Nineteen Minutes

by

Jodi Picoult

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Nineteen Minutes: Part 1, Chapter 5: The Day After Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
A handwritten note meditates on the question of free will versus fate. The writer speculates that some people will say those who died in the shooting were just “in the wrong place at the wrong time,” and that the same could be said for the writer themselves.
Although the writer’s identity is never revealed, there are hints that they are probably a teenager who is considering many of the philosophical questions that dominate one’s mind while entering adulthood.
Themes
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On his sixth Christmas, Peter got a fish as a present. Even as a child, he was disturbed by the fact that the fish spent its whole life confined to the same bowl. Now, sitting in Grafton County jail, Peter thinks about the fish, trying to remember its fate. He is on suicide watch, which means he doesn’t have a mattress or pillow, just a wooden bench. A correctional officer comes to tell Peter that he has a visitor. Suddenly, he remembers that—horrified by the fish’s captivity—he decided to flush it down the toilet, sending it (he believed) to freedom. After he told Joey this, Joey informed him that he’d actually killed the fish. 
There are many clues that Peter was an exceptionally conscientious, sensitive child. Indeed, perhaps this was the reason that he was a target for bullies in the first place. The fact that someone can grow from having a pure and enthusiastic sense of right and wrong into a school shooter is terrifying, and it shows that the events of Peter’s teenage years must have changed him significantly.
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When Jordan (Peter’s lawyer) arrives at the jail, he struggles to get any of the guards’ attention—they are all glued to the news coverage of the shooting. The news broadcast explains how Ed McCabe threw himself in front of his students. Lewis, meanwhile, misses a lecture for the first time in his career as a professor at Sterling College. He and Lacy watch helplessly as police carry all of Peter’s belongings out of the house. Lacy asks if Lewis thinks they’re to blame, and Lewis wonders if they mollycoddled him, or if they should have paid more attention to what he was reading and watching. He thinks about how, as parents, he and Lacy have “failed miserably. Twice.”
It is normal for parents to worry about having done the wrong thing and (inadvertently) caused damage to their child. However, most parents do not face this kind of incontrovertible evidence that something in their child’s life has gone terribly wrong. It is no wonder that Lewis and Lacy are racked with guilt, regret, and confusion.
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Lacy asks Lewis about Hitler’s mother. Lewis recalls memories of Peter, and thinks that Peter is still his son, even if he has committed an unthinkable crime. He starts having a panic attack, and at this moment an officer comes over. He asks if the firearms from the basement belong to Lewis, and then asks him to check and see if all his guns are present. Lewis looks, and tells the officer that some are missing. At the jail, Jordan tells Peter that he will be arraigned tomorrow, and that he won’t get bail. The next morning, they will go over the charges together. He asks Peter if he has questions, and Peter initially doesn’t reply. Then, just before Jordan leaves, Peter asks, “How many did I get?” 
The final, chilling words of this passage illustrate that—while Peter may have once been a sensitive child with a strong sense of justice—he has transformed into a frighteningly merciless, vengeful adult. His question also calls to mind video games wherein the aim is to shoot as many people as possible. This connection will become important later in the novel. 
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Dr. Ervin Peabody is a professor in the psychology department of Sterling College who once coauthored a paper on school violence. A reporter interviews him, asking about warning signs of school shooters, and Ervin lists social isolation, fantasies of self-harm and harming others, and poor discipline in school. Seeking reassurance, the reporter asks if there is a typical profile of a school shooter. Ervin replies, “You could make that argument.” Back at the Houghtons’ house, Lewis pauses outside Peter’s room, where he usually says goodnight to his son every evening before bed. He hears the sound of talking and finds Lacy watching the news on TV. She says, “They keep calling him a man […] but he’s only a boy.”
This is another important moment in which to recall that, at the time the novel was published, there was less research and public knowledge about school shootings and how a teenager becomes a mass murderer. While in the present day many questions remain unresolved (or hotly debated) around this issue, the increased prevalence of school shootings mean that more money, time, and effort has gone into analyzing their causes.  
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Josie has been listening closely to discussions in the hospital in order to make a “mental list of the wounded.” Those wounded from her social group include Drew Girard, Emma, and John Eberhard. Among the other people she knows are Natalie Zlenko, Coach Spears, and the “golden senior couple,” Brady Pryce and Haley Weaver. There are also others whom Josie doesn’t know, but with whom she’s now “linked forever.” It is difficult to find out who is killed, although she thinks she’s heard that Mr. McCabe and Topher McPhee are both dead. It still doesn’t feel real that Matt is also gone.
Josie’s perspective of witnessing the aftermath of the shooting from the perspective of one of the popular kids is significant. In high school, popularity can often be framed as a kind of invincibility, wherein the optimism and confidence of youth is magnified to an unusually intense degree. As the shooting reveals, however, no one is truly invincible.
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At 7 a.m., Alex enters and, with a “fake smile,” asks if Josie is ready to go. Josie feels annoyed with Alex and her offers of support, which she does not want to accept. Josie has been crying so much that she doesn’t even notice it anymore; now, her mother promises that she’ll feel better when they get home. As Josie leaves, she spots a clipboard outside one of the other patients’ rooms that reads HALEY WEAVER. Haley is a senior and has been homecoming queen for the past two years in a row. She and her boyfriend Brady are “the Brangelina of Sterling High.” The other students are always discussing the romantic intensity of their relationship, although Josie knows that most of the stories are “bullshit.”
Here the theme of appearance and reality in the context of teenage romance emerges once again. The narrator’s explanations of the way Brady and Haley are perceived illuminate the extent to which teenagers scrutinize each other and idolize certain people as having a perfect life. Everyone believes that Haley and Brady are the perfect couple—yet this is inevitably only a form of speculation, as no one except them has insight into the true nature of their relationship.
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Haley’s parents move away from the door, and Josie catches a glimpse of Haley, who has bandages across her face and whose hair has been shaved. Through tears, Haley tells Josie that Peter killed Courtney and Maddie, and that he tried to kill Haley but Brady stepped in front of the gun. Haley asks Josie to honestly tell her if her face has been ruined, but Josie lies, saying it hasn’t. Walking away, Josie wonders if her whole life is now going to be “a string of lies.” Meanwhile, Sterling High has been turned into a “spiderweb” of white lines. Patrick steps over them, thinking about gathering the testimony of the crime’s 1,026 witnesses.
The fact that Brady stepped in front of the bullet Peter was directing at Haley indicates that perhaps all the speculation about their relationship is true. Brady was willing to die for his girlfriend, indicating that the love he had for her was deep and authentic.
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Having put Josie to bed, Alex briefly watches the news coverage of Peter’s arraignment, before turning it off to preserve her own objectivity. She knows some people will say she shouldn’t work the case simply due to the fact that Josie attends Sterling High. At the same time, in this small town, it is common for judges to encounter people they know in the courtroom. Alex herself feels convinced that her input will be essential to delivering justice. Unexpectedly, she finds Josie in the kitchen, fresh from the shower and asking if she looks alright for the arraignment. Alex says she can’t go, and when Josie asks Alex to come with her Alex explains that she also can’t, as this will be her case.  
Again, the fact that the narrative takes place within a small town environment is important. Usually, it is assumed that in order for justice to be carried out, there must be objective arbiters present who don’t have a personal connection to the crime. Yet in a place like Sterling, no such objective, detached person exists—everyone is interconnected and affected by the shooting, and the town must therefore try to deliver justice without objectivity.
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In this moment, Alex wishes she was more like Lacy, who she feels is a gentler, more natural mother. She suggests that they make pancakes, or chocolate chip cookies, and Josie asks if she is “on crack.” Alex then suggests scrabble, but Josie also refuses.
Josie’s horrified reaction to her mother’s attempts at nurture would be comic if the situation surrounding them weren’t so tragic.
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Patrick falls asleep at a traffic light, immediately having a nightmare that he is a student caught up in the shooting. When he arrives at the technicians’ lab, his favorite tech, Selma, accuses him of “napping.” Selma shows him the results of their tests, which indicate that the fingerprints on all the guns match those of the suspect, except one, Gun B, which features “partial” fingerprints that have not been identified. Selma says that Gun B appears to have been fired, and that the bullet from Matt’s stomach could have been from Gun B or another gun. Patrick thinks it’s unlikely Peter would have switched guns to fire a single shot.
Unlike some crimes, the shooting at Sterling High isn’t a mystery in the sense that there is uncertainty about who the perpetrator is or what (generally) happened. At the same time, however, questions remain, including why Peter committed the shooting, how the particular victims were selected, and so on. It is thus important that Patrick figure out all the small details of the event, even though the broad picture is beyond dispute.
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On the news, a reporter announces that it has been revealed that Peter was a fan of a punk band called Death Wish. Violent lyrics from a song called “Judgment Day” are shown onscreen. Although Peter doesn’t feel like he sleeps that night, he is awakened by correctional officer entering his cell and giving him a bulletproof vest to wear to court. Later, Jordan arrives and tells Peter that he’s been charged with ten counts of first-degree murder and nineteen of attempted first-degree murder. He says that they are going to enter not-guilty pleas to all, and he asks that Peter say nothing during this process. Although Peter agrees calmly, Jordan sees that his hands are shaking.
Discussions of the causes of school shootings can often turn into debates about the way that culture and media—particularly violent music, film, TV, and video games—affect teenagers. Many people argue that this is completely irrelevant, as it is not as if every punk fan commits (or even considers committing) mass violence. At the same time, recent shootings have shown that media, and particularly the internet, does play a significant role in causing school shootings.
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The narrator lists items that the police removed from Peter’s bedroom, including video games, posters from gun manufacturers, a Bowling for Columbine DVD, and a Sterling High Yearbook. In the yearbook, several faces are circled. Josie’s face has been circled but then crossed out, and the words “LET LIVE” are written beneath. When Peter arrives in the courtroom, Diana is surprised by how young he looks. Cameras from four different news networks are all trained on him. Jordan announces that he waives the reading of the charges, and that he is entering not-guilty pleas for all. Judge Albert mentions the charges in passing, which pleases Diana, and tells Jordan that Peter will not be granted bail. Peter is taken back into custody.
The book provides an important insight into the nature of the criminal justice system. In particular, it illuminates how the American legal system operates on the principle that everyone—no matter how terrible a crime they have committed—is entitled to high-quality representation. Indeed, the narrative explores how someone like Jordan, who is a good person who obviously condemns Peter’s actions, still fights on Peter’s side in the interest of justice.
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Diana immediately speaks to the reporters, assuring them that she is “prosecuting this case vigorously.” Jordan then speaks, expressing condolences to the victims’ families, but reminding everyone that “what you see is not always what it seems to be.” Shortly after, the governor of New Hampshire gives a press conference, expressing his own condolences and saying that the students of Sterling High are “all our children.” Back at home, Josie has learned that she can get Alex to leave her alone by announcing that she wants to take a nap. She lies in her room with the curtains drawn and touches the bag of pills she keeps under her drawer.
The governor’s words are typical of a politician in the sense that they call for unity and support for Sterling while being somewhat vague and skirting over the underlying issues. Indeed, one of these issues is inadvertently conveyed by his statement that Sterling students are “all our children.” This evokes a collective outpouring of love and support for the children. But does that mean that Peter is everyone’s son, too?
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Josie thinks about how stupid she’d been to think of suicide as a statement and to assume that, if she killed herself, she’d be able to “watch everyone else’s reaction.” She tries to make herself swallow five of the Ambien, but ends up spitting them out and flushing the rest. Hearing her daughter crying, Alex comes upstairs and rubs Josie’s back. Meanwhile, Yvette HarveyKaitlyn’s mother—speaks to a producer from the Oprah Winfrey Show. She tells the producer that, while everyone has been saying Peter had no friends, in reality this was true of Kaitlyn, not him. Kaitlyn was truly an outsider, whereas Peter is “just evil.” The grief counselor told her that Kaitlyn was shot first, but Yvette soon became aware that the counselor had been telling all the parents that.
Yvette Harvey’s experience reveals a level of denial and dishonesty in the way that people—even trained professionals—cope with tragic events. Some might argue that it is a kind gesture to lie and tell every parent that their kid died first. After all, what use is it for a parent to know that their child suffered from horror and fear just before they died? At the same time, dishonesty can distort the grieving process and feel like a further violation to those who are bereaved.
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Soon, everyone in Sterling gets used to the constant presence of the media and the fact that every day brings a new funeral. At Matt’s service, a group of Sterling students attend wearing hockey jerseys with his number, 19. Josie and Alex sit at the back, and Josie wonders if it is possible to grieve when she can’t even remember what happened. She finds Alex’s doting sympathy disturbing. Last year, when they had been studying the death rituals of the Ancient Egyptians, Matt promised Josie that when he died, “I’m going to take you with me.” Matt’s father starts talking, and before she knows what she’s doing, Josie gets up and approaches the casket.
The intensity of Matt’s love for Josie is certainly high, although already there are small hints that it might not be very healthy. He appears controlling, and his statement that he wants to take her with him when he dies betrays an all-consuming, possessive form of love. This may in turn cause Josie to have conflicted feelings, perhaps including relief, in the midst of her grief.
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Matt’s father asks if Josie is ok, and if she wants to say anything about Matt. Josie starts crying and apologizes. Alex immediately comes to her side, and Josie accepts the Kleenex her mother offers her. Meanwhile, in his cell in maximum-security jail, Peter hears someone murmur, “I know what you did.” When Peter replies, the voice introduces himself as Carnivore and tells Peter to stop being a “fucking baby” and crying. Carnivore says that he has been in prison for ten months, and that his trial is next week. He explains that “they say” he raped and killed a waitress. Peter is shocked by the idea that maybe everyone in prison thinks they are innocent. Carnivore keeps talking, but Peter ignores him.
Carnivore is a stereotypical, even cartoonish version of a criminal, right down to his name. The fact that he sees himself as innocent significantly changes the way Peter views justice and criminality. Carnivore—like Peter himself and everyone else in prison—is a human whose perception of themselves likely doesn’t match how society views them, particularly given that attitudes toward prisoners are often dehumanizing. 
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Quotes
When Patrick arrives at Alex Cormier’s door, he is surprised by how young she looks. Frostily, Alex tells him that Josie doesn’t remember anything, but he says he has to speak to her himself. Josie takes Patrick into the kitchen and requests that Alex stay with them, but Alex says she can’t. Once Alex goes, Josie accuses Patrick of faking interest in her wellbeing, but Patrick insists he really does care.
Alex at times doubts her abilities as a parent, but her fierce defense of Josie indicates that her parental instincts may be more robust than she gives herself credit for.
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Josie tells Patrick that the whole day of the shooting has been blanked out in her memory; Patrick knows that this is a normal response to trauma. He asks why Peter didn’t like Matt, and Josie replies that everyone teased Peter, not just Matt. She mentions that she used to work with Peter at the copy store in town, and that once, after he lit a fire at work, Josie told on him and he got fired. Patrick asks if the two of them were friends before his incident, and Josie says they weren’t.
One consequence of the mass shooting is that everyone is forced to confront the issue of bullying. Whereas before, the bullying Peter was subjected to was largely ignored on the basis that it was perceived as a personal problem, in this moment it becomes relevant to the whole Sterling community.
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Lacy brought homemade muffins, books, and magazines to give to Peter in jail, but all of this was confiscated by the correctional officer. A frightening-looking man with a swastika tattoo approaches Lacy, before greeting the woman sitting next to her as “mom.” Lacy thinks about the fact that “Everyone […] is somebody’s son.” When she sees Peter, she smiles, attempting to conceal her horror at the situation. They hug until a correctional officer tells her to let go. Peter asks if the police came to his house, and he is angry that Lacy let them take his things. When she mentions the guns and the bombs, he tells her, “You wouldn’t understand.” He accuses of her of not even being able to look at him, then starts crying.
The lesson that “everyone is someone’s son” is one of the central—yet most difficult—issues raised by the book. It evokes the fact that everyone was once an innocent child, and that almost everyone has (or at least used to have) people who loved them. Yet the implications of this universal truth are unclear. What are the limits of the sympathy that should be extended to people based on the fact that they were once an innocent, beloved child—and might still appear that way to their families?
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Lacy thinks about the way that everyone in Sterling will judge her parenting, blaming her for what Peter has done. She thinks that while it is easy to love a popular, successful kid, there is something noble in loving someone whom everyone else hates. She embraces Peter, determined not to let go until the officers wrench her away from him. Meanwhile, Patrick watches the surveillance footage from the shooting and is horrified to see Peter sitting down to eat a bowl of Rice Krispies after shooting kids. His ex-girlfriend calls him, asking how he is doing.
The juxtaposition between Lacy’s fierce determination to love Peter and the surveillance footage that reveals Peter eating a bowl of Rice Krispies in the middle of committing his shooting spree is eerie. It draws attention to the difficult—and perhaps unwise and unethical—nature of Lacy’s commitment to her son.
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Quotes
The FBI’s investigatory report on school shootings identifies certain patterns among the “family dynamics” of shooters. There is usually a “lack of intimacy” at home, and no restrictions on TV or computer use. Shooters tend to behave poorly at school, watch violent movies and video games, consume drugs and alcohol, and leave clues suggesting that they are fantasizing about committing mass murder.
This report shows that there is a fair amount of knowledge about the background and traits of school shooters. At the same time, the features listed here are incredibly common, which obviously has very disturbing implications about who is capable of becoming a shooter.
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Lewis likes to stick to a routine, believing that this is an important component of happiness. For this reason, he returns to work soon after the shooting. Yet when the chair of the Economics department, Hugh Macquarie, sees him on campus, he is taken aback and urges Lewis to take more time off. When Lewis replies that he thinks it will make him feel better to be at work, Hugh rephrases his statement, saying that Lewis cannot be at work.
Clearly, the consequences of Peter’s actions are incredibly wide-ranging. This passage provokes the question of whether Peter’s family should be implicated and punished for his crime. While it is perhaps understandable that in the immediate aftermath of the shooting Lewis is excluded from work, it’s not clear if that is fair.
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Patrick goes to see the tech workers whose job it is to search computers for criminal activity. One of them tells Patrick that Peter was a skilled programmer who made his own computer games. He would post these games onto forums for others to use and he had the username DeathWish. In one of Peter’s posts, he complains about a craft festival occurring in Sterling and promises to hide behind bushes and use the festival attendees as “target practice.” The tech worker also explains that Peter hacked into the school’s computer system. When the first bomb went off, every computer screen in the school displayed the message, “READY OR NOT… HERE I COME.”
This passage illuminates a problem that has become even more widespread in the present day, when social media use is practically universal: How seriously should comments like Peter’s statement that he wants to use the Sterling craft festival attendees as “target practice” be taken? In some ways, there is no good answer to this question. It Peter’s case, it was obviously a warning of terrible things to come. Yet plenty of people post similar things and never commit acts of violence.
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Jordan goes to see Peter, and Peter immediately complains about the fact that he is in jail, which he believes is unfair. Peter explains that he’s being punished for having been bullied by others. Jordan realizes that Peter is lucid about his actions, but still believes that he is the victim. Peter accuses Jordan of not really caring about him, which Jordan confirms is true, though he also says that it is his job to get him out of jail. Peter expresses confusion about why anyone is sad that “those jerks are dead.” He says that they bullied him every day of his life, simply because ganging up on someone else made them feel better about themselves. Peter notes that the kids also cyberbullied him, for example by sending a personal email he wrote to everyone in school.
At times Peter expresses the “normal” emotions readers might expect him to, such as fear, sadness, and regret. Yet in this passage, the sentiments he expresses are disturbing, indicating that he may have a pathological lack of empathy. In particular, he seems unable to escape the binary that the people he killed were the perpetrators of violence and that he was the victim. Of course, the fact that they are dead does not automatically absolve them of violence they committed while they were alive—yet they are also very much victims of Peter.   
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When Jordan asks further questions about the email, Peter says he doesn’t want to discuss it. Jordan finds himself thinking about the struggles his elder son had trying to fit in during middle school. Peter asks if Jordan has kids, then says that he must understand. Every parent wants their child to grow up to be successful, but far more kids end up unliked and bullied. Jordan is momentarily speechless, lost in thought about his own sons.  
This passage shows that, for all his disturbing beliefs and actions, Peter also possesses profound insight into the world. In particular, he understands how the high expectations of parents—even if born out of love—can end up harming a child.
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