Farewell My Concubine

by Lilian Lee
Themes and Colors
Art vs. Life Theme Icon
History, Politics, and Power Theme Icon
Identity and Belonging Theme Icon
Loyalty and Sacrifice Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Farewell My Concubine, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Identity and Belonging Theme Icon
Identity and Belonging Theme Icon

In Farewell My Concubine, Lilian Lee’s protagonists, Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou, illustrate the precarious and multi-faced nature of identity. Both characters struggle at one point or another with their sense of self and, consequently, their sense of belonging. Dieyi, on one hand, demonstrates the risk of identifying too closely with a single aspect of one’s existence. His hyper-identification with his profession negatively impacts his ability to find a place in the real world, a fact that Dieyi is aware of but unwilling to change (that is, until the very end of the novel). Not only is Dieyi largely disinterested in seeing himself beyond his craft, but he also struggles to separate his sense of self from his most famous role. In fact, Dieyi’s identity is so deeply tied to his work that when Xiaolou marries Juxian and the nature of their relationship (and thus Dieyi’s work) shifts, he feels so utterly abandoned that he loses all sense of purpose and belonging; he simply “[doesn’t] know who or where he [is]” anymore.

Xiaolou’s sense of self, however, is less tied to his work, and he is more willing to embody different identities and engage in different professions. In fact, his many shifts in identity highlight how personal identity is not fixed but rather entangled in the ever-changing historical, political, and cultural context surrounding the individual. And though it is arguably only Xiaolou’s identification as Chinese that remains consistent throughout, the novel shows that assuming a national identity in no way guarantees a sense of belonging; for as the politics of the nation change so too does what it means to be a member of that nation. Thus, by the end of the novel, Xiaolou has nowhere to turn: In this light, while Dieyi’s unwavering commitment to his art at first seems maladaptive, it ultimately allows him to map an alternative path to belonging, one that bypasses those paths that had already failed him, including family, friendship, and nation.

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Identity and Belonging ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Identity and Belonging appears in each chapter of Farewell My Concubine. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Identity and Belonging Quotes in Farewell My Concubine

Below you will find the important quotes in Farewell My Concubine related to the theme of Identity and Belonging.

Chapter 2 Quotes

His once deformed hand became the embodiment of feminine beauty as his wrists circled elegantly, the posed fingers of his “orchid hands” weaving through the air. […] Putting one hand under his chin in a pensive attitude, he gazed out, his eyes resting on some indistinct point neither near nor far. He was in another world.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 40
Explanation and Analysis:

That day at the Spring Blossom Teahouse they were Lu Bu, Diao Chan, and a group of “heroes.” But outside the theater, they were “ninth-class” citizens. As performers, opera singers, and actors, they stood on one of the bottom rungs of the social ladder in the China of the 1920s and 1930s. The time they spent in the limelight, dressed in elaborate costumes, was a brief respite from otherwise hard lives. For a few hours they embodied the dreams of their people, and then they went back to being objects of contempt.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 3 Quotes

Educated people had always looked down on theater people and their gypsy existence, while actors, filled with self-loathing, avenged themselves by disparaging educated people. Xiaolou felt disgust for the students. Who cared about family or country, indeed! If those little baby bookworms wanted to go save the nation, let them. Did they think they mattered?

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 77
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 5 Quotes

Once stripped bare, his fine-featured face stared tiredly from the mirror. He felt dead inside, his heart as cold and gray as ashes. He knew how it felt to be an abandoned woman and remembered an old saying: A woman without a man is a vine with no stakes to support her.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 105
Explanation and Analysis:

“One must pay meticulous attention to every aspect of one’s artistry. Only then can one hope for that sublime merging of players and play into one. There is a saying that if the actor is not himself deeply moved by his performance, then the audience won’t be touched either.”

Related Characters: Yuan Siye (speaker), Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 108
Explanation and Analysis:

Perhaps he was already dead. Maybe his mother had killed him when he was ten, and the man he was today was only a ghost. Or maybe he was that abandoned baby girl. Suddenly, he didn’t know who or where he was.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Yuan Siye, Master Ni, Master Guan, Yanhong
Page Number and Citation: 113
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 8 Quotes

He had failed where his heroine Yu Ji had succeeded. Life in the opera was more fulfilling, indeed. All one had to do was sing, up to the glorious finale; and the curtain always fells, right on cue. Onstage, Yu Ji was able to tell her lover that just as a virtuous minister does not serve two princes, so a virtuous woman cannot marry twice.; then she asks for her sword so that she can ender her life in his presence. This was her way of demonstrating her love for him., and her acceptance of his boundless love for her. But in real life, Dieyi’s love was unrequited.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 9 Quotes

He had fled to Hong Kong by sea from Fujian. Unlike General Xiang Yu, he had chosen to live. His life was not a play.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 230
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 10 Quotes

There wasn’t even any refuge in virtue anymore.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 255
Explanation and Analysis: