Number the Stars
by Lois Lowry
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Reality vs. Fantasy Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Privilege, Sacrifice, and Solidarity  Theme Icon
Bravery Theme Icon
Reality vs. Fantasy Theme Icon
Sisterhood Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Number the Stars, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
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Stories and fairy tales play an important role throughout Lois Lowry’s Number the Stars. Annemarie Johansen tells her younger sister Kirsti fairy tales to lull her to sleep each night—and even comforts herself in times of fear or danger by comparing herself to figures of fantasy such as Little Red Riding-Hood or distant, storied figures from real life, such as the Danish king, Christian. By weaving in and out of real life and fantasy throughout the novel, Lowry suggests that stories have the power to sustain an individual’s hope, courage, and sense of purpose in moments when their “real” lives become places full of darkness, fear, and uncertainty.

Throughout the novel, Lowry shows how blurring the lines between fact and fiction often proves to be a saving grace not just for her characters, but for anyone struggling to make sense of frightening or dangerous circumstances. This is especially evident through the character of Annemarie’s five-year-old sister Kirsti, a daydreamer and the youngest character in the novel. She is also the most playful, yet her desire to immerse herself in fantasies full of big pink cupcakes and fairy-tales about far-off places shows just how deeply Kirsti is affected by the turmoil happening all around her. Stories are a way for Kirsti to shield herself from the violence of Nazi-occupied Copenhagen—and for others to help shield her, too. When a bombing in the harbor interrupts Kirsti’s birthday, Mama tells her that the city has put on a fireworks spectacle just for her. Months later, Kirsti clings to the story of her amazing birthday celebration—though whether she earnestly believes it to be true or knows it to be a farce is never revealed.

Kirsti also demands bedtime stories each night from Annemarie, and loves to hear not just about Little Red Riding-Hood and the characters of Hans Christian Andersen but also the real-life figure of the Danish monarch, King Christian, who bravely rides his horse unguarded through the Copenhagen streets each morning. The stories Kirsti’s family tells her are a way for her to both understand the world and to escape it—to confront fearful situations and prepare herself to face the worst while also surrendering to the respite of a fanciful fairy tale about good conquering evil.

Annemarie is often the arbiter of stories in her family—she is the one who lulls Kirsti to sleep each night with tales both fanciful and practical, and through her games of imagination with Ellen, she helps her persecuted friend also find respite in the face of uncertainty and danger. At the same time, Annemarie finds herself dipping into fantasy more than once as a way of coaching herself through a difficult situation. While in her parents’ apartment in Copenhagen, Annemarie often opens up her dead sister Lise’s trunk of possessions and bridal linens, reminiscing about her sister and playing with her beautiful things. Though not telling herself a tale in a narrative sense, in going through Lise’s possessions, Annemarie is continuing her sister’s story and considering what might have been had Lise lived to marry Peter Neilsen and enjoy a happy life. This ritual is a balm for Annemarie as much as it is a reminder of how dangerous things are in Copenhagen—and how anyone, even good and just people like Lise, could lose their life at any minute.

Annemarie’s second major detour into fantasy occurs when, towards the end of the novel, she must deliver an important packet to Uncle Henrik’s ship—a packet without which his mission to smuggle the Rosens and several other Danish Jews to freedom in Sweden may be doomed. As Annemarie weaves her way through the dark forest between Henrik’s house and the harbor, she jumps at every sound and startles at every root her foot grazes on the twisting path. To comfort herself, Annemarie reminds herself of the story of Little Red Riding-Hood—a story she has often told to Kirsti. Because the story is so familiar to Annemarie, in telling it to herself, she is able to convince herself that she knows what’s coming next and is prepared to face it. Because of the story, even when she does indeed confront some big bad wolves—in the form of two Nazis and their large dogs—she is prepared to face them, drawing strength and courage from the intrepid figure of Little Red herself.

Through the stories within the story of Number the Stars, Lois Lowry demonstrates the power of storytelling to provide both an escape from and a roadmap to life’s most difficult problems. As her characters dip in and out of stories and fantasies, these “escapes” actually nourish them and help them carry on in the face of fear, desperation, and sadness.

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Reality vs. Fantasy ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Reality vs. Fantasy appears in each chapter of Number the Stars. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Reality vs. Fantasy Quotes in Number the Stars

Below you will find the important quotes in Number the Stars related to the theme of Reality vs. Fantasy.

Chapter 1 Quotes

“Mama, is there anything to eat?” Annemarie asked, hoping to take her mother’s mind away from the soldiers.

“Take some bread. And give a piece to your sister.”

“With butter?” Kirsti asked hopefully.

“No butter,” her mother replied. “You know that.”

Kirsti sighed as Annemarie went to the breadbox in the kitchen. “I wish I could have a cupcake,” she said. “A big yellow cupcake, with pink frosting.”

Her mother laughed. “For a little girl, you have a long memory,” she told Kirsti. “There hasn’t been any butter, or sugar for cupcakes, for a long time. A year, at least.”

“When will there be cupcakes again?”

“When the war ends,” Mrs. Johansen said. She glanced through the window, down to the street corner where the soldiers stood, their faces impassive beneath the metal helmets. “When the soldiers leave.”

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama (speaker), Kirsti Johansen (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 9-10
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, the five-year-old Kirsti Johansen—who is too young to remember a time in her life before the Nazi occupation of Copenhagen—dreams of eating delicious treats. The citizens of Copenhagen have been subsisting on bread and potatoes instead of meat, and water with herbs in place of coffee for years. Kirsti has never known the luxury of peacetime, but the stories her family has told her about life before the war has filled her with desire for things very far out of her reach. Though poignant, Kirsti’s ability to dream of cupcakes also reflects her resilient sense of hope Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Opt

Chapter 2 Quotes

Redheaded Peter, her sister’s fiancé, had not married anyone in the years since Lise’s death. He had changed a great deal. Once he had been like a fun-loving older brother to Annemarie and Kirsti, teasing and tickling, always a source of foolishness and pranks. Now he still stopped by the apartment often, and his greetings to the girls were warm and smiling, but he was usually in a hurry, talking quickly to Mama and Papa about things Annemarie didn’t understand. He no longer sang the nonsense songs that had once made Annemarie and Kirsti shriek with laughter. And he never lingered anymore.

Papa had changed, too. He seemed much older and very tired, defeated.

The whole world had changed. Only the fairy tales remained the same.

“And they lived happily ever after,” Annemarie recited, whispering into the dark, completing the tale for her sister, who slept beside her, one thumb in her mouth.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama, Kirsti Johansen, Mr. Johansen/Papa, Peter Neilsen, Lise Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 17
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage, in which Annemarie reflects on the ways in which her family has changed since the start of the Nazi occupation, shows just how heavily war is weighing not just on the Johansens and their extended family, but the whole of Copenhagen and even Europe. The world is different than it was when Annemarie was very small, and the only refuge she and her sister Kirsti have from the pain of their sister’s loss, the omnipresent threat of the Nazis stationed at every street corner, and the crushing anxiety of rationed food, heat, and electricity are the stories they Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut.

Chapter 3 Quotes

Now she was ten, with long legs and no more silly dreams of pink-frosted cupcakes. And now she—and all the Danes—were to be bodyguard for Ellen, and Ellen’s parents, and all of Denmark’s Jews.

Would she die to protect them? Truly? Annemarie was honest enough to admit, there in the darkness, to herself, that she wasn’t sure.

For a moment she felt frightened. But she pulled the blanket up higher around her neck and relaxed. It was all imaginary, anyway—not real. It was only in the fairy tales that people were called upon to be so brave, to die for one another. Not in real-life Denmark. Oh, there were the soldiers; that was true. And the courageous Resistance leaders, who sometimes lost their lives; that was true, too.

But ordinary people like the Rosens and the Johansens? Annemarie admitted to herself, snuggling there in the quiet dark, that she was glad to be an ordinary person who would never be called upon for courage.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen, Mrs. Rosen, Mr. Rosen, Ellen Rosen, Mrs. Johansen/Mama, King Christian, Mr. Johansen/Papa
Page Number and Citation: 25-26
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Annemarie’s parents have just pulled her from bed in order to tell her a little bit more about what’s going on. Earlier in the afternoon, Annemarie, Ellen, and Kirsti discovered that a local Jewish business had been forcibly closed by Nazis, and now, Annemarie’s parents, together with Peter Neilsen, have warned her that more injustice and violence may be coming—and their family may be called upon to stand up and do what’s right in the name of their Jewish friends and neighbors. As she heads back to bed, though, Annemarie dismisses her parents’ warnings as the stuff Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut i

Chapter 4 Quotes

Alone in the apartment while Mama was out shopping with Kirsti, Annemarie and Ellen were sprawled on the living room floor playing with paper dolls. They had cut the dolls from Mama’s magazines, old ones she had saved from past years. The paper ladies had old-fashioned hair styles and clothes, and the girls had given them names from Mama’s very favorite book. Mama had told Annemarie and Ellen the entire story of Gone With the Wind, and the girls thought it much more interesting and romantic than the king-and-queen tales that Kirsti loved.

“Come, Melanie,” Annemarie said, walking her doll across the edge of the rug. “Let’s dress for the ball.”

“All right, Scarlett, I’m coming,” Ellen replied in a sophisticated voice. She was a talented performer; she often played the leading roles in school dramatics. Games of the imagination were always fun when Ellen played.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Ellen Rosen (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama, Kirsti Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 27
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Ellen and Annemarie enjoy a simple game of paper dolls. As they play, Annemarie reflects on Ellen’s talent as an actress. This passage foreshadows the great “role” Ellen will soon have to play. Soon, Ellen will be required to forfeit her identity and inhabit the role of Annemarie’s sister. Though neither girl knows this now, Annemarie’s envy of and respect for Ellen’s talents as a performer precipitate a time when both girls will have to put the skills they’ve developed in play to use in earnest. The girls’ innocence is being slowly stripped away by the encroachment Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi.

Annemarie grinned and walked her Scarlett toward the chair that Ellen had designated as Tivoli. She loved Tivoli Gardens, in the heart of Copenhagen; her parents had taken her there, often, when she was a little girl. She remembered the music and the brightly colored lights, the carousel and ice cream and especially the magnificent fireworks in the evenings: the huge colored splashes and bursts of lights in the evening sky.

“I remember the fireworks best of all,” she commented to Ellen.

“Me too,” Kirsti said. “I remember the fireworks.”

“Silly,” Annemarie scoffed. “You never saw the fireworks.” Tivoli Gardens was closed now. The German occupation forces had burned part of it, perhaps as a way of punishing the fun-loving Danes for their lighthearted pleasures.

Kirsti drew herself up, her small shoulders stiff. “I did too,” she said belligerently. “It was my birthday. I woke up in the night and I could hear the booms. And there were lights in the sky. Mama said it was fireworks for my birthday!”

Then Annemarie remembered. Kirsti’s birthday was late in August. And that night, only a month before, she, too, had been awakened and frightened by the sound of explosions. Kirsti was right—the sky in the southeast had been ablaze, and Mama had comforted her by calling it a birthday celebration.

Related Characters: Kirsti Johansen (speaker), Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Ellen Rosen, Mrs. Johansen/Mama
Page Number and Citation: 30-31
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, a conversation about fireworks reminds Annemarie and Kirsti of the same moment—perceived, however, through very different lenses. When a tragic bombing lit up the Copenhagen sky several months ago, Annemarie knew that the sights and sounds were those of war and terror. In an attempt to comfort Kirsti, Mama assured the little girl that the “fireworks” were meant just for her. This passage shows the ways in which the Johansens try to comfort and sustain one another through lies, secrets, and “stories”—stories meant to allow both Kirsti and Annemarie to feel and act bravely because of their Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaec

“You said that we would hide her. How can we do that? Where can she hide?”

Papa smiled. “That part is easy. It will be as your mama said: you two will sleep together in your bed, and you may giggle and talk and tell secrets to each other. And if anyone comes—”

Ellen interrupted him. “Who might come? Will it be soldiers? Like the ones on the corners?” Annemarie remembered how terrified Ellen had looked the day when the soldier had questioned them on the corner.

“I really don’t think anyone will. But it never hurts to be prepared. If anyone should come, even soldiers, you two will be sisters. You are together so much, it will be easy for you to pretend that you are sisters.”

[…]

Annemarie and Ellen got to their feet. Papa suddenly crossed the room and put his arms around them both. He kissed the top of each head: Annemarie’s blond one, which reached to his shoulder, and Ellen’s dark hair, the thick curls braided as always into pigtails.

“Don’t be frightened,” he said to them softly. “Once I had three daughters. Tonight I am proud to have three daughters again.”

Related Characters: Mr. Johansen/Papa (speaker), Ellen Rosen (speaker), Annemarie Johansen (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 37-38
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, the Nazi soldiers have begun hunting down and arresting the Jews of Copenhagen after obtaining a list of names and addresses from a local synagogue. The miserable violence is occurring on one of the holiest days of the year for Jews—the Jewish New Year. Ellen’s parents have fled, hidden away by the Resistance, but the Johansens have offered to take Ellen in, pass her off as their own child, and keep her safe in spite of the personal risk to their own family. As Mama and Papa prepare the girls for the worst, there is fear and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas

Chapter 5 Quotes

“Ellen,” [Annemarie] whispered urgently, “take your necklace off!”

Ellen’s hands flew to her neck. Desperately she began trying to unhook the tiny clasp. Outside the bedroom door, the harsh voices and heavy footsteps continued.

“I can’t get it open!” Ellen said frantically. “I never take it off—I can’t even remember how to open it!”

Annemarie heard a voice just outside the door. “What is here?”

“Shhh,” her mother replied. “My daughters’ bedroom. They are sound asleep.”

“Hold still,” Annemarie commanded. “This will hurt.” She grabbed the little gold chain, yanked with all her strength, and broke it. As the door opened and light flooded into the bedroom, she crumpled it into her hand and closed her fingers tightly.

Terrified, both girls looked up at the three Nazi officers who entered the room.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Ellen Rosen (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama (speaker)
Related Symbols: Ellen’s Necklace
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:
When Nazi soldiers come into the Johansen apartment looking for the Rosens, who have abandoned their own flat one floor down, Annemarie knows that they will soon come knocking at the door of the bedroom she and Ellen are sharing as they pretend to be sisters. Annemarie knows that Ellen’s Star of David necklace will give her away as a Jew, and as such she urges her to take it off. The necklace, though—a symbol of Ellen’s identity—is so much a part of her that she can’t remember how to undo it. Annemarie yanks the necklace off her friend’s neck, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occ

Chapter 6 Quotes

“So, Henrik, is the weather good for fishing?” Papa asked cheerfully, and listened briefly.

Then he continued, “I’m sending Inge to you today with the children, and she will be bringing you a carton of cigarettes.

“Yes, just one,” he said, after a moment. Annemarie couldn’t hear Uncle Henrik’s words. “But there are a lot of cigarettes available in Copenhagen now, if you know where to look,” he went on, “and so there will be others coming to you as well, I’m sure.”

But it wasn’t true. Annemarie was quite certain it wasn’t true. Cigarettes were the thing that Papa missed, the way Mama missed coffee. He complained often—he had complained only yesterday—that there were no cigarettes in the stores. The men in his office, he said, making a face, smoked almost anything: sometimes dried weeds rolled in paper, and the smell was terrible.

Why was Papa speaking that way, almost as if he were speaking in code? What was Mama really taking to Uncle Henrik?

Then she knew. It was Ellen.

Related Characters: Mr. Johansen/Papa (speaker), Ellen Rosen, Uncle Henrik, Mrs. Johansen/Mama, Annemarie Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 53
Explanation and Analysis:
Here, Annemarie overhears her father making a phone call to Mama’s brother, Uncle Henrik, a fisherman who lives in the Danish countryside. As Annemarie eavesdrops, she is puzzled by the conversation—much of which, she soon realizes, is in code. She is confused by what’s going on, as her mother told her and Ellen they’d be taking a short “vacation” to the countryside while the Nazis were in the process of arresting Jews—but now, Annemarie knows that some larger plot is going on, and that it concerns the attempt to shelter and hide Ellen and her family from those who would Dolorem et

Chapter 9 Quotes

“How brave are you, little Annemarie?” [Uncle Henrik] asked suddenly. She was startled. And dismayed. It was a question she did not want to be asked. When she asked it of herself, she didn’t like her own answer.

“Not very,” she confessed, looking at the floor of the barn.

Tall Uncle Henrik knelt before her so that his face was level with hers. Behind him, Blossom lowered her head, grasped a mouthful of hay in her mouth, and drew it in with her tongue. The kitten cocked its head, waiting, still hoping for spilled milk.

“I think that is not true,” Uncle Henrik said. “I think you are like your mama, and like your papa, and like me. Frightened, but determined, and if the time came to be brave, I am quite sure you would be very, very brave.

“But,” he added, “it is much easier to be brave if you do not know everything. And so your mama does not know everything. Neither do I. We know only what we need to know.

“Do you understand what I am saying?” he asked, looking into her eyes.

Annemarie frowned. She wasn’t sure. What did bravery mean?

Related Characters: Uncle Henrik (speaker), Annemarie Johansen (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 75-76
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Annemarie confronts her Uncle Henrik about the strange goings-on at his house—namely, the arrival of a casket containing, allegedly, the corpse of her recently-deceased great aunt Birte. Annemarie, however, suspects that there is no great aunt Birte, and never was. As she demands to know the truth, Henrik warns her that sometimes the truth prevents one from being brave—sometimes when one doesn’t know the truth of what’s at stake, they are able to compartmentalize their feelings and focus on the tasks in front of them. Annemarie, though, doesn’t necessarily agree with this view of bravery, and begins Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolor

Chapter 14 Quotes

“So little Red Riding-Hood carried the basket of food and hurried along through the woods. It was a lovely morning, and birds were singing. Little Red Riding-Hood sang, too, as she walked.”

Sometimes she changed that part of the story, telling it to Kirsti. Sometimes it was raining, or even snowing, in the woods. Sometimes it was evening, with long, frightening shadows, so that Kirsti, listening, would snuggle closer and wrap her arms around Annemarie. But now, telling it to herself, she wanted sunlight and bird song.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Kirsti Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 109
Explanation and Analysis:
As Annemarie heads through the deep, dark woods on the way to deliver an important packet to her Uncle Henrik down at the docks—just as he is about to set off on a journey to deliver a number of Danish Jews to freedom in Sweden—she is frightened by the dark and by the strange noises she hears in the forest all around her. Annemarie knows how important getting the packet to Henrik is, and is as afraid of failure as she is the unknown entities which may be hiding behind every tree. As she walks through the woods she tells Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesc