Refugee

Refugee

by Alan Gratz
One of the three protagonists of the book, alongside Josef and Isabel. Mahmoud is 13 years old in 2015, and lives in Aleppo, Syria with his father Youssef, his mother Fatima, his 10-year-old brother Waleed, and his infant sister Hana. Mahmoud has already had a lot of experience dealing with the trauma of war, as the Syrian Civil War has already been raging for four years at the beginning of Mahmoud’s story. Mahmoud learns to cope with these conditions by assuming a protective role over Waleed, and by learning to be “invisible,” keeping his head down to survive. Mahmoud grapples with this question of whether it is better to be invisible or visible over the course of the novel as his family travels from Syria to Germany. He understands that being unnoticed helps him avoid trouble, but he also begins to see the problems with remaining invisible, because it prevents good people from taking notice of them and providing aid. Mahmoud finally sees the power of visibility when he decides to walk out of the Hungarian detention center and lead the other refugees on a 12-hour march to Austria. This gains a large amount of media attention, and Austrians greet them at the border with food, water, and medicine. Thus, Mahmoud recognizes the importance of being visible, and his story also raises visibility for the many Syrian refugees who continue to need aid in the present. Like Josef, Mahmoud is also forced to make a difficult choice that shows his maturity and the weight of his responsibility. As Mahmoud and his family travel from Syria to Germany, they become stranded in the Mediterranean sea when their boat capsizes in the water. When another dinghy passes by that doesn’t have space for his family, he offers up Hana to them in order to ensure that she can survive. This is a decision that no 13-year-old should have to make, but Mahmoud’s difficult journey requires him to take on this burden. Eventually, Mahmoud and his family make it safely to Germany and are taken in by a host family, the elderly Saul Rosenberg and his wife, Ruthie—Josef’s little sister, who survived the Holocaust decades prior thanks to Josef’s self-sacrifice.

Mahmoud Bishara Quotes in Refugee

The Refugee quotes below are all either spoken by Mahmoud Bishara or refer to Mahmoud Bishara. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
).

Mahmoud: Aleppo, Syria – 2015 (1) Quotes

Mahmoud watched as these two boys attacked the boy with the bread, a boy he didn’t even know. He felt the stirrings of indignation, of anger, of sympathy. His breath came quick and deep, and his hands clenched into fists. “I should do something,” he whispered. But he knew better.

Head down, hoodie up, eyes on the ground. The trick was to be invisible. Blend in. Disappear.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Waleed Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 17
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: Aleppo, Syria – 2015 (3) Quotes

Everywhere around them, people fled into the streets, covered in gray dust and blood. No sirens rang. No ambulances came to help the wounded. No police cars or emergency crews hurried to the scene.

There weren’t any left.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara, Waleed Bishara, Hana Bishara, Fatima Bishara, Youssef Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 51
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey – 2015, 11 days (1) Quotes

Mahmoud screamed.

He howled louder than a fighter jet, and his parents didn’t even tell him to hush. Lights came on in houses nearby, and curtains ruffled as people looked out at the noise. Mahmoud’s mother broke down in tears, and his father let the life jackets he carried drop to the ground.

The smuggler had just told them their boat wasn’t leaving tonight.

Again.

“No boat today. Tomorrow. Tomorrow,” he’d told Mahmoud’s father.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara, Fatima Bishara, Youssef Bishara, Waleed Bishara, Hana Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 122
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: The Mediterranean – 2015, 11 days (1) Quotes

“Please!” Mahmoud cried. He sobbed with the effort of fighting off the man’s fingers and hanging onto the dinghy. “Please, take us with you!”

“No! No room!”

“At least take my sister!” Mahmoud begged. “She’s a baby. She won’t take up any room!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Hana Bishara, Fatima Bishara, Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez
Related Symbols: Boats, Water
Page Number and Citation: 162
Explanation and Analysis:

Isabel: Caribbean Sea – 1994, 3 days Quotes

“Thank you! Thank you!” Isabel cried. Her heart ached with gratitude toward these people. Just a moment’s kindness from each of them might mean the difference between death and survival for her mother and everyone else on the little raft.

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez (speaker), Teresa Fernandez, Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 177
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: Lesbos to Athens – 2015, 12 days (3) Quotes

The vacationers dropped their voices, and even though Mahmoud couldn’t understand what they were saying, he could hear the disgust in their words. This wasn’t what the tourists had paid for. They were supposed to be on holiday, seeing ancient ruins and beautiful Greek beaches, not stepping over filthy, praying refugees.

They only see us when we do something they don’t want us to do, Mahmoud realized.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 213
Explanation and Analysis:

Josef: Havana Harbor – 1939, 21 days Quotes

“I wish from the bottom of my heart that you will land soon, Little Man,” Officer Padron said again. “I’m sorry. I’m just doing my job.”

Josef looked deep into Officer Padron’s eyes, searching for some sign of help, some hint of sympathy. Officer Padron just looked away.

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Josef Landau, Aaron Landau, Mahmoud Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 16 days Quotes

“We’re not criminals!” one of the other men in the cell yelled at him.

“We didn’t ask for civil war! We didn’t want to leave our homes!” another man yelled.

“We’re refugees!” Mahmoud yelled, unable to stay silent any longer. “We need help!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Josef Landau, Youssef Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 265
Explanation and Analysis:

Isabel: Coast of Florida – 1994, 5 days (3) Quotes

“Don’t you see?” Lito said. “The Jewish people on the ship were seeking asylum, just like us. They needed a place to hide from Hitler. From the Nazis. Mañana, we told them. We’ll let you in mañana. But we never did.” Lito was crying now, distraught. “We sent them back to Europe and Hitler and the Holocaust. Back to their deaths. How many of them died because we turned them away? Because I was just doing my job?”

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Isabel Fernandez, Josef Landau, Rachel Landau, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Aaron Landau, Mahmoud Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 276
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 17 days Quotes

Whether you were visible or invisible, it was all about how other people reacted to you. Good and bad things happened either way. If you were invisible, the bad people couldn’t hurt you, that was true. But the good people couldn’t help you, either.

Related Characters: Samih Nasseer, Mahmoud Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 281
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: Berlin Germany – 2015, Home Quotes

I don’t remember much about him, but I do remember he always wanted to be a grown-up. “I don’t have time for games,” he would tell me. “I’m a man now.” And when those soldiers said one of us could go free and the other would be taken to a concentration camp, Josef said, “Take me.”

My brother, just a boy, becoming a man at last.

Related Characters: Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg (speaker), Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Saul Rosenberg, Hana Bishara, Rachel Landau
Page Number and Citation: 315
Explanation and Analysis:

He was filled with sadness for the boy his age. The boy who had died so Ruthie could live. But Mahmoud was also filled with gratitude. Josef had died so Ruthie could live, and one day welcome Mahmoud and his family into her house.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara, Josef Landau, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Lito/Mariano Padron
Page Number and Citation: 316
Explanation and Analysis:
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Mahmoud Bishara Character Timeline in Refugee

The timeline below shows where the character Mahmoud Bishara appears in Refugee. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Mahmoud: Aleppo, Syria – 2015 (1)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Twelve-year-old Mahmoud Bishara is used to being invisible—it is how he survives. Getting noticed by the Syrian... (full context)
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
As Mahmoud and Waleed turn down an alley, they notice two boys beating another boy up in... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
As Mahmoud watches the boy getting beaten up, he wants to do something—he feels angry, indignant, and... (full context)
Mahmoud: Aleppo, Syria – 2015 (2)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
After school, Mahmoud, Waleed, and their mother, Fatima, do their usual afternoon prayer. They wash their hands and... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Suddenly, the wall of Mahmoud’s apartment explodes, blasting concrete and glass throughout the room. He claws his way out of... (full context)
Mahmoud: Aleppo, Syria – 2015 (3)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Mahmoud spots Waleed across the living room, covered head to toe in concrete dust. Waleed’s eyes... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
The street is filled with rubble, and buildings are collapsing around them. Mahmoud is stunned that that there are no police cars or emergency crews coming to help,... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Fatima tries to call Youssef, Mahmoud’s father, but they see him running down the street, overjoyed that they are safe. Youssef... (full context)
Mahmoud: Just Outside Aleppo, Syria – 2015, 1 day from home
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
...on her iPhone. An hour later, they are stopped by four soldiers with automatic rifles. Mahmoud tries to disappear in the back of the car. Youssef tells the soldiers that he’s... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
...is hit and killed. The car skids to a stop, and Youssef, Fatima (with Hana), Mahmoud, and Waleed immediately get out of the car and dive into a ditch. The soldiers... (full context)
Mahmoud: Kilis, Turkey – 2015, 2 days from home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Mahmoud and his family wait at the border of Turkey, surrounded by countless Syrian families. Mahmoud... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Mahmoud feels like he is in trouble as they approach the Turkish border guards. Mahmoud realizes,... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Mahmoud and his family then enter into a giant refugee camp with masses of white tents.... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
Mahmoud continues to walk through the city, and finds a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle toy that... (full context)
Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey – 2015, 4 days from home
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
Mahmoud is waiting with his family for a boat that can take them from Turkey to... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
As Mahmoud’s family walks through Izmir, trying to find a hotel, Mahmoud is amazed at how little... (full context)
Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey – 2015, 11 days from home (1)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
One week after the boat to Greece was originally supposed to arrive, the smuggler tells Mahmoud and his family the same thing he has been saying for the past week: the... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Mahmoud and his family return to the mall. There, two Turkish men demand that they start... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Mahmoud then begins to stop cars on the street, asking for help. One driver rolls the... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
As the man drives Mahmoud and his family to the car dealership, he explains that his name is Samih Nasseer... (full context)
Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey – 2015, 11 days from home (2)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
The boat Mahmoud’s family is set to take is a black inflatable rubber dinghy with a motor. Though... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Youssef assures Mahmoud that it looks like the trip will only last a few hours, looking at his... (full context)
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Mahmoud thinks that this is worse than Syria. He thinks that he is “an invisible brown... (full context)
Mahmoud: Somewhere on the Mediterranean Sea – 2015, 11 days from home (1)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Mahmoud tumbles into the water, disappearing under the waves. He chokes and starts to drown, until... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Mahmoud then sees Youssef and Waleed swimming nearby. His father says that the life preservers are... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Suddenly, Mahmoud sees another boat of people. Mahmoud and his family cry out for help, but the... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Mahmoud begs to be let onto the boat, but those on board insist there is no... (full context)
Mahmoud: Somewhere on the Mediterranean Sea – 2015, 11 days from home (2)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Fatima continues to sob at having given away Hana, and Mahmoud can tell that his mother is ready to give up. He works to keep her... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Mahmoud suddenly sees a man floating face down in the water with a life jacket on.... (full context)
Mahmoud: Somewhere on the Mediterranean Sea – 2015, 11 days from home (3)
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Mahmoud comes in and out of sleep, until he hears the sound of a motor. He... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
The boat grows louder, and Mahmoud sees that it is a real boat, a Coast Guard ship from Greece. At the... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
When they reach the shore, Youssef kisses the ground and says thanks to Allah. Mahmoud joins him for their morning prayers. On the shore, they notice a hill made out... (full context)
Mahmoud: Lesbos, Greece, to Athens, Greece – 2015, 12 days from home (3)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
...the crossing from Turkey. Fatima continues to go from tent to tent, asking about Hana. Mahmoud continues to blame himself for losing his sister. Youssef tells Fatima that Hana probably went... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
That morning, Mahmoud, Waleed, Fatima, and Youssef take a ferry from Lesbos to Athens. The inside of the... (full context)
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Mahmoud then notices a refugee laying out a mat for prayer. Mahmoud and Waleed join him,... (full context)
Mahmoud: Macedonia to Serbia – 2015, 14 to 15 days from home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Policemen are guarding the border from Greece to Macedonia, and Mahmoud once again notices how dirty he feels. Youssef uses his phone to determine that they... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Mahmoud and his family stop at a train station only long enough to recharge their phones.... (full context)
Mahmoud: Serbia to Hungary – 2015, 15 to 16 days from home
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Mahmoud is instantly awake, looking at the gun pointed at him. Youssef begs the taxi driver... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Once outside, Mahmoud sinks to the ground in tears. He thinks that he will never forget the fear... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Youssef tells Mahmoud and Fatima that they’ll have to walk to a nearby bus stop to get to... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Mahmoud and his family are able to catch the late bus to Horgoš, near the Hungarian... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
There are more screams, and Mahmoud and his family are caught up in the surge toward the fence. Though Mahmoud is... (full context)
Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 16 days from home
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Mahmoud is choking on the tear gas, his eyes streaming tears. He is pulled off the... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...yelling in Arabic that they don’t want their “filth” in Hungary either, calling them “parasites.” Mahmoud cries out, trying to stop the guards by telling them they’ll agree to be processed. (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
When Mahmoud and Youssef line up, they pass another cell for women and children and find Fatima... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...The policeman then says that they will be sent back to Serbia. When Youssef and Mahmoud return to their cell and pass Fatima again, she cries out to them. But they... (full context)
Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 17 days from home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
The next morning, Mahmoud and Youssef are taken to a refugee camp in a cold, muddy field surrounded by... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Mahmoud isn’t ready to give up yet—he has hope that they can make a new life... (full context)
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Mahmoud concludes that it is better to be visible. He looks and sees that some United... (full context)
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
The soldier calls for help from the other guards, wondering what to do, but Mahmoud simply continues walking outside. The other children in the camp start to follow him into... (full context)
Mahmoud: Hungary to Germany – 2015, 17 days from home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Mahmoud and the other refugees march down the highway toward Austria. They walk with the crowd... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
When Mahmoud finishes praying, he sees that a group of Austrians had gathered around them. He worries... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Invisibility and the Refugee Experience Theme Icon
Mahmoud and his family then reach the train station and travel overnight to Germany. In Munich,... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...name, asks in perfect Arabic if Youssef and his family are seeking asylum in Germany. Mahmoud wonders if this is the end of their horrible nightmare—if this is their Promised Land.... (full context)
Mahmoud: Berlin Germany – 2015, Home
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
For four weeks, Mahmoud, Waleed, Youssef, and Fatima live in a school in Munich, until a host family agrees... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
...explaining through the translator that she is a toy designer. She says that she thought Mahmoud might be too old. He nods, but says that Frau Rosenburg can make one for... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Frau Rosenburg explains that she was a refugee, too, and shows Mahmoud a picture of herself and her brother as young children. She tells Mahmoud the story... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Frau Rosenburg tells Mahmoud that she only survived because a kind French woman took her in and raised her... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Mahmoud is filled with sadness for Josef, but also with gratitude. Saul calls Frau Rosenburg back... (full context)