Salt to the Sea
Salt to the Sea
by Ruta Sepetys
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Agency, Willpower, and Fate Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Agency, Willpower, and Fate Theme Icon
Storytelling and Fantasy  Theme Icon
Memory and Survival  Theme Icon
Family and Community vs. Selfishness  Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Salt to the Sea, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Agency, Willpower, and Fate Theme Icon
Agency, Willpower, and Fate Theme Icon

During World War II, the fate of many Europeans was determined by their race, ethnicity, religion, sexuality, and health. The Nazi party labeled many groups as “unworthy of life,” and these groups were rounded up, imprisoned, and, in many cases, killed. The majority of these people were Jewish, but other groups—including Romani people, people with disabilities, homosexuals, and the ethnically Polish—were also singled out for imprisonment or extermination. The government and the military tried to control these people’s futures, systematically attempting to crush their willpower and deprive them of agency. By labeling certain groups as undesirable and marking them for death, the government and military tried to control the futures of its citizens, by ensuring they would not have one at all. In Nazi Germany, being in possession of the “wrong” identity became a death sentence. The characters in Salt to the Sea have managed to survive many atrocities. Through their perseverance, they demonstrate the power of the will and of hope. Even in the face of a government that wants people like them dead—or in the face of curses that they believe are following them across the European continent—the protagonists of the novel demonstrate that the will and determination to live can overcome seemingly insurmountable odds.

At the novel’s start, the Nazi’s racialized predetermination of people’s fates has been internalized by many of the characters.  Joana explicitly states at one point “Our papers determined our fate.” Referring to Emilia, who is Polish and without papers, she continues: “No papers, no future.” However, an individual’s will to live proves to be more powerful than a state-sanctioned death sentence. Reflecting on the hardships she has faced because of her identity, Emilia recalls: “The Nazis claimed I didn’t need an education” and “The Nazis said the people of Poland would become serfs to the Germans.” However, even though “they had burned our books in the Polish language […] I had learned to read very young. They could never take that away from me.” The Nazis want to crush Emilia’s life by crushing her sense of agency and her will to live, but Emilia resists. Even though the government ostensibly has control over her life, her will to survive and exercise control over her own destiny is stronger than the Nazi regime that has tried to entrap her. With her father’s help, she escapes Poland. By her own force of will, she escapes her next home of Nemmersdorf. With the help of her newfound friends, and the memories of her culture and family, she manages to survive years past the point that the Nazis first tried to take her life.

Across Europe and beyond, the fates of individuals during the war were determined by specific markers of their identity—a fact that, for many who saw themselves as doomed, bred a sense of hopelessness and helplessness. Emilia, who has endured the death of her family at the hands of Nazis as well as rape and a subsequent pregnancy at the hands of Soviet soldiers, finds it difficult to continue living her life. She is superstitious, and sees signs everywhere that she assumes point to her own death. Her future, to her, seems predetermined; she believes that, just as her own mother died in childbirth, she too will die giving birth to her daughter. As a young girl, Emilia took part in a festival in which girls launch flower wreaths carrying lit candles down a river. Emilia relates, “Legend said that the boy who retrieved your wreath downstream was the boy you would marry.” Unfortunately, Emilia’s wreath caught fire and then sank, “quietly sealing [her] fate,” she believes. However, over the course of the novel Emilia begins to believe in a brighter future, and when she delivers her baby and survives, she thinks, “maybe the storm was finally behind me.” Emilia eventually does die, but only after she has proven every one of her prophecies wrong: she did not die in childbirth, and she did not die with the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff. Instead, she manages to save her child, kill a Nazi soldier, and tell the truth about her Polish heritage before eventually freezing to death on a raft in the Baltic Sea. Unlike the death she had predicted for herself —sinking passively like her wreath many years before—Emilia dies as an active participant in determining her own fate.

Like Emilia, other characters similarly believe they have some degree of free will, but worry that their lives are marked by a curse which causes them continual bad luck and hardship. Florian, who has spent many months working on restoring and hiding the stolen Amber Room, worries that, because he stole the amber swan and carries it with him, he is carrying a curse. Florian wonders if the Amber Room is responsible for the string of tragedies and bad luck he has experienced in the last few years (with the murder of his father, his shrapnel injury, and the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff). Eventually, however, Florian breaks free from what he perceives to be his curse. He realizes that the swan trapped him an endless loop of revenge, but by letting go of his anger, he can move on with his life.

Surviving during World War II requires constant effort. Although the fates of the protagonists of Salt to the Sea have some agency and free will, they are nonetheless aware that the Nazi government has strict ideas about who deserves to live and who deserves to die. Therefore, those condemned to die because of who they are—because of their nationality, or because of a disability—know they are living on borrowed time. If they want to make it out of East Prussia alive, they must somehow navigate forces more powerful than they are—superstitions, curses, and fascist soldiers—to take charge of their own destinies.

Related Themes from Other Texts
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Agency, Willpower, and Fate ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Agency, Willpower, and Fate appears in each chapter of Salt to the Sea. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
How often theme appears:
chapter length:
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1. Joana
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2. Florian
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3. Emilia
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4. Alfred
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94. Florian
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100. Emilia
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103. Emilia
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105. Joana
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108. Joana
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110. Alfred
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135. Florian
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150. Florian
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174. Florian
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Agency, Willpower, and Fate Quotes in Salt to the Sea

Below you will find the important quotes in Salt to the Sea related to the theme of Agency, Willpower, and Fate.

6. Emilia Quotes

“Are you okay?” I asked, barely recognizing my own voice. His face twisted at the sound of my words.
He was German.
I was Polish.
He would want nothing to do with me. Adolf Hitler had declared that Polish people were subhuman. We were to be destroyed so the Germans could have the land they needed for their empire. Hitler said Germans were superior and would not live among Poles. We were not Germanizable. But our soil was.

Related Characters: Emilia Stozek (speaker), Florian Beck, Adolf Hitler
Page Number and Citation: 11
Explanation and Analysis:
After Florian rescues Emilia from a Soviet soldier, Emilia tries to speak to Florian. He reacts to her use of the Polish language, and Emilia assumes this is because he is German, and believes that Polish people are genetically inferior. Emilia is Polish, and for the past five years has been on the run, hiding her Polish identity from the German government, which instituted a multi-step ethnic cleansing of Poland and its people. Although Emilia managed to escape, she has begun to internalize ideas of Polish inferiority, and no longer feels anger at those who reject her; instead, she glumly Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut.

9. Emilia Quotes

He wanted to leave me. His race was his own.

Who was this German boy, old enough to be in the Wehrmacht, yet dressed in civilian clothes? For me he was a conqueror, a sleeping knight, like in the stories Mama used to tell. Polish legend told of a king and his brave knights who lay asleep within the mountain caverns. If Poland was in distress, the knights would awaken and come to the rescue.
I told myself that the handsome young man was a sleeping knight. He moved forward, his pistol at the ready. He was leaving.
Why did everyone leave me?

Related Characters: Emilia Stozek (speaker), Florian Beck
Page Number and Citation: 17
Explanation and Analysis:
Because Florian looks German (although he is actually Prussian), Emilia assumes he is German and so makes assumptions about his beliefs and opinions regarding Polish people. Being Polish, Emilia assumes that Florian wants nothing to do with her. After having been told that she is inferior because of her ethnicity and nationality, Emilia has begun to believe it, and has almost grown to accept this mistreatment. Instead of being angry that Florian’s “race was his own,” she is resigned.     This passage marks the beginning of one of Emilia’s recurring fantasies. In this fantasy, Florian is not just a teenage boy, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi nece

25. Emilia Quotes

I looked at the trees and thought of the big stork’s nest I had seen on top of the barn. It made me think of Mama. I thought of the warm sunny days when she would take me to pick mushrooms in the forest. In the forest near Lwów was a beautiful old oak tree with a hollow large enough to sit in. We’d take our baskets to the tree and I’d scramble into the cavity. Mama would sit with her back against the trunk, legs crossed at the ankles beneath her skirt.
“You love stories, Emilia. Well, the trees hold hundreds of years of stories,” she’d tell me, touching the bark. “Think of it, everything these trees have seen and felt. All of the secrets are inside of them.”
“Do you think they remember each and every stork?” I’d ask from inside the cool hollow.
“Of course the trees remember. Like I said, they remember everything.”
Just as the trees were Mama’s favorite, storks were mine. I had them six months of the year. At the end of each summer the storks would leave and fly to Africa, where they’d live in warmth along the Nile for the winter. In March they would return to Poland to the nests they had left. To invite a stork to nest, families would nail a wagon wheel to the top of a tall pole. We had one in our yard. Every March we would celebrate when our stork returned to the nest. As August faded, the departure of the storks symbolized summer’s end.
Six years ago, the day our stork left, Mama left too. She died giving birth to what would have been my younger brother.

My throat tightened. I swallowed, reminding myself she wasn’t really gone. I felt Mama among the trees. I could feel her touch and hear her laughter in the leaves. So I talked to the trees as I walked, hoping their braches would carry messages up to Mama and let her know what I had done, and most of all, that I would try to be brave.

Related Characters: Emilia Stozek (speaker), Florian Beck
Page Number and Citation: 58
Explanation and Analysis:
As a child, Emilia was soothed by her mother’s stories. Now, as a young woman, she finds comfort in the memories of her mother. The past several years of Emilia’s life have been incredibly difficult. Although she has yet to reveal specific details, readers understand that she has escaped an ethnic cleansing in her native country, and is now traveling without friends or family in a hostile foreign nation. It follows that Emilia would need to comfort herself, and she does so by thinking about happier times in her past. Emilia specifically focuses on the idea of the yearly return Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Volu

29. Emilia Quotes

The Nazis claimed I didn’t need an education. Polish schools were closed. Our desks and equipment were taken to Germany. Would a German girl open my desk and find my treasures inside?
The Nazis said the people of Poland would become serfs to the Germans. They thought we only needed to count and write our name. My father was part of the Lwów School of Mathematics. He would never agree with children not being taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. They had burned our books in the Polish language. But I had learned to read very young. They could never take that away from me.

Related Characters: Emilia Stozek (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 68
Explanation and Analysis:
Emilia has been persecuted because of her Polish identity since she was a young child. She has remained strong in the face of great adversity, as demonstrated in this memory of early Nazi attacks on Polish culture. Emilia doesn’t understand why she is less deserving of an education, and doesn’t believe that she is inferior to ethnic Germans. Like her father, she believes she deserves basic rights, including an education, and because of her father, is able to read—a small act of rebellion that nonetheless helps inspire her and motivate her to continue forward. Now, as a teenager, Emilia has Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaec

44. Joana Quotes

We trudged on in silence. I stared down at the icy road.
His breath was suddenly close. “The girl. She doesn’t have papers.”
Papers.
He was right. Emilia had no identity card. I had forgotten that. Germany required all civilians to legally register and carry documentation that contained our name, photograph, nationality, race, birth, and family details. The regime then assigned identifiers on he cover of the cards. My identity card said Resettler, indicating that Germany had allowed me to repatriate from Lithuania. We were required to show our identification to any official or soldier who requested it. Our papers determined our fate.
I looked up at her, balanced in the bundles. She smiled and gave me a small wave.
Emilia had no papers.
No papers, no future.

Related Characters: Joana Vilkas (speaker), Florian Beck, Emilia Stozek
Page Number and Citation: 104
Explanation and Analysis:
In Nazi Germany, a person’s identification papers determine their future. A person with the right identification papers will be allowed entry to the country, and free passage within it. A person with the wrong papers will be detained, sent to a labor camp, or killed. If Emilia had papers, they would say she was Polish, which would guarantee imprisonment or death. Having no papers, however, is just as bad; if she cannot prove that she is a “desirable” citizen to the Nazi soldiers, they will assume she is “undesirable,” and treat her accordingly. Joana, who has her papers, forever feels Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atq

46. Florian Quotes

My father’s words hung heavy on my conscience:

“Don’t you see? Lange doesn’t want to train you—he wants to use you, Florian.”
“You don’t understand,” I had argued. “He’s saving the treasures of the world.”
“Saving them? Is that what you call it? Is that how easily he’s duped you? This greedy imposter fills your head with rubbish and you become a traitor?”
“I am not dishonoring Germany. Just the opposite.”
“No, son,” pleaded my father. “Not a traitor to your country. Much worse. A traitor to your soul.

A traitor to your soul. Those were the last words my father said to me. Not because he was finished, but because I stormed out of the house and refused to listen. When I returned months alter, panicked and in need of his counsel, it was too late.
So now I risked everything, confronting fate and the knowledge that had authored my own demise. But only if I failed.

Related Characters: Florian Beck (speaker), Dr. Lange
Page Number and Citation: 107
Explanation and Analysis:
Florian revisits memories of his last conversation with his father. Florian had loved his mentor, Dr. Lange, and his love was so all-encompassing that he was unable to see that Dr. Lange was a heartless Nazi, and that all the art Florian was tasked to work with was stolen by the Nazi party to enrich itself. Although now Florian is solitary and distrustful, slow to form connections with his fellow refugees, this memory shows that he was once much more open. His respect for Dr. Lange eclipsed his own morals, as well as his relationship with his father. It was Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea

116. Emilia Quotes

She should know Poland. Looking at the child, I suddenly became hungry for my country, for its fat bees carrying nectar from apple flowers and for the birds singing in clusters of hazel.

How would she know the truths from the untruths? Would she believe that Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, Armenians, and Hungarians had all coexisted peacefully in Lwów before the war? That I often made tea and doughnuts with Rachel and Helen in our kitchen?
Food. I wanted her to know our food. How my hands missed the feel of dough dusted with flour. My ears missed the snap of apple pancakes in the pan and my yes missed the rainbow of fruits and vegetables sealed in jars on the shelves. War had bled color from everything, leaving nothing but a storm of gray.
I wanted her to know not only Poland, but my Poland.
I pulled her close and whispered in Polish: “There were no ghettos, no armbands. I often fell asleep to a breeze floating through my open window. It’s true. It was like that once.”

Related Characters: Emilia Stozek (speaker), Halinka, Florian Beck
Page Number and Citation: 268
Explanation and Analysis:
When Halinka was first born, Emilia was unwilling to acknowledge the baby girl. The shame of her rape, combined with her belief that she would die in childbirth, meant that Emilia felt unprepared to be a mother, and didn’t see the child as her responsibility, or even as her flesh and blood. Emilia only accepts Halinka as her own after Florian comes to her bedside in Chapter 112 and exclaims, “Kind of incredible. She is you, she is your mother, your father, your country.” Now that Emilia sees Halinka as part of her, and part of her family’s legacy, she Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima

131. Emilia Quotes

I hadn’t planned for this. I was certain the birthing would kill both of us, just as it had Mama. Yet somehow, after five cruel winters of war, I was still alive. I adjusted the baby in my arms. What was happening? Could I have been wrong about the sign?

I had received the sign six years ago. It was Saint John’s Night, the longest day of the year. Mama loved Saint John’s celebration—a night of bonfires, singing, and dancing. The tradition called for girls to make wreaths of flowers and candles. At dark, they would light the candles and send their wreaths floating down the river. Legend said that the boy who retrieved your wreath downstream was the boy you would marry. The year Mama died, the older girls let me make a wreath of flowers and candles with them. I chose all of Mama’s favorites—hibiscus, roses, poppies, and dried herbs.

After setting the wreaths to the water, the girls danced around the bonfire. I decided to follow my pretty wreath. I padded barefoot in the grass along the river, watching the flowers and candles turning slowly in the water. I walked quite far. My wreath suddenly bounced, catching on something beneath the surface. I stopped in the center of the river. One of the candles tipped onto the flowers. The herbs caught on fire.
I sat in the grass and watched my wreath burn and sink, quietly sealing my fate.

I had expected everything to end, But now, I began to think that maybe the sign had been wrong. I had fought so hard to overcome so much. Something changed when the knight arrived. Maybe he truly saved me, had pulled my burning wreath form the water. After all, in Poland, Saint Florian was fighter of fire.

For the first time in years, people cared for me. Protected me.

Related Characters: Emilia Stozek (speaker), Halinka, Florian Beck
Related Symbols: Emilia’s Wreath
Page Number and Citation: 300
Explanation and Analysis:
Emilia often makes statements about how she thinks death is in her immediate future. Here, she gives a sense of where this superstition originated. As a child, Emilia watched a wreath (which she believed symbolized her chances at happiness in life and in marriage) catch fire and sink. She saw this as a sign that her life would be cut short. She suspected she would never marry, and that she would die young, or, if she became pregnant, that she would die in childbirth like her mother. However, Emilia has now given birth to a healthy baby and wonders if she Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beata

167. Alfred Quotes

Hitler, he understands my theories. And I, his. Protection of the sick, weak, and inferior is not sensible. That is why I told the Hitler Youth boys about your Jewish father. Do you understand that I was trying to help, Lor? Your mother is not Jewish. I thought surely you would have had sense enough to tell the officers that your mother was a gentile, that you would have aligned yourself to the greater being inside of you.
But you decided otherwise.
And now, years later I am still confused by our final conversation. Do you remember it? I remember it so clearly. I ran out onto the sidewalk as they were taking you away. I told them that half of you was the master race. You stopped in your tracks and whirled to face me.
“No,” you yelled. And then you screamed so very loud.

“I am Jewish!”
Your words echoed between the buildings and bounced down the street.
“I am Jewish!”
I am certain everyone heard your proclamation. It almost sounded like pride. And for some reason those words are now caught, like a hair, in the drain of my mind.
“I am Jewish!”

Related Characters: Alfred Frick (speaker), Hannelore Jäger
Page Number and Citation: 358
Explanation and Analysis:
Throughout the novel, Alfred has been writing letters to Hannelore. Although primarily composed of fantasy versions of his days, towards the end of the book his letters become less fantastical. Instead, they become a way for him to explore his troubling memories of the past. Here, finally, the most troubling memory is revealed. Alfred was in love with Hannelore, and continues to be in love with Hannelore, but after she rejected him, he told the Hitler Youth that her father was Jewish. When the Nazis came to take Hannelore’s father away, they took Hannelore as well because she had Jewish Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eu