How Much of These Hills Is Gold

by C Pam Zhang

Ma Character Analysis

Ma is Ba’s wife and the mother of Sam and Lucy. She grew up in China, where her family made a living fishing, but she left to seek her fortune in the California Gold Rush. Along with 199 others, she fell for the stories of the gold man’s recruiters and crossed the ocean to work for him. Ma is quick, intelligent, and socially aware. She believes that making a good impression is important. She is attracted to power—one of the reasons she starts paying attention to Ba is that she thinks he’s the boss rather than the gold man’s employee. Ma has a way to get other people—especially men—to do what she wants, but her allure is more than just beauty. Teacher Leigh admires her obvious intelligence and social sophistication as much as her looks. Ma has a strong sense of justice. Thus, she often believes that she knows better than anyone else. This leads her into trouble, as it leaves her vulnerable to other people’s lies, such as the gold man’s promise of riches or Ba’s allowing Ma to believe that, like her, he immigrated from (and would like to return to) China. It also leads her to make drastic decisions that harm others. She once kindled a wildfire to pay back the gold man’s guards for killing one of her fellow immigrants, and she abandons her family and returns to China by herself after a series of calamities, including the stillbirth of her third child.

Ma Quotes in How Much of These Hills Is Gold

The How Much of These Hills Is Gold quotes below are all either spoken by Ma or refer to Ma. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
).

Chapter 2 Quotes

The dog was there again the next day, and again Lucy found no grave. It was there the next day, its maimed body cutting a perfect arc through the air. The dog was there, the dog was there, and the dog was there as Lucy searched in vain for the grave Ba refused to speak of. The dog learned to walk, run, chase brown leaves, while at home Ba got clumsier. […]

Day by day Lucy spent more time studying the dog. Its grace among the broken things. On the day she quit searching, the day the lake dried up and the valley lay exposed with no sign on the grave, the dog approached. Close-up its eyes were brown and sorrowful. Close up it was a she.

Related Characters: Lucy, Ma, Ba, Sam
Page Number and Citation: 32
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 4 Quotes

“It’s—” Lucy says, heart quickening.

“A sign,” Sam says.

Most times Lucy can’t read Sam’s dark eyes. Tonight the moonlight has pierced Sam through, made Sam’s thoughts clear as the blades of grass. Together they stand as if at a threshold, remembering the tiger Ma drew in the doorway of each new house. Ma’s tiger like no other tiger Lucy has seen, a set of eight lines suggesting the beast only if you squinted. A cipher. Ma drew her tiger as protection against what might come. Singing, Lao hu, lao hu.

Ma drew her tiger in each new home.

Related Characters: Sam (speaker), Lucy (speaker), Ma, Ba
Related Symbols: Tiger
Page Number and Citation: 51
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 8 Quotes

Once Lucy looked down, always down, into her little sister’s face. Now it’s level with hers. The face of a stranger. A face to which she can’t say:

That sure she wants clean water and nice rooms, dresses and baths—but those are only things. Beyond them, she doesn’t know. The hollow inside her doesn’t hold what it once held, as the grave they dug couldn’t accommodate all its old dirt. Dig too deep, miners know, scoop away too much of what is good, and you tempt collapse. Ba’s body, Ma’s trunk, the shack and the streams and the hills—she left them willingly, expecting that at least Sam would remain to cross over to the future.

But Lucy can’t ask. Can’t speak. The stink of her own filth chokes her. She pulls her dress over her head, shutting out Sam’s face. Then she […] jumps into the river.

Related Characters: Ba, Sam, Lucy, Ma
Page Number and Citation: 60
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 11 Quotes

It used to be that Ma and Lucy kept one another’s secrets. Each day on the wagon trail Ba and Sam disappeared at dusk to hunt or scout; and each day Lucy and Ma were left alone among hills emptied of noise. Into that wide, quiet space Lucy spilled her fear of the mule, how she’d nicked Ba’s knife, how she envied Sam. Ma drank Lucy’s words in, as her skin drank in the gilded late afternoons. Ma knew how to hold a secret in silence, sometimes murmuring, sometimes tipping her head, sometimes brushing Lucy’s hand. Ma listened.

In turn, Ma told Lucy how she rubbed lard on her hands to keep them soft […] how she chose, very carefully, who she associated with. In these moments, Lucy knew that Ma loved her best. Sam might have Ma’s hair and Ma’s beauty, but Ma and Lucy were joined by words.

Related Characters: Ma, Ba, Sam, Lucy
Page Number and Citation: 96-97
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 13 Quotes

They last saw clouds like this a year ago on the trail. Mistook them for locusts till a boom lit the horizon orange. For three days fires raged, a distant mine burning. And Ma—Ma who braved storm and drought, who once set her own broken finger—Ma sank her head to her knees and shivered. Didn’t look up till they were long past. She doesn’t like fire, Ba said brusquely when Lucy asked. Shut that big mouth.

[…]

“Ni zhi dao, Lucy girl, what happens to bodies in a fire?” Ma says as Lucy drags her up. […] “I know […] Fire leaves nothing to bury.” Lucy hums, as if soothing a panicked mule. “The haints yi bei zi follow. They never let you go.

Related Characters: Lucy (speaker), Ma (speaker), Ba, Sam
Page Number and Citation: 126-127
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 14 Quotes

What does your father drink? How much?

Can you describe his attitude toward violence?

Will you call it savage?

What is your mother’s breeding?

Does she perhaps come from royal stock?

The teacher improves Lucy’s answers. Brow furrowed, he scratches out, rewrites, pauses to ask Lucy to repeat herself. On that blank page he orders her family’s story with words neatened as the schoolhouse is neatened, the parlor, the rows of coyote brush that shut out what’s unpleasant to see. Lucy’s story set down as part of the teacher’s monograph on the Western territory. One day she’ll hold that book […]. She’ll lay it before Ma. She’ll smooth its pages and hear its living spine crack.

Lessons in imagining herself better.

Related Characters: Teacher Leigh (speaker), Lucy, Ma, Ba
Page Number and Citation: 132-133
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 15 Quotes

Lucy doesn’t like how Ma licked her lips at the memory of star fruit, which Lucy hasn’t tasted. She doesn’t like how Ma, speaking of the tiled roof of her childhood home, damns the roofs of Lucy’s. Well, sometimes the rain against tin or canvas can make a music as pretty as the two-stringed fiddles Ma talks about. Sometimes, the dust that Ma hates so much furs the hills a tender gold. Lucy demands to know what makes Ma’s streets prettier, Ma’s rain nicer, Ma’s food tastier. She asks and asks, her voice swelling, and gets no answers. Ma shrinks back into the pillows with every question. As if Lucy’s words are a violence.

Related Characters: Lucy, Ba, Ma
Related Symbols: Gold
Page Number and Citation: 152-153
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 17 Quotes

No trace of them is to remain. Their footprints in the dirt floor will be swept, their clotheslines taken down, their garden left to drown or rot. Another set of miners will be given this house, or maybe another flock of hens. It was never their house, or their land, to begin with. The wet season will wash away every imprint, shoe print, hair, fingernail, mark, chewed pencil, dented pan, drawn tiger, voice, story.

A fresh horror surges through Lucy as she listens to rain soften the land, swell the creeks, chill the air. A recurring image of the family tossed out like Ma’s pail of muddy brown dishwater. What proof will there be that they existed at all in these hills?

Surely she can leave something behind. Something that lasts.

Related Characters: Sam, Ma, Lucy, Teacher Leigh, Ba
Page Number and Citation: 161
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 19 Quotes

How did they survive the attack on the wagon all those years back?

They didn’t. Leastways, not all of them. They left the mule and didn’t shoot or bury her. Ma made no mention, then, of silver or water.

“Bie kan,” Ma instructed as they ran. But Lucy looked back. A dozen pinpoint eyes stung through the dark as the pack closed in. The living mule a distraction. A sacrifice. All that Lucy could bear—she’d seen dead things in plenty. What made her shudder was how firm Ma held her head. Where the rest of the family looked back at the faithful mule, only Ma heeded her own command. She bit her lip, and blood pinked her teeth. Likely it pained her. But Ma showed no pain, and never looked back.

Related Characters: Lucy, Ma, Ba, Sam, Bald Man
Page Number and Citation: 179
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 21 Quotes

Your ma was like you in a whole lot of ways. She believed that dressing right and talking right could set the world right around her. She studied me and the hired men. Asked us the words for shirt and dress, asked what women wore in this land. Always looking to better herself, your ma.

You see, your ma had come seeking fortune. All the two hundred had. Back home your ma’s own ba was dead, her ma’s hands ruined gutting fish. She was promised to marry an old fisherman, till she boarded the ship.

Golden mountain she told me, the same night she told about the mother, the fisherman, the man at the harbor who promised this place over the ocean would make them rich.

Related Characters: Ba (speaker), Ma, Lucy, Gold Man
Related Symbols: Gold
Page Number and Citation: 201
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 28 Quotes

Lucy is afraid as she kneels with Sam behind her. Not of the knife—of herself. These last years, her wiry hair grew in smooth and sleek at last, as Ma said it would. What if she proves as vain as Ma? As selfish?

She closes her eyes so as not to see it. As the hanks fall free, a space opens on her neck. A lightness.

There is, she is coming to see, a place that exists between the world Ba pursued and the world Ma wanted. His a lost world, doomed to make the present and future dim in comparison. Hers so narrow it could accommodate only one. A place Lucy and Sam might arrive at together. Almost a new kind of land.

Related Characters: Lucy, Sam, Ma, Ba
Page Number and Citation: 279
Explanation and Analysis:
Get the entire How Much of These Hills Is Gold LitChart as a printable PDF.
"My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." -Graham S.
How Much of These Hills Is Gold PDF

Ma Character Timeline in How Much of These Hills Is Gold

The timeline below shows where the character Ma appears in How Much of These Hills Is Gold. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Chapter 1
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...bursts onto the scene to defend her. Sam’s sudden movement causes Nellie to bolt, dislodging Ma’s trunk. It crashes to the ground and the lid springs open, revealing Ba’s maggot-infested remains.... (full context)
Chapter 2
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
Years before, Ma taught Lucy the recipe for a burial, after Lucy discovered a drowned snake: silver to... (full context)
Home Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...kind of code between them, which goes back to an incident that happened shortly after Ma died. (full context)
Home Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
When Ma died, Ba buried her but didn’t say where. For weeks, Lucy searched for the gravesite,... (full context)
Grief Theme Icon
...the next two weeks, Sam and Lucy wander aimlessly. Whenever Sam isn’t around, Lucy shakes Ma’s trunk and hastily buries whatever bits of Ba drop out. One day, it’s his penis,... (full context)
Chapter 3
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...hands over her ears and listens for the sound of her own blood, a sound Ma once told her was like the ocean. She misses Ma, and she finds herself apologizing... (full context)
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...a rucksack with all his secrets—why he drank, why he sometimes cried, where he buried Ma—still locked away in his remains. Lucy and Sam leave Ma’s trunk behind as they mount... (full context)
Chapter 4
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...both whoop and holler with joy at the speed, and Lucy hears both Ba’s and Ma’s voices mixed in with theirs. (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...in contrast, knew that he was dying for years—that something in him had died with Ma and his body just took a few years to catch up. Tenderly, she hugs Sam... (full context)
Home Theme Icon
...that they’re where they should be. When they were small, each time the family moved, Ma would draw a tiger talisman on the doorway as a sign of protection. (full context)
Chapter 7
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
...their near-starvation. It makes Sam look more like a boy, but also, paradoxically, more like Ma. Then, one afternoon, Lucy and Sam smell a cookfire nearby. Armed with Ba’s empty gun... (full context)
Chapter 9
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
...saying to keep the money. Lucy says nothing until she stops Sam from bringing up Ma. She doesn’t know where the line between truth and convenient fiction lies in Sam’s words. (full context)
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...She touches the back of her dress and underwear, which are covered in menstrual blood. Ma told her, long ago, that on this day—on this day when she ceased being a... (full context)
Chapter 10
Home Theme Icon
The action flashes back four years to the day when Ma, Ba, Lucy, and Sam arrive at the small mining town where Ma and Ba will... (full context)
Chapter 11
Family  Theme Icon
Ma’s illness keeps her from cooking, cleaning, or watching Sam. While Sam spends the days running... (full context)
Family  Theme Icon
...dinner, too. One day she realizes that Sam ate the fried potato Lucy left for Ma. Lucy threatens to tell Ba, but in exchange for Lucy’s silence, Sam promises to show... (full context)
Family  Theme Icon
Up to this point, Lucy and Ma kept each other’s secrets, but this time Lucy tells Ba. Later that night, hidden in... (full context)
Chapter 12
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
The chicken bones tide Ma over, but she craves meat. Unfortunately, the mine boss shorts Ba’s next pay, claiming to... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Ma’s strength returns and she returns to her domestic chores. She and Ba are excited by... (full context)
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
...the idea, but Sam hates the loss of freedom it entails. Still, Sam obeys when Ma lays out two fine new dresses—brocade silk from her trunk, much fancier than anything the... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
...going to school, though Ba worries about Teacher Leigh’s evident curiosity about the family. Still, Ma insists that their daughters must learn how to be something other than miners. This angers... (full context)
Chapter 13
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
...a rock thrown by a school child, he berates Lucy for failing to protect Sam. Ma tries to intervene, but Ba won’t be stopped. School, he says, is no place for... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
Ma relents. In a set of Ba’s clothes altered to fit her child’s body, Sam heads... (full context)
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
...is much nicer than anyone else’s, and Lucy finds its orderliness beautiful. She doesn’t want Ma to sully it with her bare feet and cracked nails. And initially, Ma stands to... (full context)
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
Under the spell of Ma’s husky, compelling voice, Teacher Leigh invites her and Lucy in and offers them tea and... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Lucy is relieved, but as she and Ma leave, she’s upset, too, because she knows Ma avoided the truth when Teacher Leigh asked... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
On their way home, Ma and Lucy realize that the mine has caught fire. The sight of it nearly drives... (full context)
Chapter 14
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
...that there are “no more” secrets. He and Sam give the gold they find to Ma, who squirrels it away in anticipation of the family’s future. But Lucy has a secret:... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Home Theme Icon
...salt and hides it in her handkerchief to add to her family’s dinner. One day Ma catches her. Lucy is scared of being punished, but Ma only says that sometimes she... (full context)
Chapter 15
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Home Theme Icon
One day, when Sam is ill with a fever, Ma sends Lucy to the gold field with Ba instead of to school. The plateau is... (full context)
Home Theme Icon
At home, Ma tells Ba that the mine boss came by and threatened the family with eviction, since... (full context)
Home Theme Icon
Gathering the family around her, Ma tells them about  home, a place of misty mountains, cobbled streets, and exotic sweet fruits.... (full context)
Chapter 16
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Home Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
...sees something she can’t understand. On their mattress, Ba lies flat on his back with Ma astride him. Ma is moving rhythmically and seems to be hurting Ba. Lucy hears Ma... (full context)
Chapter 17
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Home Theme Icon
Ma hardly seems to notice the rain as she empties the trunk she brought from home... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Home Theme Icon
...to leave, and certainly not under the cover of darkness and without a trace as Ma and Ba plan to do. She’s lived in this territory her whole life and doesn’t... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Lucy wakes up in Ma’s bed. She overhears a strained conversation between Teacher Leigh and Ma. He evidently finds Ma... (full context)
Chapter 18
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
...wind. They turn around. Ba says it’s just bad luck and it will pass, but Ma doesn’t look like she feels lucky.  Jackals follow the rains, looking for easy prey among... (full context)
Chapter 19
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
...by the shoulders. Sam springs on him with a sharpened bone in hand, drawing blood. Ma silences the ensuing pandemonium with her sheer strength of will. She speaks rapidly in Chinese... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
...He insists the baby will still be a baby when they get back to China. Ma says nothing. In the morning, Lucy and Sam gather and piece together what’s left while... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
...injured mule. Lucy remembers looking back and seeing glowing eyes circling in the dark. But Ma? Ma never looked back. (full context)
Chapter 20
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
The next day, Ma goes into labor. Ba goes to fetch the doctor and Sam flees the house, leaving... (full context)
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
...where  Teacher Leigh says it’s civilized. Lightning flashes, and Lucy sees the deep sadness in Ma’s face then. Ma expresses regret that the country has “claimed” Lucy and Sam, even though... (full context)
Chapter 21
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
Among this crowd, Ma immediately stands out, not just for her beauty, but for the way in which she... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Civilization vs. Wilderness  Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
...guards lock them up in a stone building to prevent them from running away. Still, Ma finds ways to slip away and visit Ba’s private campsite, on the shore of a... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
With Ma’s help, Ba slowly earns the trust of the two hundred immigrants. What Ba understands with... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
...earnest, wildfires encroach on the camp, rattling everyone. Or almost everyone. One day, Ba and Ma wake up to see tiger prints in the soft mud around the lake. Ba, associating... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Not long afterwards, Ma and Ba come into the workers’ camp to discover that one of the guards has... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
Ma hatches a plan to restore justice by setting a fire near the guards’ camp and... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
...control and rages like a wild tiger. Instead of dying at a nearby stream as Ma and Ba intended, it jumps across on the wind and lands on the stone building... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
The fire leaves permanent scars on both Ma—whose voice never fully recovers from the smoke inhalation—and Ba, although his injury happens some days... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...and Ba hurries to finish his story before dawn. He tells Lucy how he promised Ma that they’d find their fortune in the hills and that one day he’d take her... (full context)
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...before he died (although he told Sam) in part because Lucy was so much like Ma—especially in her sense of justice and moral rightness—that he feared how she would react. In... (full context)
Chapter 28
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
...Sam wants Lucy’s promise that she won’t leave again. And then, Sam tells Lucy that  Ma didn’t die all those years ago. She abandoned them. Lucy’s world crumbles. Things she hasn’t... (full context)
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
...as small children. In the morning, when she looks at her reflection in the stream, Ma’s face no longer stares back, and Lucy thinks she has a chance to grow up... (full context)
Chapter 29
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Home Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
...Indigenous riders, Sam stops to talk, to share resources, as Ba might have done. Unlike Ma, Lucy learns not to hold herself aloof or to consider herself better than them. Because,... (full context)
Chapter 30
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...the brothel with its heavy, exotic scent—a scent she belatedly realizes smells a lot like Ma’s old trunk—and to return to the harbor where everything smells of clean salt. When Lucy... (full context)
Chapter 32
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
...She consults books about China. She fashions from these histories and from Lucy’s stories about Ma a new persona for Lucy to present to clients. When Lucy steps into the entry... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Identity and Gender Theme Icon
Family  Theme Icon
...want to be flattered. Eventually, she starts entertaining men who look like her, men who—like Ma—came to this territory as cheap labor to build White men’s railroads. At first, she’s more... (full context)
Truth, Lies, and History Theme Icon
Home Theme Icon
Grief Theme Icon
...China. But the stories and possibilities are no different there than here. She lets that dream—Ma’s and, ultimately, Sam’s—go. The third time the bald man asks, Lucy thinks of the golden... (full context)