Farewell My Concubine

by Lilian Lee

Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou Character Analysis

Xiao Shitou is one of the novel’s protagonists. Later the narration refers to him by his stage name, Duan Xiaolou. He is the oldest apprentice in Master Guan’s opera school when Xiao Douzi (stage name Cheng Dieyi) arrives. Xiao Shitou takes a special liking to Xiao Douzi, whom the other boys bully. Xiao Douzi eventually falls in love with his protector. Xiao Shitou stands out among his peers and ultimately gets cast as a sheng (male lead) and is partnered with Xiao Douzi. The two become quite successful, and their most famous piece is Farewell My Concubine. Once they complete their apprenticeship, the pair strikes out on their own, at which point they receive their stage names (Xiaolou and Dieyi). They remain close—until Xiaolou marries a sex worker named Juxian, at which point he stops singing opera and devotes himself to his family. Like the General he portrays on stage, Xiaolou is always looking to make the noble choice. Yet at Dieyi’s beckoning, Xiaolou repeatedly returns to the stage—and to Dieyi. Xiaolou and Dieyi’s already strained friendship suffers its worst blow during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, when they are forced to participate in “criticisms” of each other. Not only this, but Xiaolou also betrays Juxian while trying to save her. Heartbroken, Juxian hangs herself. Xiaolou is then sent to the south of China for reeducation, later escaping to Hong Kong. He reunites with Dieyi decades later, when Dieyi’s opera company stops in Hong Kong on tour. They spend a day together, and Xiaolou shares that he always knew Dieyi was in love him. Though hurt, Dieyi convinces Xiaolou to sing with him one last time before his return to the mainland. The novel ends years later as Xiaolou, despite his lifelong attempts to do what the right thing, is alone and abandoned.

Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou Quotes in Farewell My Concubine

The Farewell My Concubine quotes below are all either spoken by Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou or refer to Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
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).

Chapter 2 Quotes

That day at the Spring Blossom Teahouse they were Lu Bu, Diao Chan, and a group of “heroes.” But outside the theater, they were “ninth-class” citizens. As performers, opera singers, and actors, they stood on one of the bottom rungs of the social ladder in the China of the 1920s and 1930s. The time they spent in the limelight, dressed in elaborate costumes, was a brief respite from otherwise hard lives. For a few hours they embodied the dreams of their people, and then they went back to being objects of contempt.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 3 Quotes

Educated people had always looked down on theater people and their gypsy existence, while actors, filled with self-loathing, avenged themselves by disparaging educated people. Xiaolou felt disgust for the students. Who cared about family or country, indeed! If those little baby bookworms wanted to go save the nation, let them. Did they think they mattered?

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 77
Explanation and Analysis:

Yuan Siye’s gaze did not wander from the lady for the rest of the show.

Related Characters: Yuan Siye, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 82
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 5 Quotes

Once stripped bare, his fine-featured face stared tiredly from the mirror. He felt dead inside, his heart as cold and gray as ashes. He knew how it felt to be an abandoned woman and remembered an old saying: A woman without a man is a vine with no stakes to support her.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 105
Explanation and Analysis:

“One must pay meticulous attention to every aspect of one’s artistry. Only then can one hope for that sublime merging of players and play into one. There is a saying that if the actor is not himself deeply moved by his performance, then the audience won’t be touched either.”

Related Characters: Yuan Siye (speaker), Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 108
Explanation and Analysis:

Remembering why he had come, he bowed his head deferentially. He was still nothing but the evening’s “entertainment,” an actor joining his host for a brief meal.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Xiao Si, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 138
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 6 Quotes

Then [Xiao Si] spotted the sword hanging on the wall. Following his gaze, the others saw it, too. It ought to be worth something. Juxian and Dieyi both looked at Xiaolou.

“We can’t sell that!” Xiaolou said emphatically.

Dieyi sighed with relief, but Juxian’s eyes flashed angrily. She wanted nothing more than to cast that old relic into the depths of hell.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou (speaker), Xiao Si, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian
Related Symbols: The Sword
Page Number and Citation: 163
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 7 Quotes

“‘Loyalty’ means an unwavering devotion to a person or a cause. Loyalty cannot be distracted by any hardship, no matter how extreme.”

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Chairman Mao, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 174
Explanation and Analysis:

“Our company performs revolutionary operas, not old-fashioned operas. We must use different methods from those used in the Old Society. The old ways spread superstitions that poisoned people’s lives; and the old style encouraged actors to be self-aggrandizing.”

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Chairman Mao, Xiao Si
Page Number and Citation: 194
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 8 Quotes

The characters were wrong, and the confessions were lies. Everything was wrong. They seemed to have walked into the wrong play.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 199
Explanation and Analysis:

He had failed where his heroine Yu Ji had succeeded. Life in the opera was more fulfilling, indeed. All one had to do was sing, up to the glorious finale; and the curtain always fells, right on cue. Onstage, Yu Ji was able to tell her lover that just as a virtuous minister does not serve two princes, so a virtuous woman cannot marry twice.; then she asks for her sword so that she can ender her life in his presence. This was her way of demonstrating her love for him., and her acceptance of his boundless love for her. But in real life, Dieyi’s love was unrequited.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:

Dieyi and Xiaolou had given up their places at center stage to a new cast of monsters. Today’s victim was a playwright. […]

After this group had been criticized and struggled against, a new group would be hauled in.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 223-224
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 9 Quotes

Red Guards no longer ran everything, and these children had obviously run away from a “reeducation camp” somewhere in the countryside.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Chairman Mao
Page Number and Citation: 229
Explanation and Analysis:

He had fled to Hong Kong by sea from Fujian. Unlike General Xiang Yu, he had chosen to live. His life was not a play.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 230
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 10 Quotes

Dieyi returned to his senses. The glittering tragedy was over. It had all been fake. He would not die for love.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 254
Explanation and Analysis:

There wasn’t even any refuge in virtue anymore.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 255
Explanation and Analysis:
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Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou Character Timeline in Farewell My Concubine

The timeline below shows where the character Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou appears in Farewell My Concubine. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Chapter 1
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...Master Guan’s Peking opera apprentices, and the oldest is a 12-year-old boy who goes by Xiao Shitou (“Little Rock”). He plays the lead. The boys make a theatrical entrance, but soon Xiao... (full context)
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Before the crowd disperses, Xiao Shitou runs back onstage and beckons the onlookers to watch him demonstrate how he earned his... (full context)
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Master Guan abruptly sends the boys to bed, and Xiao Shitou shows Xiao Douzi to the sleeping room, where all the students share a large bed.... (full context)
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...the school to inspect the students. The boys line up to demonstrate their physical skills. Xiao Shitou stands out immediately. Then, Master Guan brags about the agility and cleverness of his new... (full context)
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Xiao Shitou sees Xiao Douzi is in pain and casually kicks the bricks off his legs. Master... (full context)
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...them acting and singing. Spring is also time for a bath. While they are bathing, Xiao Shitou tells Xiao Douzi the story of the Bell Goddess, who sacrifices herself in a bell... (full context)
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...Douzi cannot sleep. He has wet the bed and is scared thinking of Xiao Laizi. Xiao Shitou comforts him. Master Guan soon enters the room angry that boys are awake. He sees... (full context)
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...operas they perform, they must learn to express with only their eyes. Xiao Douzi and Xiao Shitou are partnered with one another as dan (female lead) and sheng (male lead), respectively. They... (full context)
Chapter 2
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...so that he can learn to embody the grace, fluidity, and beauty of the feminine. Xiao Shitou is cast as a sheng (male lead). Xiao Douzi is frequently caught staring at Xiao... (full context)
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...perform “A Gathering of Heroes” from the Three Kingdoms. The opera is a historical romance. Xiao Shitou and Xiao Douzi play the leads. While on stage, they represent “heroes.” But in real... (full context)
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...boys starts teasing Xiao Douzi, and the others follow his lead. Xiao Douzi hides behind Xiao Shitou . Some boys then accuse Xiao Douzi of secretly being a girl. Xiao Shitou tries... (full context)
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The fighting stops when Xiao Shitou falls on sharp rocks and gets a gash in his head. Knowing they will be... (full context)
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Xiao Douzi then asks Xiao Shitou to leave with him when his mother comes back to get him. After a slight... (full context)
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...chides the boys as soon as they set foot in the school. Then he notices Xiao Shitou ’s cut. He the berates Xiao Shitou, admonishing him for getting a cut in a... (full context)
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...has long been replaced with the new republic. The audience cheers for Xiao Douzi and Xiao Shitou as they perform their roles of Yu Ji and General Xiang Yu, respectively. Sensing the... (full context)
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...of silver coins. At that same moment, Master Guan notices that Xiao Douzi is helping Xiao Shitou remove his stage make-up and accidentally re-opens his cut. To stop the bleeding, Xiao Douzi... (full context)
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Master Guan and his students leave Master Ni’s house the following morning. Xiao Shitou tries to talk to Xiao Douzi, who, still feeling sad and afraid, says nothing. Soon,... (full context)
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...of the students are playing in the streets, Xiao Douzi is inside making window decorations. Xiao Shitou invites him to play. He tells Xiao Douzi not to waste his time making the... (full context)
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...lively in Changdian, where market stalls are visible as far as the eye can see. Xiao Shitou quickly spends all his money on sweets. He wants to give some to Xiao Douzi,... (full context)
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...altar, Master Guan prays for his students’ success. The narrative then jumps ahead ten years. Xiao Shitou and Xiao Douzi are all grown up and praying before that same altar. (full context)
Chapter 3
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Xiao Shitou and Xiao Douzi are now 22 and 19 years old, respectively. They have graduated from... (full context)
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After some time performing in a nearby rural region. Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi return to Peking to pay their respects to their former teacher, Master... (full context)
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Expecting to continue touring for several years, Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi get their portrait taken to use for publicity for future performances. They... (full context)
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The rickshaw brings them through Peking’s antique market district, and Cheng Dieyi notes aloud to Duan Xiaolou that the shop that once sold the sword he promised to buy Xiaolou is now... (full context)
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...care less about that and more about entertainment. When the pair arrives at the theater, Duan Xiaolou recognizes his name on the marquee. He then looks at the playbill posted at the... (full context)
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The company manager greets Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi and secretly whispers in Cheng Dieyi’s ear that a man named Yuan... (full context)
Chapter 4
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Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi are removing their makeup after the performance. Dieyi passes Xiaolou a handkerchief,... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi tells Duan Xiaolou that an important patron named Yuan Siye has been coming to see their performance every... (full context)
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...Dieyi then shares that he has saved enough money to begin buying his own costumes. Duan Xiaolou does not understand why Dieyi prefers owning to renting; he thinks Dieyi is impractical. Dieyi... (full context)
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...people escort Yuan Siye backstage. He offers an array of expensive gifts to Cheng Dieyi. Duan Xiaolou tells Yuan Siye he shouldn’t have brought such expensive presents and invites Yuan Siye to... (full context)
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Later that evening, Duan Xiaolou visits a brothel called the House of Flowers. He is looking for a woman named... (full context)
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Backstage the following evening, Cheng Dieyi asks Duan Xiaolou about the previous night’s events at the House of Flowers. He wonders if there are... (full context)
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Just as Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou are performing climax of Farewell My Concubine, the sound of a gunshot is heard from... (full context)
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...chooses to give up sex work and the pampered existence it offers to be with Duan Xiaolou . (full context)
Chapter 5
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After the performance, Duan Xiaolou asks Cheng Dieyi if he is angry about the fight at the House of Flowers.... (full context)
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The members of the company congratulate Duan Xiaolou and Juxian and ask for a wedding date. Xiaolou says he must first buy Juxian... (full context)
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...offers Cheng Dieyi some wine. He explains that he is unable to offer praise to Duan Xiaolou because he doesn’t believe Xiaolou’s heart in his performance. Dieyi says Xiaolou should be with... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi arrives at the event hall where Duan Xiaolou and Juxian have celebrated their wedding. Most of the guests have left. Dieyi feels alone... (full context)
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...so absorbed in the loss of his stage partner that he is unconcerned: now that Duan Xiaolou is married, Dieyi will have to sing alone. Dieyi realizes that his only home is... (full context)
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...most of their time there. Dieyi is worried about the authorities closing the theaters, but Duan Xiaolou is okay to work as a day laborer. He promises to take care of Dieyi,... (full context)
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...arms. He tells Dieyi that the company manager wants him to reunite on stage with Duan Xiaolou ; their fans are demanding it. Xiao Si explains that the manager is unable to... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi finds Duan Xiaolou gambling at his friend’s home. He asks Xiaolou to perform with him that evening because... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou perform Farewell My Concubine. As the piece reaches its climax, a group of Japanese soldiers... (full context)
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The following day, Juxian asks Cheng Dieyi to help her free Duan Xiaolou . He says he will help on the condition that she leave Xiaolou. She agrees.... (full context)
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Duan Xiaolou is released later that night, and Cheng Dieyi waits for him the prison gates. But... (full context)
Chapter 6
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...is riding around town on a rickshaw. He passes a market street, where he hears Duan Xiaolou ’s voice selling watermelon. Dieyi wants to observe Xiaolou and Juxian at work without being... (full context)
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Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou return to see Master Guan, who shames them for skirting their lifelong responsibilities to him... (full context)
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...after a former soldier shines a flashlight in Cheng Dieyi’s eyes, causing him to stumble. Duan Xiaolou steps up to defend Dieyi, but the soldier begins to ridicule him for not having... (full context)
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...soldiers. Over the course of the following days, while simultaneously caring for his sick wife, Duan Xiaolou tries to come up with a plan to free Dieyi. At first, Juxian is against... (full context)
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...officers and offers the sword as collateral. Yuan Siye all but ignores Juxian and chides Duan Xiaolou for being ungrateful. Xiaolou listens without arguing, hoping his deference will contribute to freeing Dieyi. (full context)
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Juxian continues to convalesce, and her sickness endows her with power over Duan Xiaolou , who is utterly devoted to her healing. Meanwhile, Cheng Dieyi is trying not to... (full context)
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...the wall; he thinks they can pawn it be able to pay for the medicine. Duan Xiaolou refuses, which reassures Cheng Dieyi but frustrates Juxian. Xiaolou then angrily storms out to talk... (full context)
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While out, Duan Xiaolou goes to buy matches from a tobacco stand. Cheng Dieyi recognizes the merchant as Master... (full context)
Chapter 7
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...removed from the theaters to make space for revolutionary activities. One day, Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou are spectators for the judgment of Peking opera’s “old tyrants.” Yuan Siye, who is called... (full context)
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The Party’s goal is for the entire population to become literate, so Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou enroll in classes with other members of the proletariat. Their instructor, a young woman, launches... (full context)
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When Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou do return to the stage after liberation, Peking opera performances are replaced with Yangge folk... (full context)
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...the Party’s secretary on an inspection of the theater. Afterward, he approaches Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou and encourages them to donate their costumes and props to the government. Dieyi does not... (full context)
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...model Peking opera. They all center around the theme of class struggle. Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou are no longer cast in leading roles. While rehearsing at home, Xiaolou becomes frustrated because... (full context)
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In 1966, the theaters have been renovated, and Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou have been cast in a model opera. Xiao Si is the hero, and Xiaolou the... (full context)
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Later Juxian and Duan Xiaolou go to Cheng Dieyi’s house to discuss the launch of a new political campaign. Dieyi... (full context)
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...the new acting methods. He criticizes the old methods of encouraging self-aggrandizement and calls out Duan Xiaolou for his performance the day before. Cheng Dieyi is shocked; he thought he would have... (full context)
Chapter 8
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School classrooms have been turned into “confession rooms,” and Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou spend their days in them, writing out confessions and copying down revolutionary poems. If they... (full context)
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When Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou walk by the scene, they comfort themselves by reciting a pair of lines from one... (full context)
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When Juxian gets home, she sees the blood all over Duan Xiaolou . She sobs while she cleans his wounds. Xiaolou explains he was protecting Cheng Dieyi.... (full context)
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...of them then leads Cheng Dieyi into the home and lines him up next to Duan Xiaolou and Juxian. He wants to know who owns the sword. Juxian begs Dieyi to take... (full context)
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Knowing that during his youth Duan Xiaolou could break bricks with his head, the Red Guard officers bring in some bricks to... (full context)
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The next night, Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi kneel facing one another on either side of a bonfire; they are... (full context)
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...Juxian’s past in sex work. He accuses Juxian of being a liar and of distracting Duan Xiaolou from his work. Xiaolou tries to defend Juxian, but Dieyi ramps up his verbal assault.... (full context)
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...they will send Juxian to the countryside to be reeducated. Desperate to save his wife, Duan Xiaolou cries out for a divorce. He calls Juxian a “whore” and says he doesn’t love... (full context)
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The crowd grows increasingly violent, and Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou are escorted to their holding cells. From the depths of his despair, Dieyi tries to... (full context)
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Duan Xiaolou is being sent to the countryside for reeducation. He goes home to gather his possession... (full context)
Chapter 9
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Duan Xiaolou is sent to the city of Fuzhou, in the South. Being amongst the counterrevolutionaries, who... (full context)
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Fuzhou is an impoverished city, and Duan Xiaolou dislikes much of the food. Nevertheless, he feels lucky to be alive. He has also... (full context)
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...during study group, everyone is watching a revolutionary movie when a man suddenly drops dead. Duan Xiaolou and a few others take his body away to bury it. The study group continues.... (full context)
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...Gang of Four loses power, and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution comes to an end. Duan Xiaolou escapes to Hong Kong, which had been shielded from the previous decade’s political turmoil. His... (full context)
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In addition to social welfare, Duan Xiaolou currently receives a small housesitting stipend from one of his former coworker’s sons. He does... (full context)
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After losing everything he loved and held as important, Duan Xiaolou does have his freedom. This includes the freedom to ride the streetcar as often and... (full context)
Chapter 10
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As the streetcar passes the opera house, Duan Xiaolou forces the operate to let him get off between stops. He examines the sign on... (full context)
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The usher escorts Duan Xiaolou to the dressing room. Just as he starts to lose hope of seeing his long-lost... (full context)
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Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi watch the show from the wings. Dieyi explains that since he has... (full context)
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...reporters know nothing about Peking opera. Dieyi excuses himself for a day to visit with Duan Xiaolou , who takes him to a Peking-style breakfast stand. While they are together, Dieyi pulls... (full context)
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Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi then visit the Yude Pool, a public bathhouse whose name translates to... (full context)
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Later that day, after the final opera performance of the evening, Duan Xiaolou and Cheng Dieyi make themselves up and perform Farewell My Concubine in an empty theater.... (full context)
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Years later, Duan Xiaolou is wandering around Hong Kong. Many people are in a frenzy over a new political... (full context)