Farewell My Concubine

by Lilian Lee
Themes and Colors
Art vs. Life Theme Icon
History, Politics, and Power Theme Icon
Identity and Belonging Theme Icon
Loyalty and Sacrifice Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Farewell My Concubine, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Art vs. Life Theme Icon
Art vs. Life Theme Icon

Lilian Lee’s novel Farewell My Concubine explores the relationship between life and art. In the novel’s opening address to the reader, Lee’s omniscient narrator compares life in the real world to life on stage, noting that, on stage, everything appears “more vivid” compared to the “drab colors of our workaday existence.” The novel’s plot centers around Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou, two classically trained opera performers who are best known for their roles in the piece Farewell My Concubine. Through the overlap of the two stories (both the story depicted in the opera and that which makes up the plot), the novel illustrates how art and life inform each other.  

For Dieyi and Xiaolou, the lines are blurred between the characters they portray on stage and the identities they embody in real life. On the one hand, both Dieyi and Juxian, who are both in love with Xiaolou, often refer to Xiaolou as their “general,” invoking the hero he plays in the opera. Indeed, Xiaolou often behaves like this general, doing whatever he can to protect Dieyi and Juxian and rescue them from harm. Yet his impulse to save the day is not based on a thoughtful consideration of the circumstances. Instead, his behavior illustrates an unconscious response to his environment, the continued embodiment of his onstage persona. The most obvious example of this is when, wanting to be the hero, Xiaolou agrees to marry Juxian. Based on his reaction when Juxian shows up at the theater expecting him to make good on his promise, it is apparent that he did not actually mean it. On the other hand, Dieyi, too, is lost in the liminal space between art and life. Not only do he and others think of himself as the heroine Yu Ji, but Dieyi admittedly prefers the world of opera, noting the neat plot lines and tidy resolutions. But what Dieyi, Xiaolou, and so many other characters must ultimately come to terms with is the fact that life is not as “simple” as the stories depicted on stage. For as China’s tumultuous history unfolds, the ideals that form the guiding principles of the opera are tested and frequently upended. And in the end, Dieyi learns the hard way that, no, he is not Yu Ji and is therefore not willing to die for love, and Xiaolou discovers that even the hero’s virtue is no longer a refuge.

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Art vs. Life ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Art vs. Life appears in each chapter of Farewell My Concubine. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Art vs. Life Quotes in Farewell My Concubine

Below you will find the important quotes in Farewell My Concubine related to the theme of Art vs. Life.

Chapter 1 Quotes

The stage is populated by brilliant young scholars and beautiful ladies whose exalted passions are more vivid than the drab colors of our workaday existence. Compared to their stories, everyday life is like the plain and pale face of an actor stripped of his makeup.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 1
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 2 Quotes

His once deformed hand became the embodiment of feminine beauty as his wrists circled elegantly, the posed fingers of his “orchid hands” weaving through the air. […] Putting one hand under his chin in a pensive attitude, he gazed out, his eyes resting on some indistinct point neither near nor far. He was in another world.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 40
Explanation and Analysis:

That day at the Spring Blossom Teahouse they were Lu Bu, Diao Chan, and a group of “heroes.” But outside the theater, they were “ninth-class” citizens. As performers, opera singers, and actors, they stood on one of the bottom rungs of the social ladder in the China of the 1920s and 1930s. The time they spent in the limelight, dressed in elaborate costumes, was a brief respite from otherwise hard lives. For a few hours they embodied the dreams of their people, and then they went back to being objects of contempt.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 3 Quotes

Yuan Siye’s gaze did not wander from the lady for the rest of the show.

Related Characters: Yuan Siye, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 82
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 4 Quotes

A performance lets the actor be someone important, while those in the audience have bought a piece of that extraordinary life. That actors bask in the admiration of hundreds of strangers, who are transported out of their small lives by the deep emotions enacted before them. But the encounter only lasts for several hours of an evening. By the next day, all of the participants have returned to their quotidian existences, strangers again.

Page Number and Citation: 83
Explanation and Analysis:

Yuan Siye was not a great general or leader. He had been born in the wrong age. But he wielded the power of a general in the imaginary world of the theater, holding sway within the narrow confines of a realm that had been frozen in time for almost two centuries.

Related Characters: Yuan Siye, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 87
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 5 Quotes

“One must pay meticulous attention to every aspect of one’s artistry. Only then can one hope for that sublime merging of players and play into one. There is a saying that if the actor is not himself deeply moved by his performance, then the audience won’t be touched either.”

Related Characters: Yuan Siye (speaker), Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 108
Explanation and Analysis:

Perhaps he was already dead. Maybe his mother had killed him when he was ten, and the man he was today was only a ghost. Or maybe he was that abandoned baby girl. Suddenly, he didn’t know who or where he was.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Yuan Siye, Master Ni, Master Guan, Yanhong
Page Number and Citation: 113
Explanation and Analysis:

Remembering why he had come, he bowed his head deferentially. He was still nothing but the evening’s “entertainment,” an actor joining his host for a brief meal.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Xiao Si, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 138
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 8 Quotes

The characters were wrong, and the confessions were lies. Everything was wrong. They seemed to have walked into the wrong play.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 199
Explanation and Analysis:

He had failed where his heroine Yu Ji had succeeded. Life in the opera was more fulfilling, indeed. All one had to do was sing, up to the glorious finale; and the curtain always fells, right on cue. Onstage, Yu Ji was able to tell her lover that just as a virtuous minister does not serve two princes, so a virtuous woman cannot marry twice.; then she asks for her sword so that she can ender her life in his presence. This was her way of demonstrating her love for him., and her acceptance of his boundless love for her. But in real life, Dieyi’s love was unrequited.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:

Dieyi and Xiaolou had given up their places at center stage to a new cast of monsters. Today’s victim was a playwright. […]

After this group had been criticized and struggled against, a new group would be hauled in.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 223-224
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 9 Quotes

He had fled to Hong Kong by sea from Fujian. Unlike General Xiang Yu, he had chosen to live. His life was not a play.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 230
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 10 Quotes

Dieyi returned to his senses. The glittering tragedy was over. It had all been fake. He would not die for love.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 254
Explanation and Analysis:

There wasn’t even any refuge in virtue anymore.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 255
Explanation and Analysis: