Joan (“The Maid”) Character Analysis

Joan, often referred to by others as “the Maid,” is Saint Joan’s protagonist. She is based on the historical figure Joan of Arc from Lorraine. Shaw portrays Joan as a simple teenage girl who is uneducated and somewhat naïve. However, she is also witty, intelligent, pragmatic, and a highly capable military strategist: until her capture at the end of Saint Joan, she celebrates only victories in her martial pursuits. Throughout the play, Joan presumes to communicate directly with God through the voices of Saint Catherine, Saint Margaret, and the archangel Michael, which she hears in her head. Joan’s voices inform her military strategizing, her decision to don men’s clothing and armor, and her decision to crown the Dauphin King of France. Joan gains enemies in both the religious and secular spheres of medieval society because authority figures like Peter Cauchon, the Bishop of Beauvais and the Earl of Warwick believe that the confidence she places in her voices poses a threat to existing systems of institutional power. For example, Cauchon and the Church see Joan as a threat because, in listening to her voices, she presumes that she, rather than the Church, is the ultimate authority on the word of God. Such a view eliminates the need for the Church to understand God and consequently lessens the power religious authorities like Cauchon hold over the common people. What sets Joan apart from most other characters in the play is her strong sense of moral integrity. Unlike Charles VII, Cauchon, or Warwick, Joan has no interest or obligation to uphold the values and power structures of an institution, choosing instead to act solely on behalf of her own conscience and moral compass. While other characters repeatedly contradict their individual beliefs in order to fuel the strength of their respective institutions, Joan’s individuality allows her to maintain a sense of honesty and integrity in everything she says and does.

Joan (“The Maid”) Quotes in Saint Joan

The Saint Joan quotes below are all either spoken by Joan (“The Maid”) or refer to Joan (“The Maid”). For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Institutions and the Corruption of Integrity Theme Icon
).

Scene 1 Quotes

“We want a few mad people now. See where the sane ones have landed us!”

Related Characters: Bertrand de Poulengey (speaker), Joan (“The Maid”), Jean, Comte de Dunois, Bastard of Orleans, Robert de Baudricourt
Page Number and Citation: 67
Explanation and Analysis:

ROBERT. How do you mean? voices?

JOAN. I hear voices telling me what to do. They come from God.

ROBERT. They come from your imagination.

JOAN. Of course. That is how the messages of God come to us.

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), Robert de Baudricourt (speaker)
Related Symbols: Joan’s Armor
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 68
Explanation and Analysis:

Scene 2 Quotes

“A miracle, my friend, is an event which creates faith. That is the purpose and nature of miracles. They may seem very wonderful to the people who witness them, and very simple to those who perform them. That does not matter: if they confirm or create faith they are true miracles.”

Related Characters: The Archbishop of Rheims (Regnault de Chartres) (speaker), The Dauphin (King Charles VII), Joan (“The Maid”), Gilles de Rais (“Bluebeard”), Georges, Duc de la Trémouille, Constable of France
Page Number and Citation: 79
Explanation and Analysis:

“You are not a churchman; but you are a diplomatist and a soldier. Could you make our citizens pay war taxes, or our soldiers sacrifice their lives, if they knew what is really happening instead of what seems to them to be happening?”

Related Characters: The Archbishop of Rheims (Regnault de Chartres) (speaker), Gilles de Rais (“Bluebeard”), The Dauphin (King Charles VII), Joan (“The Maid”), Georges, Duc de la Trémouille, Constable of France
Page Number and Citation: 79
Explanation and Analysis:

“Do not think that I am a lover of crooked ways. There is a new spirit rising in men: we are at the dawning of a wider epoch. If I were a simple monk, and had not to rule men, I should seek peace for my spirit with Aristotle and Pythagoras rather than with the saints and their miracles.”

Related Characters: The Archbishop of Rheims (Regnault de Chartres) (speaker), Gilles de Rais (“Bluebeard”), Joan (“The Maid”), The Dauphin (King Charles VII), Georges, Duc de la Trémouille, Constable of France
Page Number and Citation: 80
Explanation and Analysis:

“Minding your own business is like minding your own body: it’s the shortest way to make yourself sick.”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), The Dauphin (King Charles VII), Gilles de Rais (“Bluebeard”)
Page Number and Citation: 86
Explanation and Analysis:

Scene 3 Quotes

“I will not look back to see whether anyone is following me.”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), Jean, Comte de Dunois, Bastard of Orleans
Page Number and Citation: 91
Explanation and Analysis:

DUNOIS. I, God forgive me, am a little in love with war myself, the ugly devil! I am like a man with two wives. Do you want to be like a woman with two husbands?

JOAN. [matter-of-fact] I will never take a husband. A man in Toul took action against me for breach of promise; but I never promised him. I am a soldier: I do not want to be thought of as a woman. I will not dress as a woman. I do not care for the things women care for. They dream of lovers, and money. I dream of leading a charge, and of placing the big guns.

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), Jean, Comte de Dunois, Bastard of Orleans
Related Symbols: Joan’s Armor
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 92
Explanation and Analysis:

Scene 4 Quotes

“Men cannot serve two masters. If this cant of serving their country once takes hold of them, goodbye to the authority of their feudal lords, and goodbye to the authority of the Church. That is, goodbye to you and me.”

Related Characters: Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick (speaker), Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais, Joan (“The Maid”), John Bowyer Spenser Neville de Stogumber (Warwick’s Chaplain)
Page Number and Citation: 96
Explanation and Analysis:

“When he strikes, he strikes at the Catholic Church, whose realm is the whole spiritual world. When he damns, he damns the souls of the entire human race. Against that dreadful design The Church stands ever on guard. And it is as one of the instruments of that design that I see this girl. She is inspired, but diabolically inspired.”

Related Characters: Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais (speaker), Joan (“The Maid”), John Bowyer Spenser Neville de Stogumber (Warwick’s Chaplain), Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
Page Number and Citation: 100
Explanation and Analysis:

“You great lords are too prone to treat The Church as a mere political convenience.”

Related Characters: Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais (speaker), Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, John Bowyer Spenser Neville de Stogumber (Warwick’s Chaplain), Joan (“The Maid”)
Page Number and Citation: 101
Explanation and Analysis:

“She acts as if she herself were The Church. She brings the message of God to Charles; and The Church must stand aside. She will crown him in the cathedral of Rheims: she, not The Church! She sends letters to the king of England giving him God’s command through her to return to his island on pain of God’s vengeance, which she will execute. […] Has she ever in all her utterances said one word of The Church? Never. It is always God and herself.”

Related Characters: Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais (speaker), Joan (“The Maid”), John Bowyer Spenser Neville de Stogumber (Warwick’s Chaplain), Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
Page Number and Citation: 103
Explanation and Analysis:

“My lord: we shall not defeat The Maid if we strive against one another. […] The devil divides us and governs. I see you are no friend to The Church: you are an earl first and last, as I am a churchman first and last. But can we not sink our differences in the face of a common enemy?”

Related Characters: Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais (speaker), Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, Joan (“The Maid”), John Bowyer Spenser Neville de Stogumber (Warwick’s Chaplain)
Page Number and Citation: 106-107
Explanation and Analysis:

Scene 5 Quotes

“Well, I have to find reasons for you, because you do not believe in my voices. But the voices come first; and I find the reasons after: whatever you may choose to believe.”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), The Dauphin (King Charles VII), Jean, Comte de Dunois, Bastard of Orleans
Page Number and Citation: 111
Explanation and Analysis:

“You came clothed with the virtue of humility; and because God blessed your enterprises accordingly, you have stained yourself with the sin of pride. The old Greek tragedy is rising among us. It is the chastisement of hubris.”

Related Characters: The Archbishop of Rheims (Regnault de Chartres) (speaker), The Dauphin (King Charles VII), Joan (“The Maid”)
Page Number and Citation: 113
Explanation and Analysis:

Scene 6 Quotes

“You must not fall into the common error of mistaking these simpletons for liars and hypocrites. They believe honestly and sincerely that their diabolical inspiration is divine. Therefore you must be on guard against your natural compassion. […] You are going to see before you a young girl, pious and chaste; for I must tell you, gentlemen, that the things said of her by our English friends are supported by no evidence, whilst there is abundant testimony that her excesses have been excesses of religion and charity and not of worldliness and wantonness. This girl is not one of those whose hard features are the sign of hard hearts, and whose brazen looks and lewd demeanor condemn them before they are accused. The devilish pride that has led her into her present peril had left no mark on her countenance. Strange as it may seem to you, it has even left no mark on her character outside those special matters in which she is proud; so that you will see a diabolical pride and a natural humility seated side by side in the selfsame soul.”

Related Characters: Brother John Lemaître (The Inquisitor) (speaker), Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais, Joan (“The Maid”), The Archbishop of Rheims (Regnault de Chartres), Robert de Baudricourt
Page Number and Citation: 129
Explanation and Analysis:

“What other judgment can I judge by but my own?”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais
Page Number and Citation: 136
Explanation and Analysis:

“There is great wisdom in the simplicity of a beast, let me tell you; and sometimes great foolishness in the wisdom of scholars.”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), Brother John Lemaître (The Inquisitor)
Page Number and Citation: 139
Explanation and Analysis:

“But to shut me from the light of the sky and the sight of the fields and flowers; to chain my feet so that I can never again ride with the soldiers nor climb the hills; to make me breathe foul damp darkness, and keep me from everything that brings me back to the love of God when your wickedness and foolishness tempt me to hate Him: all this is worse than the furnace in the Bible that was heated seven times. I could do without my warhorse; I could drag about in a skirt; I could let the banners and the trumpets and the knights and soldiers pass me and leave me behind as they leave the other women, if only I could still hear the wind in the trees, the larks in the sunshine, the young lambs crying through the healthy frost, and the blessed blessed church bells that send my angel voices floating to me on the wind.”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), Brother John Lemaître (The Inquisitor)
Related Symbols: Nature, Joan’s Armor
Page Number and Citation: 143
Explanation and Analysis:

“One gets used to it. Habit is everything. I am accustomed to the fire; it is soon over.”

Related Characters: Brother John Lemaître (The Inquisitor) (speaker), Joan (“The Maid”), Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais
Page Number and Citation: 145
Explanation and Analysis:

Epilogue Quotes

“I was always a rough one: a regular soldier. I might almost as well have been a man. Pity I wasn’t: I should not have bothered you all so much then.”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), The Dauphin (King Charles VII), Jean, Comte de Dunois, Bastard of Orleans
Page Number and Citation: 153
Explanation and Analysis:

“It is the memory and the salvation that sanctify the cross, not the cross that sanctifies the memory and the salvation.”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker), The Dauphin (King Charles VII)
Page Number and Citation: 154
Explanation and Analysis:

“Yes: it is always you good men that do the big mischiefs.”

Related Characters: The Dauphin (King Charles VII) (speaker), Joan (“The Maid”), Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais
Page Number and Citation: 155
Explanation and Analysis:

“The heretic is always better dead. And mortal eyes cannot distinguish the saint from the heretic. Spare them.”

Related Characters: Peter (Píerre) Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais (speaker), Joan (“The Maid”)
Page Number and Citation: 163
Explanation and Analysis:

“O God that madest this beautiful earth, when will it be ready to receive Thy saints? How long, O Lord, how long?”

Related Characters: Joan (“The Maid”) (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 164
Explanation and Analysis:
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Joan (“The Maid”) Character Timeline in Saint Joan

The timeline below shows where the character Joan (“The Maid”) appears in Saint Joan. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Scene 1
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...won’t produce milk because “there is a spell on [them] since the arrival of “ The Maid ” at Vaucouleurs. For the past two days, a girl from Lorraine has been sitting... (full context)
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Baudricourt has instructed his steward to throw the Maid out, but the steward insists that her “positive” demeanor prevents him from doing so. The... (full context)
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Baudricourt calls out the window to the Maid and summons her inside. The MaidJoan of Arc—appears in the doorway. She is 17 or 18 years old, sturdily built, and... (full context)
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Although Baudricourt calls Joan mad, she refuses to back down. She needs Baudricourt to give her supplies and send... (full context)
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Baudricourt dismisses Joan and sends for Monsieur de Poulengey. Poulengey enters and Baudricourt warns Poulengey about Joan’s background:... (full context)
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The men call for Joan to return and they interrogate her about the voices of saints she claims to hear... (full context)
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Baudricourt finds Joan’s confidence ludicrous, emphasizing the strength and determination of the English soldiers. Joan counters this, reasoning... (full context)
Scene 2
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...eventually agree that France needs a miracle to defeat the English, so they send for Joan. The Dauphin and Bluebeard leave to assume their disguises. (full context)
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...Archbishop and La Trémouille muse over miracles. The Archbishop laments that the test is useless: Joan will easily be able to identify the true Dauphin through context clues, therefore passing the... (full context)
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...throne room to join the others. Bluebeard, dressed as the Dauphin, sits on the throne. Joan enters and accurately identifies the Dauphin. She then announces that she has come to Chinon... (full context)
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Joan addresses the Dauphin—whose name is Charles—colloquially as “Charlie” and comforts him as he admits that... (full context)
Scene 3
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Suddenly, Joan approaches. She identifies Dunois as the Bastard of Orleans and introduces herself to Dunois before... (full context)
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Joan tells Dunois that, when they reach the forts across the river, she will be the... (full context)
Scene 4
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...the table and discuss their shared problem: “the young woman from Lorraine.” Stogumber believes that Joan is a sorceress and Warwick thinks she should be burned at the stake. (full context)
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Cauchon approaches the problem of Joan more cautiously: they must not only act on their own opinions, he cautions, but also... (full context)
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...that the men should attribute the French victory more to Dunois’s military prowess than to Joan’s supposed sorcery. Stogumber is convinced of Joan’s sorcery, however; he recounts hearing that Joan was... (full context)
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Cauchon suggests that the devil is working through Joan in order to destroy the Catholic Church and “damn[] the souls of the entire human... (full context)
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Warwick is enthusiastic about working with Cauchon to burn Joan, and Cauchon accuses him of “treat[ing] the Church as a mere political convenience.” Cauchon insists... (full context)
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Stogumber interrupts to question how Joan can be accused of heresy when she prays nonstop. With gusto, Cauchon explains his condemnation... (full context)
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...the “temporal institutions of the world, as well as the spiritual ones.” Warwick believes that Joan’s views threaten to destroy the existing feudal system. Under Joan’s system, nobility would be required... (full context)
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Cauchon agrees that Joan’s political position is problematic. He ties it to a component of Joan’s heresy that he... (full context)
Scene 5
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An organ plays in the cathedral of Rheims after Charles’s coronation. Joan, dressed in men’s clothing, kneels before the stations of the cross displayed on a pillar.... (full context)
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Joan tells Dunois that she wants to “take Paris” next, but Dunois cautions her that many... (full context)
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...cathedral. Charles complains about how heavy his robes are and how horrible holy oil smells. Joan approaches Charles and tells him of her plans to return home. Reluctant to return to... (full context)
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Joan asserts that she knows she’s right because her voices tell her so. Additionally, her decision... (full context)
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Ultimately, everyone decides that Joan’s confidence is unfounded and foolish. The Archbishop assures her that the Church, the army, and... (full context)
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Frustrated, Joan cries out that she has “always been alone.” She’d thought that she would find people... (full context)
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Joan leaves. Bluebeard and Dunois admit that, although she is foolish, her passion inspires them. La... (full context)
Scene 6
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...1431. The scene opens in a castle in Rouen in a stone hall arranged for Joan’s trial. Two chairs sit side by side, raised above the rest of the court, with... (full context)
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...Canon John D’Estivet, who will be the Promoter, or Prosecutor. It’s been nine months since Joan was captured by the Burgundians. Warwick asks Cauchon when the trial will be over, to... (full context)
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...growing impatient. Cauchon denounces the English soldiers who threaten to drown anyone who sides with Joan. He reiterates his determination to give Joan a fair trial. D’Estivet describes how psychologically difficult... (full context)
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The Inquisitor interrupts to assure both men that neither must worry about Joan being punished, as her own stubbornness will seal her fate: everything she says further convinces... (full context)
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Ladvenu, a young Dominican monk, enters the courtroom, suggesting that Joan’s heresy could be the result of her “simplicity.” In a long speech, the Inquisitor cautions... (full context)
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What is so dangerous about Joan’s heresy, states the Inquisitor, is that it is not just an act: she sincerely believes... (full context)
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...insists that everyone should be grateful to the Holy Inquisition: before it existed, someone like Joan would have been violently executed without a trial. Ultimately, Joan’s judges need to value justice... (full context)
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Two English soldiers bring Joan to the courtroom and lead her to her wooden stool. She is in chains and... (full context)
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The Inquisitor reminds D’Estivet that the trial hasn’t officially begun because Joan has yet to take the oath to tell the whole truth. Joan continues to be... (full context)
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Cauchon returns the court to its central concern, asking Joan if she will “accept the judgment of God’s Church on earth.” Joan responds that she... (full context)
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Cauchon tells Joan that—despite the numerous opportunities the court has given her to save herself— she has condemned... (full context)
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The Inquisitor tells Joan the Church has decided with certainty that her voices come from the devil and asks... (full context)
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The Inquisitor tells Joan that the stake is ready for her burning. Joan is shocked: her voices had promised... (full context)
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Joan accuses the court of lying to her: they said they wanted to save her life,... (full context)
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Cauchon laments the English’s excitement to destroy Joan while acknowledging its necessity. The Inquisitor admits that, although he is used to such cruel... (full context)
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Ladvenu enters and reports on the burning: Joan had only the improvised cross pressed to her chest, so he brought one from the... (full context)
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The Executioner enters and tells Warwick that the deed is done: Joan is dead. Her remains were thrown in the river. Reflecting on Ladvenu’s earlier claim that... (full context)
Epilogue
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It’s a June night in 1456, 25 years after Joan’s execution. Charles VII—now 51 years old and known as Charles the Victorious on account of... (full context)
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Suddenly, the candles go out. Charles hears Joan’s voice. She appears as an apparition, revealing herself to be a dream. Joan tells Charles... (full context)
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Suddenly, the apparition of Cauchon appears. After the Church declared Joan’s innocence, Cauchon—who was already dead—was excommunicated, his corpse tossed into the sewer. Embittered, he complains... (full context)
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...He is granted one day free from damnation each year for his “one good action.” Joan recognizes the soldier and explains that he was the man who gave her the improvised... (full context)
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...that he is Chaplain de Stogumber. Stogumber expresses remorse for the cruelty he inflicted upon Joan, though in his old age he does not recognize her before him. Joan’s execution might... (full context)
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The Executioner appears, announcing that Joan’s strength of spirit makes her “more alive” than Stogumber. Warwick enters next and congratulates Joan... (full context)
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In response to everyone’s praise, Joan proposes that she rise from the dead and join them—she’s a saint now, after all,... (full context)
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The soldier is the last character to go. He tries to comfort Joan, asserting that all those who left her to die are not worth her time. He... (full context)