Native Speaker
by Chang-rae Lee

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Themes and Colors
Identity and Multiculturalism Theme Icon
Silence, Language, and Communication Theme Icon
Racism and Xenophobia Theme Icon
Love, Loss, and Moving On Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Native Speaker, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Racism and Xenophobia Theme Icon
Racism and Xenophobia Theme Icon

Native Speaker highlights the intolerance many immigrants of color face in the United States. Henry Park is an American citizen, but he still experiences bigotry because he’s Korean. While working in his father’s store as a teenager, he hears a white woman make a racist comment about him. This experience makes him feel invisible, since she clearly assumes he can’t understand her—or doesn’t care. The same woman later bites an apple and puts it back, but Henry’s father stops him from saying anything, noting in Korean that she’s a “steady customer.” Henry thus sees the difficult societal position his father occupies: in order to be successful, he’s forced to tolerate mistreatment from wealthy white people who think they’re above him. To make it in the United States as an immigrant of color, the novel implies, often means having to navigate and put up with bigotry.

It's perhaps because Henry witnessed American society’s mistreatment of his father that he later respects John Kwang, a Korean American councilman whose success stems from his engagement with New York City’s immigrant community. Kwang’s base is made up of immigrants from many different countries, including—or perhaps especially—Korea. The fact that he has so much influence over New York politics is significant to Henry, since it means Kwang has harnessed the political power of a largely nonwhite demographic. In other words, he has risen to a position of power not by acquiescing to racists but by mobilizing a previously disenfranchised segment of the population. This trajectory stands in stark contrast to the way Henry’s father gained success by quietly tolerating racism.

However, the novel hints that Kwang might have underestimated the intensity of the racism and xenophobia he faces as a public figure. The mere fact that Henry has been hired to spy on him is an indication of how suspicious certain people are of immigrants of color who rise to power. Henry steals a list of Kwang’s supporters involved in a “money club,” which isn’t technically illegal—but that’s not the point, since whoever hired Henry’s company just wants to arrest and deport the undocumented immigrants supporting Kwang. It’s clear, then, that many white Americans in positions of power are hesitant to let people like Kwang join their ranks, and their hesitancy is mainly a reaction to what he represents: namely, a broad and diverse coalition of new Americans.

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Racism and Xenophobia ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Racism and Xenophobia appears in each chapter of Native Speaker. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Racism and Xenophobia Quotes in Native Speaker

Below you will find the important quotes in Native Speaker related to the theme of Racism and Xenophobia.

Chapter 9 Quotes

“And if they do not have the same strong community you enjoy, the one you brought with you from Korea, which can pool money and efforts for its members—it is because this community has been broken and dissolved through history. […] Know that what we have in common, the sadness and pain and injustice, will always be stronger than our differences. I respect and honor you deeply.”

Related Characters: John Kwang (speaker)
Related Symbols: The Ggeh (The “Money Club”)
Page Number and Citation: 153
Explanation and Analysis:
Shortly after Henry starts working for John Kwang’s political organization, he attends an event where Kwang meets with church leaders in the Black community and then addresses the crowd. This passage is from the speech Kwang delivers, in which he sets forth a message of unity, hoping to smooth over tensions that have recently arisen between the Black and Korean communities of Queens and Brooklyn. In particular, he tells his fellow Korean Americans to recognize the systemic racism that Black people face in the United States, pointing out that not everyone has the kind of financial support that many Korean Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Elig

Chapter 11 Quotes

We joked a little more, I thought like regular American men, faking, dipping, juking. I found myself listening to us. For despite how well he spoke, how perfectly he moved through the sounds of his words, I kept listening for the errant tone, the flag, the minor mistake that would tell of his original race. Although I had seen hours of him on videotape, there was something that I still couldn’t abide in his speech. I couldn’t help but think there was a mysterious dubbing going on, the very idea I wouldn’t give quarter to when I would speak to strangers, the checkout girl, the mechanic, the professor, their faces dully awaiting my real speech, my truer talk and voice.

Related Characters: Henry Park (speaker), John Kwang
Page Number and Citation: 179
Explanation and Analysis:
One of the first times Henry spends time with John Kwang, he pays close attention to the way the councilman speaks. Kwang is a bit older than Henry, and he didn’t grow up in the United States. As a result, Henry has assimilated into American culture a little more seamlessly than the older man, simply by virtue of the fact that it’s easier to become fluent in a language as a child than it is to learn the language as an adult. What’s interesting, then, is that Kwang is somewhere between Henry and Henry’s father when it comes to how Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis.

Chapter 15 Quotes

“Everyone’s got a theory. Mine is, when the American GIs came to a place they’d be met by all the Korean villagers, who’d be hungry and excited, all shouting and screaming. The villagers would be yelling, Mee-gook! Mee-gook! and so that’s what they were to the GIs, just gooks, that’s what they seemed to be calling themselves, but that wasn’t it at all.”

“What were they saying?”

“‘Americans! Americans!’ Mee-gook means America.”

Related Characters: Lelia (speaker), Henry Park (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 242
Explanation and Analysis:
Henry and Lelia discuss the origins of the slur “gook,” which is a racist term sometimes used to refer to Asian people (and particularly Korean, Filipino, or Vietnamese people). Henry suggests a popular theory, which is that American soldiers misunderstood the term “Mee-gook,” which in Korean means “America.” When the soldiers heard Korean people yelling “Mee-gook!” at them, they thought the Korean villagers were identifying themselves. In reality, though, Henry believes the villagers were identifying the soldiers. The idea that this racist slur comes from a linguistic misunderstanding is quite fitting, since it emphasizes the sort of ignorance that usually Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Ac

“That’s perfect,” Lelia says, shaking her head. “I better ask Stew.”

“Don’t harass your father,” I tell her. “He won’t know anything. It’s funny, I used to almost feel good that there was a word for me, even if it was a slur. I thought, I know I’m not a chink or a jap, which they would wrongly call me all the time, so maybe I’m a gook. The logic of a wounded eight-year-old.”

Related Characters: Henry Park (speaker), Lelia (speaker), Stew
Page Number and Citation: 242-3
Explanation and Analysis:
When Henry tells Lelia his theory about the origins of the racist term “gook,” she’s delighted, recognizing how fitting it is that such an inconsiderate term is rooted in a simple linguistic misunderstanding—which, of course, highlights the ignorance that normally revolves around racism and bigotry. Henry, for his part, doesn’t seem all that offended by the term itself. In fact, he admits that he used to “almost feel good that there was a word for [him],” noting that the racist slurs “chink” and “jap” specifically refer to people of Chinese and Japanese descent, respectively. Henry is Korean, but he grew Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa

“If I had heard that one redheaded kid say even one funny word to Mitt! God! I would have punched his fucking lights out! I would have made him scream!” Her chest bucks, and she almost starts to cry, strangely, as if she’s frightened herself with a memory that isn’t true.

Related Characters: Lelia (speaker), Mitt
Page Number and Citation: 243
Explanation and Analysis:
As Henry and Lelia discuss the racist terms that many Asians encounter in the United States, Lelia makes it clear that she would have been enraged if she ever found out that a neighborhood bully used a slur to refer to Mitt. She becomes suddenly animated, as if the idea of this hypothetical situation has completely overtaken her and made it impossible for her to think about anything else. The fact that this thought so thoroughly overwhelms her without any warning is a good reminder for Henry that strong feelings of grief often lurk just beneath the surface of his Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi a

Chapter 21 Quotes

For so long he was effortlessly Korean, effortlessly American. Now I don’t want him ever to lower his eyes. I don’t want to witness the submissive dip of his brow or the bend of his knee before me or anyone else. I didn’t—or don’t now—come to him for the occasion of looking upon this. I am here for the hope of his identity, which may also be mine, who he has been on a public scale when the rest of us wanted only security in the tiny dollar-shops and churches of our lives.

Related Characters: Henry Park (speaker), Janice , John Kwang
Page Number and Citation: 328
Explanation and Analysis:
After John Kwang is arrested for driving drunk with an undocumented minor in his car, Henry and Janice try desperately to figure out how, exactly, to move forward. They’re the only people who haven’t given up on Kwang, but there’s not much to do but wait and see what happens, especially since he disappears for a while after being released on bail. As they wait, Henry and Janice go to a Chinese restaurant and watch the news, and as they do so, Henry realizes that he doesn’t want to see Kwang appear onscreen, since he knows that any kind of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis.

Chapter 22 Quotes

She would have called John Kwang a fool long before any scandal ever arose. She would never have understood why he needed more than the money he made selling dry-cleaning equipment. He had a good wife and strong boys. What did he want from this country? Didn’t he know he could only get so far with his face so different and broad? He should have had ambition for only his little family.

Related Characters: Henry Park (speaker), Henry’s Mother , John Kwang
Page Number and Citation: 333
Explanation and Analysis:
In the midst of the scandal surrounding John Kwang, an angry mob gathers outside his house, waiting for him to be taken home by the authorities. Most of the people in the mob are white Americans nursing a xenophobic rage about the fact that Kwang created a “money club” that helped support a number of undocumented immigrants. Henry stands in the midst of this mob and thinks about Kwang and what he stands for as a public figure. He knows, of course, that the xenophobic mob sees Kwang as a threat to the white power structures in the United States, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut.

And when I reach him I strike at them. I strike at everything that shouts and calls. Everything but his face. But with every blow I land I feel another equal to it ring my own ears, my neck, the back of my head. I half welcome them. And at the very moment I fall back for good he glimpses who I am, and I see him crouch down, like a broken child, shielding from me his wide immigrant face.

Related Characters: Henry Park (speaker), John Kwang
Page Number and Citation: 343
Explanation and Analysis:
When Kwang arrives at his house, police officers try to escort him through a crowd of angry xenophobic protestors, all of whom eventually start pushing toward him and trying to attack him. Henry is in this crowd and tries to fight his way toward Kwang, defending him against the prejudiced mob by “strik[ing]” at whoever comes near. But it’s no use: every time he lands a punch, another person strikes him. It’s significant that he tries to stand with Kwang in this way, making one last show of loyalty for this powerful figure who ended up meaning so much to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptate

Chapter 23 Quotes

When we’re done she asks if I’m interested and I point out that she hasn’t yet mentioned who used to live in such a grand place.

Foreigners, she says. They went back to their country.

Related Characters: Henry Park (speaker), John Kwang
Page Number and Citation: 346-347
Explanation and Analysis:
When John Kwang is arrested for drunk driving with an undocumented minor in his car, his political reputation is ruined. What’s more, the Immigration and Naturalization Service uses a list of people in Kwang’s “money club” (a list that Henry himself stole) to identify and deport undocumented immigrants, and this sparks outrage amongst a white, xenophobic contingent of New York City. In the midst of all this scandal, Kwang effectively disappears from public life completely, so Henry starts walking around Queens thinking about him. He even goes by his house on occasion and, at some point, realizes that it’s for Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut