Obasan
by Joy Kogawa

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Themes and Colors
Race, Identity, and Citizenship Theme Icon
History and Memory Theme Icon
Speech vs. Silence Theme Icon
Selflessness and Decorum Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Obasan, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
History and Memory Theme Icon
History and Memory Theme Icon

Naomi is reluctant to acknowledge the traumatic history endured by herself, her family, and the Japanese Canadian community as a whole. She believes that dwelling on the past prevents people from moving forward, and she wants to keep the past in the past. But the narrative structure of the novel itself demonstrates the failure of Naomi’s attempts to cope with her past by denying it. Naomi’s narration constantly moves through time, presenting the flashbacks to her childhood as equally vivid and real as her experiences in 1972; in fact, these flashbacks take up more of the story than the events in 1972. This highlights how Naomi’s past continues to dominate her psyche despite her attempts to ignore it. Meanwhile, Aunt Emily insists that “the past is the future,” and that ignoring the past only ensures that it will repeat itself. Emily views attending to the past as a form of activism that refuses to let the Canadian government leave its racism unacknowledged, and that helps Japanese Canadians come to terms with their collective trauma. Uncle’s death and the arrival of Aunt Emily’s box of documents are the catalysts for Naomi to begin confronting her past. Though she at times resents Emily for prompting her into this process, Naomi ends the novel with a feeling of connection to those she has lost and an understanding that she can mourn and feel her trauma without letting it consume her. Through Emily’s activism, Obasan emphasizes the importance of preserving history as a method of holding oppressors accountable, while Naomi’s journey highlights the personal value of confronting the past, even (or especially) if it is distressing.

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History and Memory Quotes in Obasan

Below you will find the important quotes in Obasan related to the theme of History and Memory.

Chapter 4 Quotes

“What a beauty,” the RCMP officer said in 1941 when he saw it. He shouted as he sliced back through the wake, “What a beauty! What a beauty!”

That was the last Uncle saw of the boat. And shortly thereafter, Uncle too was taken away, wearing shirt, jacker, and dungarees. He had no provisions, nor did he have any idea where the gunboats were herding him and the other Japanese fishermen in the impounded fishing fleet.

The memories were drowned in a whirlpool of protective silence. Everywhere I could hear the adults whispering, “Kodomo no tame. For the sake of the children…” Calmness was maintained.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Uncle (Isamu “Sam” Nakane), Father (Tadashi/Mark Nakane)
Page Number and Citation: 25-26
Explanation and Analysis:
As part of the Canadian government’s campaign against Japanese Canadians, the RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police, also known as Mounties) confiscate the boats of Japanese fishermen. This robs the men of their livelihoods, and it also devastates Uncle, who built his boat as a labor of love with his brother. The Mountie who drives the boat away recognizes the skill that went into crafting it, and his smug delight at the “beauty” of the boat highlights the disregard that these supposed officers of the peace hold for Japanese Canadians. Naomi draws a parallel between the confiscation of the boats and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque

Chapter 5 Quotes

All our ordinary stories are changed in time, altered as much by the present as the present is shaped by the past. Potent and pervasive as a prairie dust storm, memories and dreams seep and mingle through cracks, settling on furniture and into upholstery. Our attics and living rooms encroach on each other, deep into their invisible places.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Obasan (Ayako Nakane)
Page Number and Citation: 30
Explanation and Analysis:
Obasan brings Naomi up to the attic to search for something, and Naomi is struck by the remnants of the past that are stored together in the attic. In Naomi’s understanding, the past is the same as people’s understanding of it, the “ordinary stories” they tell themselves about their lives. As such, the past is not static or set in stone: it changes as people’s memories shift over time and as the present impacts their view of the past. In turn, the past shapes the present. At this point in the story, Naomi does not want to engage with her Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Pos

Chapter 7 Quotes

“Write the vision and make it plain. Habakkuk 2.2”

Dear Aunt Em is crusading still. […] For her, the vision is the truth as she lives it. When she is called like Habakkuk to the witness stand, her testimony is to the light that shines in the lives of the Nisei, in their desperation to prove themselves Canadian, in their tough and gentle spirit. The truth for me is more murky, shadowy and gray. But on my lap, her papers are wind and fuel nudging my early-morning thoughts to flame.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Aunt Emily Kato (speaker)
Related Symbols: Aunt Emily’s Box of Documents
Page Number and Citation: 38
Explanation and Analysis:
Attached to the box of documents Aunt Emily has sent to her, Naomi finds a note instructing the reader to “write the vision and make it plain.” This establishes Emily’s mission in collecting evidence of Japanese Canadian oppression: she intends to display the injustice her people have faced by documenting and archiving that injustice for others to read. The line is a quote from the book of Habakkuk, a Biblical prophet whom Naomi compares her aunt to. The religious language that Naomi applies to Emily, comparing her to a prophet and a “crusader,” emphasizes Emily’s zealousness for her cause. Emily Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa.

Out loud I said, “Why not leave the dead to bury the dead?”

“Dead?” she asked. “I’m not dead. You’re not dead. Who’s dead?”

“But you can’t fight the whole country,” I said.

“We are the country.”

Obasan was not taking part in the conversation. When pressed, finally she said that she was grateful for life. “Arigati. Gratitude only.”

[…] “In the world, there is no better place,” [Uncle] said.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Aunt Emily Kato (speaker), Obasan (Ayako Nakane) (speaker), Uncle (Isamu “Sam” Nakane) (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 50
Explanation and Analysis:
Emily, Naomi, and Obasan and Uncle represent three different generations of Japanese Canadians. Obasan and Uncle are Issei (first generation), Emily is Nisei (second generation), and Naomi is Sansei (third generation). As such, they hold different beliefs about Canada and their place in it. Obasan and Uncle are immigrants, unlike the other two women, so they do not take their right to live in Canada for granted. They insist upon gratitude toward the nation, even though the government mistreated and imprisoned them for years. Emily, on the other hand, is a Canadian citizen, and she believes she is entitled to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus

Chapter 9 Quotes

The house in which we live is in Marpole, a comfortable residential district of Vancouver. It is more splendid than any house I have lived in since. It does not bear remembering. None of this bears remembering.

“You have to remember,” Aunt Emily said. “You are your history. If you cut any of it off you're an amputee. Don't deny the past. Remember everything. If you’re bitter, be bitter. Cry it out! Scream! Denial is gangrene. […]”

All right, Aunt Emily, all right! The house then––the house, if I must remember it today, was large and beautiful.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Aunt Emily Kato (speaker), Father (Tadashi/Mark Nakane)
Page Number and Citation: 60
Explanation and Analysis:
Much of the novel is told in flashbacks to Naomi’s childhood. This moment precedes the first of these flashbacks, and Naomi almost decides not to let her narration move into the past. She thinks of her family’s house in Marpole, which evokes strong emotions as the home where she experienced the few uncomplicatedly happy years of her life, and she immediately tries to dismiss this memory and deny the feelings it inspires. Her insistence that “none of this bears remembering” downplays the significance of her memories, but it also hints at the true reason Naomi shuts down the flashback­­––she herself Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit u

Chapter 25 Quotes

“Why can’t we go home, Stephen?”

“Because. That’s why,” Stephen says crossly, and tells me no more. His eyes are like Father’s, searching.

The orders, given to Uncle and Father in 1945, reach me via Aunt Emily's package in 1972, twenty-seven years later.

The delivery service is slow these days. Understanding is even slower. I still do not see the Canadian face of the author of those words.

Related Characters: Stephen Nakane (speaker), Naomi Nakane (speaker), Father (Tadashi/Mark Nakane), Aunt Emily Kato
Related Symbols: Aunt Emily’s Box of Documents
Page Number and Citation: 206
Explanation and Analysis:
After the Nakanes have finally settled in at Slocan, they are once again uprooted, and Naomi looks to her older brother for guidance. As much as Stephen tries to distance himself from his family, he emulates his elders in his adherence to silence. He refuses to respond to Naomi’s confusion, shutting down her question and telling her “no more.” Naomi’s narration contextualizes this behavior within the family’s tradition of concealing painful information by comparing Stephen to Father. Like Father, Stephen doesn’t fully understand the truth himself, but he will not include Naomi in his “searching” for it. This constant secrecy Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectet

Chapter 26 Quotes

The crowd stands aside, waving steadily, bowing, touching arms here and there, and then they are out of view and I’m clambering up the train steps again as I did three years ago.

We sit in two seats facing each other once more, exactly like the last time. Where is Father? […] Where are we going? Will it be to a city? Remember my doll? Remember Vancouver? The escalators? Electric lights? Streetcars? Will we go home again ever?

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Mother, Father (Tadashi/Mark Nakane), Aunt Emily Kato
Page Number and Citation: 216
Explanation and Analysis:
The Nakanes leave Slocan on a train, just like how they arrived. The Nakanes are displaced from their new home “exactly like the last time,” when they were displaced from Vancouver. This parallel indicates that the Canadian government’s mistreatment of its Japanese citizens will not change, even though Canada has won the war against Japan. Naomi yearns for home, and her trepidation about the future blends with her memories of the past. The way Naomi looks to the past as she tries to make sense of her present and future lends credence to Aunt Emily’s belief, voiced earlier in the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim ne

Chapter 27 Quotes

All of Aunt Emily’s words, all her papers, the telegrams and petitions, are like scratchings in the barnyard, the evidence of much activity, scaly claws hard at work. But what good they do, I do not know––those little black typewritten words––rain words, cloud droppings. They do not touch us where we are planted here in Alberta, our roots clawing the sudden prairie air. The words are not made flesh. Trains do not carry us home. Ships do not return again. All my prayers disappear into space.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Aunt Emily Kato
Related Symbols: Aunt Emily’s Box of Documents
Page Number and Citation: 226
Explanation and Analysis:
Naomi voices resentment and doubt of Aunt Emily’s activism throughout the novel. These sentiments escalate when the documents has Emily sent her stir traumatic memories and upsetting emotions in Naomi, and Emily provides seemingly no way to ease the pain of dealing with them. The overarching narrative of the novel makes clear that Aunt Emily’s archival work is important in the ways in which it documents a silenced history and prompts Naomi to grapple with her past. However, Naomi’s complaints about Emily are valid: Emily’s words cannot undo the past. Of course, Emily never claims to be trying to do Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque i

Chapter 29 Quotes

Is it so bad?

Yes.

Do I really mind?

Yes, I mind. I mind everything. Even the flies. […] It’s the chicken coop “house” we live in that I mind. […] It’s the bedbugs and my having to sleep on the table to escape the nightly attack, and the welts all over our bodies. […] Or it’s standing in the beet field under the maddening sun […].

[…] I mind the harvesttime and the hands and the wrists bound in rags to keep the wrists from breaking open. […] I cannot tell about this time, Aunt Emily. The body will not tell.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Aunt Emily Kato, Stephen Nakane, Obasan (Ayako Nakane), Uncle (Isamu “Sam” Nakane)
Page Number and Citation: 233-235
Explanation and Analysis:
Recalling her family’s experience on the beet farm brings Naomi’s anger to a boiling point. She has spent years repressing the trauma of the period of internment, but reliving the abominable conditions of life on the beet farm prompts an explosion of feeling that translates to several pages in which Naomi describes how miserable she was on the farm. However, she concludes by expressing that she “cannot tell about this time.” Even her extensive descriptions do not do justice to the pain she felt during those years because words can’t articulate what “the body will not tell.” This tension between Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Co

I can remember since Aunt Emily insists that I must and release the floodgates one by one. […] I can cry for Obasan, who has turned to stone.

But what then? Uncle does not rise up and return to his boats. Dead bones do not take on flesh.

What is done, Aunt Emily, is done, is it not? And no doubt it will all happen again, over and over with different faces and names, variations on the same theme.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Aunt Emily Kato, Obasan (Ayako Nakane), Uncle (Isamu “Sam” Nakane)
Page Number and Citation: 238
Explanation and Analysis:
As Naomi confronts some of her most traumatic memories, she once again questions why Aunt Emily has pushed her to remember. Naomi recognizes that this journey into memory has enabled her to access emotions that others cannot. Obasan’s commitment to guarding her emotions has “turned [her] to stone,” rendering her incapable of accessing the feelings she has locked away. The language of “crying for Obasan” takes on a double meaning. On one hand, Naomi is crying because of Obasan, out of sorrow for all her aunt has suffered and for Obasan’s inability to confront it. At the same time, Naomi Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum vo

Chapter 39 Quotes

This body of grief is not fit for human habitation. Let there be flesh. The song of mourning is not a lifelong song.

Father, Mother, my relatives, my ancestors, we have come to the forest tonight, to the place where the colors all meet––red and yellow and blue. We have turned and returned to your arms as you turn to earth and form the forest floor.

Tonight we picked berries with the help of your sighted hands. […] See how our stained fingers have read the seasons, and how our serving hands serve you still.

My loved ones, rest in your world of stone. Around you flows the underground stream.

Related Characters: Naomi Nakane (speaker), Mother, Father (Tadashi/Mark Nakane)
Page Number and Citation: 294
Explanation and Analysis:
The final moments of Naomi’s story see her coming to terms with the many deaths of her loved ones. Naomi has tried to escape her grief by denying it, but now she realizes that if she lets herself feel the full weight of that grief, eventually she will be able to move on. In part, this is because she no longer feels that the loved ones she has lost are truly gone. She sees them in the beauty of the landscape and feels their guidance as she carries out simple, heartfelt tasks that her ancestors have performed for generations. In Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusant