the theater and arrest Cheng Dieyi for treason because he had sung for Japanese soldiers. Over the course of the following... (full context)
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...Juxian gets dressed up and goes to Yuan Siye’s house with the sword he gave Cheng Dieyi . She wants him to give her the money to bribe the officers and offers... (full context)
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In the end, none of these efforts matter, as Cheng Dieyi is pardoned. He isn’t released from prison right away, however. Instead, he is escorted to... (full context)
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...endows her with power over Duan Xiaolou, who is utterly devoted to her healing. Meanwhile, Cheng Dieyi is trying not to think of the past and just get along with the couple.... (full context)
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...can pawn it be able to pay for the medicine. Duan Xiaolou refuses, which reassures Cheng Dieyi but frustrates Juxian. Xiaolou then angrily storms out to talk with the pharmacists. The economy... (full context)
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While out, Duan Xiaolou goes to buy matches from a tobacco stand. Cheng Dieyi recognizes the merchant as Master Ni, the eunuch who hosted the lavish party where Xiaolou... (full context)
Chapter 7
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...stages have been removed from the theaters to make space for revolutionary activities. One day, Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou are spectators for the judgment of Peking opera’s “old tyrants.” Yuan Siye,... (full context)
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The Party’s goal is for the entire population to become literate, so Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou enroll in classes with other members of the proletariat. Their instructor, a... (full context)
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When Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou do return to the stage after liberation, Peking opera performances are replaced... (full context)
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...Si is escorting the Party’s secretary on an inspection of the theater. Afterward, he approaches Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou and encourages them to donate their costumes and props to the government.... (full context)
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...a low status. They must spend more time on political study and less on rehearsals. Cheng Dieyi tries to stay in practice, but he feels depressed and homeless without opera. (full context)
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...pieces for the model Peking opera. They all center around the theme of class struggle. Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou are no longer cast in leading roles. While rehearsing at home, Xiaolou... (full context)
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In 1966, the theaters have been renovated, and Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou have been cast in a model opera. Xiao Si is the hero,... (full context)
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Later Juxian and Duan Xiaolou go to Cheng Dieyi ’s house to discuss the launch of a new political campaign. Dieyi is in his... (full context)
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...methods of encouraging self-aggrandizement and calls out Duan Xiaolou for his performance the day before. Cheng Dieyi is shocked; he thought he would have been the focus after destroying own costumes. Xiaolou... (full context)
Chapter 8
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School classrooms have been turned into “confession rooms,” and Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou spend their days in them, writing out confessions and copying down revolutionary... (full context)
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When Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou walk by the scene, they comfort themselves by reciting a pair of... (full context)
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...over Duan Xiaolou. She sobs while she cleans his wounds. Xiaolou explains he was protecting Cheng Dieyi . Juxian chides him for not thinking of her well-being before putting himself in harm’s... (full context)
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One of them then leads Cheng Dieyi into the home and lines him up next to Duan Xiaolou and Juxian. He wants... (full context)
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...his head, the Red Guard officers bring in some bricks to smash against his forehead. Cheng Dieyi watches in horror, knowing Xiaolou is no longer the “little rock” he once was. Moments... (full context)
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The next night, Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi kneel facing one another on either side of a bonfire; they are supposed to denounce... (full context)
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Desperate, Cheng Dieyi then tells the Red Guards about Juxian’s past in sex work. He accuses Juxian of... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi knows right away that he has gone too far. Juxian explains that she has always... (full context)
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Just as Cheng Dieyi calls again for Juxian’s death, Xiao Si emerges from the crowd to call out Dieyi’s... (full context)
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The crowd grows increasingly violent, and Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou are escorted to their holding cells. From the depths of his despair,... (full context)
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...cries out and has a flashback to their wedding night. He then collapses in grief. Cheng Dieyi looks in from just outside the door until a Red Guard slams it shut. The... (full context)
Chapter 9
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...much of the food. Nevertheless, he feels lucky to be alive. He has also forgiven Cheng Dieyi , having understood that his actions against Juxian demonstrated his loyalty to Xiaolou; he acknowledges... (full context)
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...time he returns, the poster is up, and written on it are the characters for Cheng Dieyi . (full context)
Chapter 10
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...up to the stage, an usher approaches him. Xiaolou tells him he is looking for Cheng Dieyi , and when he tells the usher his own name, he sees that the man... (full context)
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...room. Just as he starts to lose hope of seeing his long-lost brother, Xiaolou spots Cheng Dieyi ’s graceful hands and calls out to him. Dieyi would not have recognized Xiaolou if... (full context)
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Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi watch the show from the wings. Dieyi explains that since he has been rehabilitated, he... (full context)
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After a successful run of performances, Cheng Dieyi and the other members of his opera company participate in a series of press conferences.... (full context)
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Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi then visit the Yude Pool, a public bathhouse whose name translates to “Bathing in Virtue... (full context)
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Later that day, after the final opera performance of the evening, Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi make themselves up and perform Farewell My Concubine in an empty theater. Dieyi gives Xiaolou... (full context)