Invisible Cities

by

Italo Calvino

Teachers and parents! Our Teacher Edition on Invisible Cities makes teaching easy.

Kublai Khan Character Analysis

The real-life Kublai Khan was the 13th-century emperor of the Mongol Empire who also crowned himself the first emperor of the Chinese Yuan dynasty. The novel introduces Kublai Khan as a powerful leader, intent on learning about every city in his empire so that he may more fully control the empire. He does this by seeking stories of his cities from travelers and merchants, especially the Venetian Marco Polo. As Marco Polo tells Kublai Khan of cities that seem increasingly more fantastical and less likely to be real, Kublai Khan becomes more and more interested in coming up with ways to plan cities, figuring out which cities are real, and ascertaining if certain cities he describes might actually exist in the real world. Marco Polo shuts down all of these attempts, causing Kublai Khan to feel increasingly out of control and morose about the fate of his empire, which he comes to see as bloated, ill, and complacent. He also becomes more interested in Marco Polo as a person at about this same time, and so he asks to hear about Marco Polo’s hometown of Venice—though he’s confused when Marco Polo insists that whenever he speaks about a city, he’s speaking about Venice. Kublai Khan later decides to figure out the true nature of the cities by inviting Marco Polo to describe cities using chess pieces, as he sees a chessboard and the game as structures that will give the cities more meaning. But instead of gaining clarity, Kublai Khan comes to question what the point of the chess game is at all, since winning seems to mean little and Marco Polo is still able to draw stories out of the board itself. Through this attempt, and through Kublai Khan’s attempts to plot cities and routes in his atlas, he comes to the conclusion that it’s pointless to even try anymore—humanity, he laments, is headed for “the infernal city,” or eventual doom and extinction of some sort, and it’s impossible to try to save it.

Kublai Khan Quotes in Invisible Cities

The Invisible Cities quotes below are all either spoken by Kublai Khan or refer to Kublai Khan. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Memory, Perception, and Experience Theme Icon
).
Chapter 1 Quotes

It is the desperate moment when we discover that this empire, which had seemed to us the sum of all wonders, is an endless, formless ruin, that corruption’s gangrene has spread too far to be healed by our scepter, that the triumph over enemy sovereigns has made us the heirs of their long undoing.

Related Characters: Marco Polo, Kublai Khan
Page Number: 5
Explanation and Analysis:

Isidora, therefore, is the city of his dreams: with one difference. The dreamed-of city contained him as a young man; he arrives at Isidora in his old age. In the square there is the wall where the old men sit and watch the young go by; he is seated in a row with them. Desires are already memories.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 8
Explanation and Analysis:

Such is the power, sometimes called malignant, sometimes benign, that Anastasia, the treacherous city, possesses; if for eight hours a day you work as a cutter of agate, onyx, chrysoprase, your labor which gives form to desire takes from desire its form, and you believe you are enjoying Anastasia wholly when you are only its slave.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 12
Explanation and Analysis:

The wares, too, which the vendors display on their stalls are valuable not in themselves but as signs of other things: the embroidered headband stands for elegance; [...] Your gaze scans the streets as if they were written pages: the city says everything you must think, makes you repeat her discourse, and while you believe you are visiting Tamara you are only recording the names with which she defines herself and all her parts.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 14
Explanation and Analysis:

But, obscure or obvious as it might be, everything Marco displayed had the power of emblems, which, once seen, cannot be forgotten or confused. In the Khan’s mind the empire was reflected in a desert of labile and interchangeable data, like grains of sand, from which there appeared, for each city and province, the figures evoked by the Venetian’s logogriphs.

Related Characters: Marco Polo, Kublai Khan
Page Number: 22
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2 Quotes

“It is evening. We are seated on the steps of your palace. There is a slight breeze,” Marco Polo answered. “Whatever country my words may evoke around you, you will see it from such a vantage point, even if instead of the palace there is a village on pilings and the breeze carries the stench of a muddy estuary.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 27
Explanation and Analysis:

It is pointless to ask whether the new ones are better or worse than the old, since there is no connection between them, just as the old post cards do not depict Maurilia as it was, but a different city which, by chance, was called Maurilia, like this one.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 31
Explanation and Analysis:

He infers this: if existence in all its moments is all of itself, Zoe is the place of indivisible existence. But why, then, does the city exist? What line separates the inside from the outside, the rumble of wheels from the howl of wolves?

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 34
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 3 Quotes

“Cities also believe they are the work of the mind or of chance, but neither the one nor the other suffices to hold up their walls. You take delight not in a city’s seven or seventy wonders, but in the answer it gives to a question of yours.”

“Or the question it asks you, forcing you to answer, like Thebes through the mouth of the Sphinx.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 33
Explanation and Analysis:

[...] and in the city of Zobeide, they recognized something of the streets of the dream, and they changed the positions of arcades and stairways to resemble more closely the path of the pursued woman and so, at the spot where she had vanished, there would remain no avenue of escape.

The first to arrive could not understand what drew these people to Zobeide, this ugly city, this trap.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 45-46
Explanation and Analysis:

Even when lovers twist their naked bodies, skin against skin, seeking the position that will give one the most pleasure in the other, even when murderers plunge the knife into the black veins of the neck and more clotted blood pours out the more they press the blade that slips between the tendons, it is not so much their copulating or murdering that matters as the copulating or murdering of the images, limpid and cold in the mirror.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 53
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4 Quotes

For everyone, sooner or later, the day comes when we bring our gaze down along the drainpipes and we can no longer detach it from the cobblestones. The reverse is not impossible, but it is more rare: and so we continue walking through Zemrude’s streets with eyes now digging into the cellars, the foundations, the wells.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 66
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5 Quotes

Suspended over the abyss, the life of Octavia’s inhabitants is less uncertain than in other cities. They know the net will only last so long.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 75
Explanation and Analysis:

There are three hypotheses about the inhabitants of Baucis: that they hate the earth; that they respect it so much they avoid all contact; that they love it as it was before they existed and with spyglasses and telescopes aimed downward they never tire of examining it, leaf by leaf, stone by stone, ant by ant, contemplating with fascination their own absence.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 77
Explanation and Analysis:

Marco Polo describes a bridge, stone by stone.

“But which is the stone that supports the bridge?” Kublai Khan asks.

“The bridge is not supported by one stone or another,” Marco answers,” but by the line of the arch that they form.”

Kublai Khan remains silent, reflecting. Then, he adds: “Why do you speak to me of the stones? It is only the arch that matters to me.”

Polo answers: Without stones there is no arch.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan (speaker)
Page Number: 82
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 6 Quotes

For some time the augurs had been sure that the carpet’s harmonious pattern was of divine origin. The oracle was interpreted in this sense, arousing no controversy. But you could, similarly, come to the opposite conclusion: that the true map of the universe is the city of Eudoxia, just as it is, a stain that spreads out shapelessly, with crooked streets, houses that crumble one upon the other amid clouds of dust, fires, screams in the darkness.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 97
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 7 Quotes

It is not so much by the things that each day are manufactured, sold, bought that you can measure Leonia’s opulence, but rather by the things that each day are thrown out to make room for the new. So you begin to wonder if Leonia’s true passion is really, as they say, the enjoyment of new and different things, and not, instead, the joy of expelling, discarding, cleansing itself of a recurrent impurity.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 114
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 8 Quotes

The Great Khan tried to concentrate on the game: but now it was the game’s purpose that eluded him. Each game ends in a gain or a loss: but of what? What were the true stakes? A checkmate, beneath the foot of a king, knocked aside by the winner’s hand, a black or a white square remains.

Related Characters: Marco Polo, Kublai Khan
Related Symbols: Chess
Page Number: 123
Explanation and Analysis:

For those who pass it without entering, the city is one thing; it is another for those who are trapped by it and never leave. There is the city where you arrive for the first time; and there is another city which you leave never to return. Each deserves a different name; perhaps I have already spoken of Irene under other names; perhaps I have spoken only of Irene.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 125
Explanation and Analysis:

If you ask, “Why is Thekla’s constructing taking such a long time?” the inhabitants continue hoisting sacks, lowering leaded strings, moving long brushes up and down, as they answer, “So that its destruction cannot begin.” And if asked whether they fear that, once the scaffoldings are removed, the city may begin to crumble and fall to pieces, they add hastily, in a whisper, “Not only the city.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 127
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9 Quotes

And Polo answers, “Traveling, you realize that differences are lost: each city takes to resembling all cities, places exchange their form, order, distances, a shapeless dust cloud invades the continents. Your atlas preserves the differences intact: that assortment of qualities which are like the letters in a name.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Related Symbols: The Atlas
Page Number: 137
Explanation and Analysis:

Perinthia’s astronomers are faced with a difficult choice. Either they must admit that all their calculations were wrong and their figures are unable to describe the heavens, or else they must reveal that the order of the gods is reflected exactly in the city of monsters.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 145
Explanation and Analysis:

Was the oracle mistaken? Not necessarily. I interpret it in this way: Marozia consists of two cities, the rat’s and the swallow’s; both change with time, but their relationship does not change; the second is the one about to free itself from the first.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Related Symbols: Rats, Birds (Swallows)
Page Number: 155
Explanation and Analysis:

“The inferno of the living is not something that will be; if there is one, it is what is already here, the inferno where we live every day, that we form by being together. There are two ways to escape suffering it. The first is easy for many: accept the inferno and become such a part of it that you can no longer see it. The second is risky and demands constant vigilance and apprehension: seek and learn to recognize who and what, in the midst of the inferno, are not inferno, then make them endure, give them space.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Related Symbols: The Atlas
Page Number: 165
Explanation and Analysis:
Get the entire Invisible Cities LitChart as a printable PDF.
Invisible Cities PDF

Kublai Khan Quotes in Invisible Cities

The Invisible Cities quotes below are all either spoken by Kublai Khan or refer to Kublai Khan. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Memory, Perception, and Experience Theme Icon
).
Chapter 1 Quotes

It is the desperate moment when we discover that this empire, which had seemed to us the sum of all wonders, is an endless, formless ruin, that corruption’s gangrene has spread too far to be healed by our scepter, that the triumph over enemy sovereigns has made us the heirs of their long undoing.

Related Characters: Marco Polo, Kublai Khan
Page Number: 5
Explanation and Analysis:

Isidora, therefore, is the city of his dreams: with one difference. The dreamed-of city contained him as a young man; he arrives at Isidora in his old age. In the square there is the wall where the old men sit and watch the young go by; he is seated in a row with them. Desires are already memories.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 8
Explanation and Analysis:

Such is the power, sometimes called malignant, sometimes benign, that Anastasia, the treacherous city, possesses; if for eight hours a day you work as a cutter of agate, onyx, chrysoprase, your labor which gives form to desire takes from desire its form, and you believe you are enjoying Anastasia wholly when you are only its slave.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 12
Explanation and Analysis:

The wares, too, which the vendors display on their stalls are valuable not in themselves but as signs of other things: the embroidered headband stands for elegance; [...] Your gaze scans the streets as if they were written pages: the city says everything you must think, makes you repeat her discourse, and while you believe you are visiting Tamara you are only recording the names with which she defines herself and all her parts.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 14
Explanation and Analysis:

But, obscure or obvious as it might be, everything Marco displayed had the power of emblems, which, once seen, cannot be forgotten or confused. In the Khan’s mind the empire was reflected in a desert of labile and interchangeable data, like grains of sand, from which there appeared, for each city and province, the figures evoked by the Venetian’s logogriphs.

Related Characters: Marco Polo, Kublai Khan
Page Number: 22
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2 Quotes

“It is evening. We are seated on the steps of your palace. There is a slight breeze,” Marco Polo answered. “Whatever country my words may evoke around you, you will see it from such a vantage point, even if instead of the palace there is a village on pilings and the breeze carries the stench of a muddy estuary.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 27
Explanation and Analysis:

It is pointless to ask whether the new ones are better or worse than the old, since there is no connection between them, just as the old post cards do not depict Maurilia as it was, but a different city which, by chance, was called Maurilia, like this one.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 31
Explanation and Analysis:

He infers this: if existence in all its moments is all of itself, Zoe is the place of indivisible existence. But why, then, does the city exist? What line separates the inside from the outside, the rumble of wheels from the howl of wolves?

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 34
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 3 Quotes

“Cities also believe they are the work of the mind or of chance, but neither the one nor the other suffices to hold up their walls. You take delight not in a city’s seven or seventy wonders, but in the answer it gives to a question of yours.”

“Or the question it asks you, forcing you to answer, like Thebes through the mouth of the Sphinx.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 33
Explanation and Analysis:

[...] and in the city of Zobeide, they recognized something of the streets of the dream, and they changed the positions of arcades and stairways to resemble more closely the path of the pursued woman and so, at the spot where she had vanished, there would remain no avenue of escape.

The first to arrive could not understand what drew these people to Zobeide, this ugly city, this trap.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 45-46
Explanation and Analysis:

Even when lovers twist their naked bodies, skin against skin, seeking the position that will give one the most pleasure in the other, even when murderers plunge the knife into the black veins of the neck and more clotted blood pours out the more they press the blade that slips between the tendons, it is not so much their copulating or murdering that matters as the copulating or murdering of the images, limpid and cold in the mirror.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 53
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4 Quotes

For everyone, sooner or later, the day comes when we bring our gaze down along the drainpipes and we can no longer detach it from the cobblestones. The reverse is not impossible, but it is more rare: and so we continue walking through Zemrude’s streets with eyes now digging into the cellars, the foundations, the wells.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 66
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5 Quotes

Suspended over the abyss, the life of Octavia’s inhabitants is less uncertain than in other cities. They know the net will only last so long.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 75
Explanation and Analysis:

There are three hypotheses about the inhabitants of Baucis: that they hate the earth; that they respect it so much they avoid all contact; that they love it as it was before they existed and with spyglasses and telescopes aimed downward they never tire of examining it, leaf by leaf, stone by stone, ant by ant, contemplating with fascination their own absence.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 77
Explanation and Analysis:

Marco Polo describes a bridge, stone by stone.

“But which is the stone that supports the bridge?” Kublai Khan asks.

“The bridge is not supported by one stone or another,” Marco answers,” but by the line of the arch that they form.”

Kublai Khan remains silent, reflecting. Then, he adds: “Why do you speak to me of the stones? It is only the arch that matters to me.”

Polo answers: Without stones there is no arch.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan (speaker)
Page Number: 82
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 6 Quotes

For some time the augurs had been sure that the carpet’s harmonious pattern was of divine origin. The oracle was interpreted in this sense, arousing no controversy. But you could, similarly, come to the opposite conclusion: that the true map of the universe is the city of Eudoxia, just as it is, a stain that spreads out shapelessly, with crooked streets, houses that crumble one upon the other amid clouds of dust, fires, screams in the darkness.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 97
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 7 Quotes

It is not so much by the things that each day are manufactured, sold, bought that you can measure Leonia’s opulence, but rather by the things that each day are thrown out to make room for the new. So you begin to wonder if Leonia’s true passion is really, as they say, the enjoyment of new and different things, and not, instead, the joy of expelling, discarding, cleansing itself of a recurrent impurity.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 114
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 8 Quotes

The Great Khan tried to concentrate on the game: but now it was the game’s purpose that eluded him. Each game ends in a gain or a loss: but of what? What were the true stakes? A checkmate, beneath the foot of a king, knocked aside by the winner’s hand, a black or a white square remains.

Related Characters: Marco Polo, Kublai Khan
Related Symbols: Chess
Page Number: 123
Explanation and Analysis:

For those who pass it without entering, the city is one thing; it is another for those who are trapped by it and never leave. There is the city where you arrive for the first time; and there is another city which you leave never to return. Each deserves a different name; perhaps I have already spoken of Irene under other names; perhaps I have spoken only of Irene.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 125
Explanation and Analysis:

If you ask, “Why is Thekla’s constructing taking such a long time?” the inhabitants continue hoisting sacks, lowering leaded strings, moving long brushes up and down, as they answer, “So that its destruction cannot begin.” And if asked whether they fear that, once the scaffoldings are removed, the city may begin to crumble and fall to pieces, they add hastily, in a whisper, “Not only the city.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 127
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9 Quotes

And Polo answers, “Traveling, you realize that differences are lost: each city takes to resembling all cities, places exchange their form, order, distances, a shapeless dust cloud invades the continents. Your atlas preserves the differences intact: that assortment of qualities which are like the letters in a name.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Related Symbols: The Atlas
Page Number: 137
Explanation and Analysis:

Perinthia’s astronomers are faced with a difficult choice. Either they must admit that all their calculations were wrong and their figures are unable to describe the heavens, or else they must reveal that the order of the gods is reflected exactly in the city of monsters.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Page Number: 145
Explanation and Analysis:

Was the oracle mistaken? Not necessarily. I interpret it in this way: Marozia consists of two cities, the rat’s and the swallow’s; both change with time, but their relationship does not change; the second is the one about to free itself from the first.

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Related Symbols: Rats, Birds (Swallows)
Page Number: 155
Explanation and Analysis:

“The inferno of the living is not something that will be; if there is one, it is what is already here, the inferno where we live every day, that we form by being together. There are two ways to escape suffering it. The first is easy for many: accept the inferno and become such a part of it that you can no longer see it. The second is risky and demands constant vigilance and apprehension: seek and learn to recognize who and what, in the midst of the inferno, are not inferno, then make them endure, give them space.”

Related Characters: Marco Polo (speaker), Kublai Khan
Related Symbols: The Atlas
Page Number: 165
Explanation and Analysis: