Our Mutual Friend
Our Mutual Friend
by Charles Dickens
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River Symbol Analysis

River Symbol Icon
River Symbol Icon

The River Thames symbolizes the precariousness of lower-class life in Victorian-era London. Most of Our Mutual Friend takes place in London, where the River Thames runs through the center of the city, full of garbage and sometimes even dead bodies. Gaffer Hexam claims to be one of the foremost experts on the river. As a waterman, he scavenges it for what he needs to provide for his children, Lizzie and Charley, literally living off what gets lost or discarded by wealthier people. But in spite of Gaffer’s expertise, one day he slips up and ends up drowning in the river. This highlights the difficulty of surviving on the bottom of London society, where death is always just one false move away. But the novel also shows that the river can exert its power over people from any class, as it also claims lower-class Roger Riderhood, middle-class Bradley Headstone, and (supposedly) John Harmon. Nobody, the river suggests, is fully safe from the dangers that threaten London’s lower classes, even if the poor do tend to suffer more than the wealthy.

River Quotes in Our Mutual Friend

The Our Mutual Friend quotes below all refer to the symbol of River. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Society, Class, and Character Theme Icon
).

Book 1, Chapter 1 Quotes

In these times of ours, though concerning the exact year there is no need to be precise, a boat of dirty and disreputable appearance, with two figures in it, floated on the Thames, between Southwark bridge which is of iron, and London Bridge which is of stone, as an autumn evening was closing in.

Related Characters: John Harmon/Julius Handford/John Rokesmith, George Radfoot, Gaffer Hexam, Lizzie
Related Symbols: River
Page Number and Citation: 13
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote is the beginning of the novel, which introduces the time period (present-day, which when Dickens was writing, was in the mid-19th century) as well the location (London, often by the River Thames). After setting the scene, the action switches to following Gaffer Hexam and his daughter Lizzie as the boat moves down the river and find a body that gets identified as John Harmon (although it’s actually George Radfoot). The narrator’s note that the novel takes place in “these times of ours” but that the exact year isn’t important reflects how Dickens depicted London in a relatively realistic Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam conseq

Book 1, Chapter 14 Quotes

They ran to the rope, leaving him gasping there. Soon, the form of the bird of prey, dead some hours, lay stretched upon the shore, with a new blast storming at it and clotting the wet hair with hail-stones.

Father, was that you calling me? Father! I thought I heard you call me twice before! Words never to be answered, those, upon the earth-side of the grave. The wind sweeps jeeringly over Father, whips him with the frayed ends of his dress and his jagged hair, tries to turn him where he lies stark on his back, and force his face towards the rising sun, that he may be shamed the more.

Related Characters: Eugene Wrayburn, Roger “Rogue” Riderhood, Mortimer Lightwood, Lizzie , Gaffer Hexam, The Inspector
Related Symbols: River
Page Number and Citation: 175
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote describes the discovery of the body of Gaffer Hexam, who is referring to as a “bird of prey” in this quote because, like a vulture, he used to scavenge from the dead. Roger, Gaffer’s former partner, is the one who pulls up the rope, while Mortimer, Eugene, and the Inspector rush over to investigate. Gaffer died of an error while boating in the same river that used to sustain him, showing how precarious life is for someone in lower-class London, where death might just be one slip-up away. The second paragraph of this quote seems to imagine Lizzie Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perfer

Book 2, Chapter 2 Quotes

“Talking of ideas, my Lizzie,” they were sitting side by side as they had sat at first, “I wonder how it happens that when I am work, work, working here, all alone in the summer-time, I smell flowers.”

“As a commonplace individual, I should say,” Eugene suggested languidly—for he was growing weary of the person of the house—“that you smell flowers because you do smell flowers.”

“No I don’t,” said the little creature, resting one arm upon the elbow of her chair, resting her chin upon that hand, and looking vacantly before her; “this is not a flowery neighbourhood. It’s anything but that. And yet as I sit at work, I smell miles of flowers. I smell roses, till I think I see the rose-leaves lying in heaps, bushels, on the floor.[…] I have seen very few flowers indeed, in my life.”

Related Characters: Jenny Wren (speaker), Eugene Wrayburn (speaker), Lizzie
Related Symbols: River, Dolls
Page Number and Citation: 237
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quote, the dressmaker for dolls Jenny Wren tries to explain the flowers she smells and birds she hears to Eugene Wrayburn, a lawyer who finds her strange and is really just looking for Lizzie. Jenny is an outcast in many ways, with physical impairments in her back and legs that leave her unable to perform many jobs, except for making clothes for dolls. As she speaks at first to Eugene, he doesn’t understand her. Eugene thinks that Jenny is silly to wonder why she smells flowers—she smells flowers because there’s flowers somewhere. As the conversation goes on, however, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. S

Book 2, Chapter 13 Quotes

He went down to his room, and buried John Harmon many additional fathoms deep. He took his hat, and walked out, and, as he went to Holloway or anywhere else—not at all minding where—heaped mounds upon mounds of earth over John Harmon’s grave. His walking did not bring him home until the dawn of day. And so busy had he been all night, piling and piling weights upon weights of earth above John Harmon’s grave, that by that time John Harmon lay buried under a whole Alpine range; and still the Sexton Rokesmith accumulated mountains over him, lightening his labour with the dirge, “Cover him, crush him, keep him down!”

Related Characters: John Harmon/Julius Handford/John Rokesmith (speaker), Old Mr. Harmon
Related Symbols: River, Dust
Page Number and Citation: 372
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage comes from the end of the chapter where John Rokesmith is finally revealed to readers to be John Harmon in hiding, who managed to survive his supposed death in the river after all. Although the narration reveals this to the audience, the other characters don’t know John’s true identity—and he intends to keep it that way—setting up a conflict that continues through much of the rest of the novel. John imagines himself as a sexton (gravedigger) putting dirt on his own former identity of John Harmon in order to “Cover him, crush him, keep him down!” His fantasy Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. N

Book 3, Chapter 1 Quotes

It was a foggy day in London, and the fog was heavy and dark. Animate London, with smarting eyes and irritated lungs, was blinking, wheezing, and choking; inanimate London was a sooty spectre, divided in purpose between being visible and invisible, and so being wholly neither. [...] From any point of the high ridge of land northward, it might have been discerned that the loftiest buildings made an occasional struggle to get their heads above the foggy sea, and especially that the great dome of Saint Paul’s seemed to die hard; but this was not perceivable in the streets at their feet, where the whole metropolis was a heap of vapour charged with muffled sound of wheels, and enfolding a gigantic catarrh.

Related Characters: John Harmon/Julius Handford/John Rokesmith, Mr. Riah, Fascination Fledgeby
Related Symbols: River, Dust
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 417
Explanation and Analysis:
Like the first book, the third one also begins with a description of the atmosphere in London. While the initial description of the Thames had hints of how difficult life was for people in the lower class, the description of London’s famous fog here is more openly ominous. The narration describes a “sooty spectre” hanging over the city (with sooty meaning both black and probably also that it is literally made of soot), describing the pollution like a ghost. Even the “loftiest buildings” struggle to break through the dense haze that has descended over the city, and the people at Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero

Book 3, Chapter 8 Quotes

Sewn in the breast of her gown, the money to pay for her burial was still intact. If she could wear through the day, and then lie down to die under cover of the darkness, she would die independent. If she were captured previously, the money would be taken from her as a pauper who had no right to it, and she would be carried to the accursed workhouse.

Related Characters: Sloppy, Henerietty Boffin, Betty Higden, Nicodemus “Noddy” Boffin, Johnny
Related Symbols: River
Page Number and Citation: 502
Explanation and Analysis:
After Johnny’s untimely death, Noddy and Henerietty Boffin decide to adopt Sloppy instead, a helpful young man who has been loyal to Betty but who doesn’t have much money or education. Sloppy is so dedicated to Betty that he doesn’t want to leave her, so Betty comes up with the idea that she needs to run away so Sloppy feels free to accept the Boffins’ kindness. At first, Betty’s plan seems comically ill-advised. Despite her mental determination, she is old and relatively frail, even taking a fall into the river at one point. Still, as this passage shows, Betty doesn’t Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inven

Book 4, Chapter 1 Quotes

Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time. A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass. The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing. Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

Related Characters: Roger “Rogue” Riderhood, Lizzie , Bradley Headstone, Eugene Wrayburn
Related Symbols: River
Page Number and Citation: 617
Explanation and Analysis:
The fourth book begins with yet another description of nature, showing another perspective of the river that appeared prominently at the beginning of the first book. Unlike the foggy day at the beginning of the third book, everything in this environment is calm and pleasant, with only a “smooth shadow” going over the river, not a whole fog. This lush, tranquil image is suddenly undercut by the revelation that Roger Riderhood has been sleeping the whole time, not even caring how beautiful everything around him is. The fact that Roger is literally sleeping on one of the wooden levers of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit

Book 4, Chapter 15 Quotes

“Let go!” said Riderhood. “Stop! What are you trying at? You can’t drown Me. Ain’t I told you that the man as has come through drowning can never be drowned? I can’t be drowned.”

“I can be!” returned Bradley, in a desperate, clenched voice. “I am resolved to be. I’ll hold you living, and I’ll hold you dead. Come down!”

Riderhood went over into the smooth pit, backward, and Bradley Headstone upon him. When the two were found, lying under the ooze and scum behind one of the rotting gates, Riderhood’s hold had relaxed, probably in falling, and his eyes were staring upward. But, he was girdled still with Bradley’s iron ring, and the rivets of the iron ring held tight.

Related Characters: Roger “Rogue” Riderhood (speaker), Bradley Headstone (speaker), Eugene Wrayburn, Lizzie
Related Symbols: River
Page Number and Citation: 781
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote depicts the startling dual deaths of Roger Riderhood and Bradley Headstone. After Headstone tried to frame Roger for the attempted murder of Eugene, Roger turns around and tries to blackmail Headstone with direct evidence that Headstone committed the crime. This leads to a fight that ultimately leads to both men going in the river and drowning in the lock. Headstone lives up to his name, which could suggest hard-headedness or a headstone like a grave, and he sinks like a rock, taking Roger with him. What’s surprising about this passage is that Headstone seems to accept his own Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit nequ
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River Symbol Timeline in Our Mutual Friend

The timeline below shows where the symbol River appears in Our Mutual Friend. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Book 1, Chapter 1
Society, Class, and Character Theme Icon
Misfits and Outcasts Theme Icon
Gaffer Hexam and Lizzie Hexam float in a small, dirty boat down the River Thames in London, England, towing something new that they found. Gaffer is a man with... (full context)
Book 4, Chapter 6
Society, Class, and Character Theme Icon
Marriage, Adoption, and Family Theme Icon
...wandering the streets of a neighborhood of London. Eugene Wrayburn is out walking by the river. Lizzie is late to their meeting, and he fears she may not show up, but... (full context)
Greed and Corruption Theme Icon
...grab ahold of his red neckerchief. In struggling with his attacker, he falls in the river. (full context)