House Made of Dawn
by N. Scott Momaday
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Religion, Ceremony, and Tradition Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Home, Belonging, and Identity Theme Icon
Nature Theme Icon
Religion, Ceremony, and Tradition Theme Icon
Storytelling Theme Icon
Connection vs. Isolation Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in House Made of Dawn, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Religion, Ceremony, and Tradition Theme Icon
Religion, Ceremony, and Tradition Theme Icon

House Made of Dawn describes several ceremonies and festivals detail to showcase various Southwestern Native American religions. These ceremonies grant a sense of community, ecstasy, and understanding to the participants. They often coincide with revelations or moments of growth for the characters; for instance, Francisco is accepted as a voice in his community when he performs well as a drummer, and Abel first encounters the albino man during a ceremonial fight at a festival.

The characters also grapple with the significance of Catholicism in their lives. Tosamah, who distrusts Catholicism as a colonialist institution, condemns the “Jesus scheme” as a form of oppression. Francisco and Abel, on the other hand, find spiritual meaning in blending Catholic traditions with traditions of the Jemez religion. Tosamah is a religious man––he is a priest, in fact––but Ben Benally believes that his dismissal of Catholicism speaks to Tosamah’s feeling of superiority and his disconnect from magic and superstition. Ben views magic as a fact of life that must be honored, and the profound effects of spirituality and ceremonies on the characters’ lives suggest his view is correct. Still, House Made of Dawn presents traditional Indigenous religions and ceremonies, as well as Christian ones, as capable of providing comfort and community.

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Religion, Ceremony, and Tradition ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Religion, Ceremony, and Tradition appears in each chapter of House Made of Dawn. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Religion, Ceremony, and Tradition Quotes in House Made of Dawn

Below you will find the important quotes in House Made of Dawn related to the theme of Religion, Ceremony, and Tradition.

4. The Longhair, July 25 Quotes

[Francisco] is evil & desires to do me some injury & this after I befriended him all his life. […] He is one of them & goes often in the kiva & puts on their horns & hides & does worship that Serpent which even is the One our most ancient enemy. Yet he is unashamed to make one of my sacristans & brother I am most fearful to forbid it. […] Why am I betrayed who cannot desire to betray?

Related Characters: Fray Nicolás (speaker), Francisco
Page Number and Citation: 46
Explanation and Analysis:
Fray Nicolás, the Catholic priest of Walatowa, confesses in a letter to his brother a feeling of personal betrayal after discovering a young Francisco is practicing both Catholicism and his peoples’ traditional religion. In his journal entries prior to this letter, Nicolás has been dismissive of the Jemez religion, but his mental state has deteriorated, and he now reveals his zealous hatred for Indigenous religions, which he believes to be devil-worship. Nicolás’s absolute intolerance for the Jemez religion contrasts with Francisco’s ability to believe “unashamed[ly]” in tenets of both Catholicism and the Jemez religion; this contrast emphasizes the stubborn arrogance Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis cons

5. The Longhair, July 28 Quotes

These [animals]––and the innumerable meaner creatures, the lizard and the frog, the insect and the worm––have tenure in the land. The other, latecoming things––the beasts of burden and of trade, the horse and the sheep, the dog and the cat––these have an alien and inferior aspect, a poverty of vision and instinct, by which they are estranged from the wild land, and made tentative. They are born and die upon the land, but then they are gone away from it, as if they had never been. […] [M]an too, has tenure in the land; he dwelt upon the land twenty-five thousand years ago, and his gods before him.

Page Number and Citation: 52
Explanation and Analysis:
The novel’s narration consistently pays close attention to nature, but this passage specifically uses nature to discuss the strength and significance of indigeneity. Animals native to their habitat, regardless of their position in the ecosystem, are better suited to live in that habitat than foreign and invasive species, per the novel. These native animals have adapted over thousands of years to suit the environment, while the “other, latecoming things” adapted to foreign lands. These animals brought to America by colonizers lack the connection to and understanding of the land that native animals innately possess. As such, the land does not Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore

The people of the town have little need. They do not hanker after progress and have never changed their essential way of life. Their invaders were a long time in conquering them; and now, after four centuries of Christianity, they still pray in Tanoan to the old deities of the earth and sky and make their living from the things that are and have always been within their reach; while in the discrimination of pride they acquire from their conquerors only the luxury of example. They have assumed the names and gestures of their enemies, but have held onto their own, secret souls; and in this there is a resistance and an overcoming, a long outwaiting.

Page Number and Citation: 52-53
Explanation and Analysis:
In this overview of the people of Walatowa, the omniscient narrator explains how holding onto tradition is a form of resistance. “Progress” is positioned as a colonialist pursuit that disrespects and devalues the Jemez people’s “essential way of life.” This perspective reframes a common racist, colonialist narrative that demeans Native Americans for being supposedly backwards or primitive. It asserts instead that the “progress”—of which European colonizers and their descendants are so proud—is not inherently good or valuable; in fact, holding to tradition instead of chasing progress is what makes Indigenous nations strong. This passage acknowledges the violent imposition of colonial Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et.

6. The Longhair, August 1 Quotes

It made him glad to be in the midst of talk and celebration, to savor the rich relief of the coming rain upon the rows of beans and chilies and corn, to see the return of weather, of trade and reunion upon the town. He tossed his head in greeting to the shy Navajo children who hid among the camps and peered, afraid of his age and affliction. For they, too, were a harvest, in some intractable sense the regeneration of his own bone and blood.

Related Characters: Francisco
Page Number and Citation: 68
Explanation and Analysis:
People from the pueblos surrounding Walatowa have come to the village to celebrate the Feast of Porcingula, and Francisco appreciates the festivities he walks through. The festival is a time for various towns and peoples to come together and celebrate their shared beliefs and heritage, and also to renew their commitment to friendship and unity. The Feast of Porcingula is a designated time for “trade and reunion.” Francisco appreciates both the human and the environmental elements of the festival, highlighting the importance he grants to both his community and the land. Francisco’s belief that the children at the festival are Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accus

8. The Priest of the Sun, January 26 Quotes

“And in his hurry he said too much. ‘In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.’ It was the Truth, all right, but it was more than the Truth. The Truth was overgrown with fat, and the fat was God. The fat was John’s God, and God stood between John and the Truth. […] He had said all there was to say, everything, but he went on. ‘In the beginning was the word….’ Brothers and sisters, that was the Truth […]

[O]ld John was a white man, and the white man has his ways. […] He talks about the Word. He talks through it and around it. […] And in all of this he subtracts the Truth.’”

Related Characters: Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 82-83
Explanation and Analysis:
In his sermon to the congregants of the Holiness Pan-Indian Rescue, Tosamah discusses the spiritual significance of Truth. He believes that language is the key to expressing Truth, but overusing language cheapens it and dilutes its connection to Truth. Tosamah insists that the Biblical John struck at the heart of Truth when he wrote “In the beginning was the word,” but then John continued to write after that, weakening his message. This, Tosamah argues, is the flaw of white culture and religion. White people talk “through” and “around” the Word that leads to Truth, unlike Native Americans, who honor the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. M

10. The Night Chanter, February 20 Quotes

We went up there on the hill, him and me, with Tosamah and Cruz. There were a lot of Indians up there, and we really got going after a while. […] Somebody built a fire, and we heated the drums until they were good and you could really hear them. Mercedes Tenorio had some turtle shells and she started doing a stomp dance.

You can forget about everything up there. […] We could see one whole side of the city, all the way to the water, but we couldn’t hear anything down there. All we could hear was the drums and the singing.

Related Characters: Ben Benally (speaker), Abel, Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah, Cruz
Page Number and Citation: 127-128
Explanation and Analysis:
To celebrate Abel’s last night in Los Angeles, Ben, Tosamah, and Cruz bring him to a party outside the city. As the novel continues to explore different modes of storytelling, this chapter is told entirely from Ben Benally’s first-person perspective. This shows the reader an insider’s perspective on Native American urban life, which contrasts with Abel’s perspective as an outsider to that world. This party represents an escape from that urban life, which the book establishes as stifling and lonely. The Native American partygoers physically distance themselves from Los Angeles, and though the city remains visible, the festivities drown it Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi nec

“They gave him every advantage. […] But was he grateful? Hell, no, man, he was too dumb to be civilized. So what happened? They let him alone at last. They thought he was harmless. […] But it didn’t turn out that way. He turned out to be a real primitive sonuvabitch, and the first time he got hold of a knife he killed a man. That must have embarrassed the hell out of them.

“[…] They put that cat away, man. They had to. It’s part of the Jesus scheme. They, man. They put all of us renegades, us diehards, away sooner or later.”

Related Characters: Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah (speaker), Ben Benally, Abel
Page Number and Citation: 131-132
Explanation and Analysis:
Tosamah sees Abel less as a human being and more as a representative of how colonialism has failed. He disparages Abel as “dumb” and “primitive,” mocking both Abel and colonialism’s attempts to force “civilization” upon people resistant to it. According to Tosamah, Abel’s “primitive” nature overpowers his military training and renders him useless to the colonial institution. Then, when the colonial machine loosens its grip on him, Abel immediately resorts to mindless violence. Tosamah is entertained by this perceived primitivism, celebrating it as an embarrassment to agents of colonialism (in this case, the American justice system). He sees himself as Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam o

[Tosamah] doesn’t know how it is when you grow up out there someplace. […] You grow up in the night, and there are a lot of funny things going on, things you don’t know how to talk about. A baby dies, or a good horse. You get sick, or the corn dries up for no good reason. Then you remember something that happened the week before, something that wasn’t right. You heard an owl, maybe, or you saw a funny kind of whirlwind […]. And then you know. You just know. Maybe your aunt or your grandmother was a witch. Maybe you knew she was […]. You just know, and you can’t help being scared.

Related Characters: Ben Benally (speaker), Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah, Abel
Page Number and Citation: 131-132
Explanation and Analysis:
Though Tosamah is a priest of the pan-Indigenous peyote religion, he is dismissive of many Pueblo superstitions and spiritual beliefs. Ben attributes this scorn to Tosamah’s disconnect from the pueblos themselves. Throughout the book, Indigenous characters display a deep, often religious connection to their homelands. This connection allows Pueblo people to see magic in their lands and their communities that is not obvious to outsiders. This magic is as much a source of fear as a source of wonder. Ben often takes comfort in his religious beliefs, but he “can’t help being scared” of witches and the unexplainable, unspeakable “funny Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Pe

He was going home, and I wanted to pray. Look out for me, I said; look out each day and listen for me. And we were going together on horses to the hills. We were going to ride out in the first light to the hills. We were going to see how it was, and always was, how the sun came up with a little wind and the light ran out on the land. We were going to get drunk, I said. We were going to be all alone, and we were going to get drunk and sing. We were going to sing about the way it always was. And it was going to be right and beautiful. It was going to be the last time. And he was going home.

Related Characters: Ben Benally (speaker), Abel
Page Number and Citation: 166
Explanation and Analysis:
Ben narrates the implosion of Abel’s life in Los Angeles, and his subsequent decision to return to Walatowa; Ben has chosen not to return to his reservation. Ben’s repetition of “he was going home” has an almost jealous tone to it. It speaks to Ben’s own desire to return to his community, a fantasy that he indulges in with Abel. He imagines riding a horse again with his friend, and his narration emphasizes the landscape to demonstrate his desire to reconnect with the land. Ben imagines the reservation as a place of freedom and pleasure, where he and Abel can Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta

11. The Dawn Runner, February 27 Quotes

In the only possible way, perhaps, [Father Olguin] had come to terms with the town […]. To be sure, there was the matter of some old and final cleavage, of certain exclusion, the whole and subtle politics of estrangement, but that was easily put aside […]. That safety––that exclusive silence––was the sense of all his vows, certainly; it had been brought about by his own design, his act of renunciation, not the town’s. He had done well, by the town, after all. He had set an example of piety […].

Related Characters: Father Olguin, Francisco
Page Number and Citation: 170
Explanation and Analysis:
After the narrative moves away from Father Olguin for seven years, it finds him again just as alienated from the people of Walatowa as he was in 1952. Now, though, Father Olguin has convinced himself that this separation is proof of his holiness. As a representative of the colonial religion, Catholicism, Father Olguin has occupied a tenuous place in Walatowa throughout the novel. However, figures like Francisco demonstrate that many residents of Walatowa hold both Catholic and traditional religious beliefs. There might be, then, a way for Father Olguin himself to integrate into the Walatowa community, if he accepts that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupt

They must learn the whole contour of the black mesa. They must know it as they knew the shape of their hands, always and by heart. […] They must know the long journey of the sun on the black mesa, how it rode in the seasons and the years, and they must live according to the sun appearing, for only then could they reckon where they were, where all things were, in time. […]

These things he told to his grandsons carefully, slowly and at length, because they were old and true, and they could be lost forever as easily as one generation is lost to the next, as easily as one old man might lose his voice, having spoken not enough or not at all.

Related Characters: Francisco, Abel, Vidal
Page Number and Citation: 171
Explanation and Analysis:
As Francisco dies, he remembers a series of meaningful moments in his life. One of these is a memory of showing Vidal and Abel the landscape and teaching them how to measure time with the seasons—and, more broadly, how to live as one with nature. The Native American characters in the novel have continually emphasized the importance of connecting with land, and here Francisco explains one reason why this connection is so significant. His ancestors, and accordingly Vidal and Abel’s ancestors, established their place in the universe in relation to the natural world around them. As such, the Pueblo people Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissim

12. The Dawn Runner, February 28 Quotes

He was running, and his body cracked open with pain, and he was running on. He was running and there was no reason to run but the running itself and the land and the dawn appearing. […] He saw the slim black bodies of the runners in the distance, gliding away without sound through the slanting light and the rain. […] His legs buckled and he fell in the snow. The rain fell around him in the snow and he saw his broken hands […]. And he got up and ran on. He was alone and running on. […] Pure exhaustion laid hold of his mind, and he could see at last without having to think. He could see the canyon and the mountains and the sky.

Related Characters: Abel, Francisco
Related Symbols: Running and Races
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 185
Explanation and Analysis:
After Francisco’s death, Abel runs into the plains to run the race of the dead, a tradition his grandfather taught him. He honors Francisco by finally embracing the traditions his grandfather valued, after spending the story torn between Jemez traditions and the lifestyles expected in urban America. Abel honors his late grandfather by following in Francisco’s footsteps as a runner. One of Francisco’s passions as a young man was running, which helped him connect with his community and his religion. Caring for the dying Francisco forced Abel to develop into a man mature enough to look after someone else in Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta i