As Costard is being arrested for being spotted with Jacquenetta, he offers a few remarks on his condition to the members of the court who are watching. In an instance of dramatic irony, Costard speaks in malapropisms:
And therefore welcome the sour cup of prosperity. Affliction may one day smile again, and till
then, sit thee down, sorrow.
Costard, a foolish clown, often confuses similar sounding words. Throughout the play, Shakespeare plays with Costard’s confusion for comedic effect, as the clown tries and fails to affect an educated, sophisticated persona. As he’s dragged away, Costard mourns the “sour cup of prosperity.” Perhaps he’s thinking of the word “adversity” (or “misery,” “calamity,” etc.). He suggests “affliction” may smile on him once again, which suggests that he has confused it with a positive noun (perhaps “prosperity,” “luck,” or even “justice”).
The audience is well aware of Costard’s errors in speech, while Costard remains blissfully oblivious. The irony in this scene is amusing, but also points to the greater theme of the limits of speech. Costard is also the character who delivers Armado’s letter to Rosaline by mistake, and Berowne’s letter to Jacquenetta. Costard’s trouble with expressing himself, as well as his poor delivery of these love letters, references the play’s anxieties around miscommunication and the ambiguity of language.
In this scene, Berowne, the king, and Longaville each admit their feelings for their respective love interests. They each do so believing that they are alone. In a moment of dramatic irony, Longaville wonders aloud whether he is the only person to have broken his vow:
LONGAVILLE
Am I the first that have been perjured so?BEROWNE, aside
I could put thee in comfort: not by two that I know.
Thou makest the triumviry, the corner-cap of society, The shape of love’s Tyburn, that hangs up simplicity.
The audience can see Berowne, Longaville, and the king, but they are all unaware of one another. Berowne, hearing the king approach, hid; the king, hearing Longaville approach, hid as well. Apparently alone, Longaville asks himself whether anyone else has gone back on their promise to forego women for three years. Berowne replies—for the audience’s ears only—that he could comfort Longaville easily with two other cases (himself and the king). Their behavior makes them a "triumvirate" of felons in love’s prison.
This instance of dramatic irony is used to great comedic effect and also illustrates the lack of control these men have in the face of love. Their feelings have left each of them (temporarily) isolated, unable to make sense of their situation or to see themselves clearly within it. This scene presents a reversal of the conditions at the beginning of the play, when the men sought to free themselves of love through study. The illusion of control is shattered for each man individually and—as they meet one another—collectively as well.
In perhaps the most explicit instance of dramatic irony in the play, the four noblewomen disguise themselves as one another and confuse the noblemen, which is what makes interactions like the following so confusing to the characters:
BEROWNE
One word in secret.PRINCESS
Let it not be sweet.BEROWNE
Thou grievest my gall.PRINCESS
Gall! Bitter.BEROWNE
Therefore meet.
Berowne believes that the princess is actually Rosaline, because the princess is wearing a mask and a pearl he sent to Rosaline as a gift. Berowne proceeds to flirt with the princess, inviting her to speak with him in private (“One word in secret”). He accuses her of injuring him with her resistance (“Thou grievest my gall”), and she agrees to speak with him.
The same situation is repeated with Dumaine and Maria (who is pretending to be Katherine), Longaville and Katherine (who is pretending to be Maria), and Ferdinand and Rosaline (who is pretending to be the princess). The men each promise their love to the wrong women.
The audience’s knowledge that the Spanish noblemen are disguised as Russian ambassadors and that the women are disguised as one another adds several layers of comedy to this scene. This instance of dramatic irony also adds stakes and further drama to the courtships on stage, as the audience tries to puzzle out which characters really know what’s going on.
The use of dramatic irony also makes the audience aware of the cleverness of the French ladies. The Spaniards came to the field in disguise, believing that they could quickly trick and win over the three women. However, as the princess teases Berowne, her wit and couth are on full display. She and her ladies successfully fool the Spaniards and even convince them to pledge their love to the wrong women. In this way, dramatic irony is used to undercut gendered stereotypes and subvert expectations of female characters in the play.
