Severance
by Ling Ma

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Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother) Character Analysis

Ruifang Yang is Candace’s mother. She immigrated to the U.S. after her husband, Zhigang, got a job teaching economics at a university in Salt Lake City. Ruifang was forced to leave behind a good accounting job after she and her husband, fearful of the rise of authoritarianism in China in the 1980s, fled to the U.S. Ruifang struggled to feel at home in Salt Lake City due to her difficulty speaking English and her intense homesickness. Wanting to help his wife, Zhigang made a point of engaging in very American activities. This eventually led the family to the Chinese Christian American Church, where Ruifang became very involved with the other wives and community activities. When Ruifang and Zhigang first emigrated, they were forced to leave young Candace with her grandmother in China until they were settled in Utah and could afford her plane ticket. In their years apart, Ruifang became disconnected from her daughter, and this created tension in their relationship upon Candace’s arrival in the U.S. Ruifang was left a widow after Zhigang was hit by a car. During college, Candace moved home for a year to care for her mother when she developed dementia. In the present, Candace often recalls her mother’s loose stream of tangled stories and memories that came cascading out during that time. Candace shares her mother’s obsession with skincare products and with the comfort of structured, predictable routines. Candace frequently dreams of her mother after her death, and Ruifang even begins appearing to Candace in visions while she is trapped in the Facility and motivates her to escape.

Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother) Quotes in Severance

The Severance quotes below are all either spoken by Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother) or refer to Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother). For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Capitalism and Autonomy Theme Icon
).

Chapter 3 Quotes

I arrived to the city carried by the tides of others. Most of my college friends were moving there, if they hadn’t already. It seemed like the inevitable, default place to go. Arriving, we did exactly what we thought we wanted to do. Jobless, we sat outside at sidewalk cafés, donning designer shades, splitting twenty-five-dollar pitchers of spiked Meyers lemonade, and holding tipsy, circulating conversations that lasted well into evening, as rush hour waxed and waned around us. Other people had places to go, but not us. It was summer of 2006 and the move itself seemed like a slight, inconsequential event in the grand sequence of things. Which was: my mother died, I graduated college, I moved to New York.

Related Characters: Candace Chen (speaker), Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother)
Page Number and Citation: 34
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Candace describes her early experience of New York City and what brought her there in the first place. In particular, this passage illustrates Candace’s pervasive sense of being a passenger in her own life. Although Candace had intended to move to New York since she was young, the actual move ends up feeling less like her own decision and more something she does to go along with the crowd. Her sense that she was “carried by the tides of others” into the city reflects a lack of autonomy. Rather than New York feeling like a dream come Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam conse

The rain had stopped by the time we left the restaurant. The air was warm. Gasoline puddles formed in the streets. Office buildings glittered as if in halfsleep, a scattering of darkened windows. The city was really beautiful. In a few of the fluorescent windows, employees worked late hours, each alone at his or her office. […] Looking at the office workers suspended high above us, I sensed for the first time my father’s desire to leave China and to live in a foreign country. It was the anonymity. He wanted to be unknown, unpossessed by others’ knowledge of him. That was freedom.

I looked up at my father, his gaze also directed to those office buildings. He glanced down briefly and smiled. Like worker bees, he observed in English.

I remember thinking in that moment that I was going to live in New York one day. That was the extent of my ambitions at age nine, but I felt it deeply. I didn’t want to go back to China […] I didn’t feel that way anymore.

Related Characters: Candace Chen (speaker), Zhigang Chen (Candace’s Father) (speaker), Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother)
Related Symbols: NY Ghost
Page Number and Citation: 44-45
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Candace recalls the source of her original love for New York City, seeing the place reflected through the eyes of her parents. The initial beautiful images of the city at night in her recollection are very similar to the kinds of things Candace will later photograph for NY Ghost: gasoline puddles, office windows. Even as a child, Candace sees real beauty in the urban environment. There is even a strange beauty in the cloistered cubicles of office workers, high above the city—an early nod to the book’s underlying satirical critique of capitalism. This scene suggests that Candace Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui d

Chapter 4 Quotes

When I was a kid, I used to watch my mother go through her daily facial routine. She subscribed to the Clinique 3-Step skin-care regimen: Liquid Facial Soap Mild, Clarifying Lotion 2 (because she had dry combination skin, like me), and Dramatically Different Moisturizing Lotion. Every morning and evening, she stood in front of the bathroom mirror, going through this process. It wasn’t always the same. Sometimes she’d wash her face in circular clockwise motions, other times counterclockwise. Then there were times when she’d finish with an extra, unsanctioned step: Fujianese face oil, patted onto her face. The oil was a mystery, tinted emerald green, reeking of some chinoiserie, a fussy floral scent, imparting unknown medicinal qualities. It came in a small broad-shouldered glass flask imprinted with the image of a poppy flower. I have looked for that product everywhere, in both Cantonese Chinatowns, in Fujianese Chinatown, in Sunset Park, in Flushing, and never found it.

Related Characters: Candace Chen (speaker), Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother)
Related Symbols: Skincare Products
Page Number and Citation: 62
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Candace describes her mother’s skincare routine, a memory brought on as she watches a fevered woman go through the routine of setting the table for dinner. Candace and her mother were both highly dedicated to their respective skincare regiments, a luxurious routine into which they both invest considerable time and money. Ruifang’s skin care  was heavily ritualistic, but—like the dinner routine of the woman Candace observes in the present—her routine included small variations. In implicitly comparing her mother’s skincare routine to the routine she observes in the fevered woman, Candace seems to consider whether Shen Fever is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequa

Chapter 8 Quotes

I nodded, seduced. I’ve always been told my skin is too dry.

In a sudden, intimate gesture, she leaned over the counter, took my face in her hands, and spoke with care. You have beautiful skin, it is just uncomfortable right now. […]

And I remembered, in a sudden jolt of recall, that my mother had traveled to Hong Kong alone, one winter, when I was a teenager. The city was renowned among the Chinese-American communities for expert, cheap cosmetic procedures, and she was there to get the moles and beauty marks removed from her face. Her sisters used to call her a spotted leopard. When she returned, however, there were white spots on her face where the moles had been. She was still marked in the places she desired to be unmarked.

Related Characters: Candace Chen (speaker), Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother), Blythe
Related Symbols: Skincare Products
Page Number and Citation: 101
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, a seller in a Hong Kong mall convinces Candace to purchase expensive skincare products. The interaction reminds Candace of the extent to which her mother would go to care for her skin and appearance. Candace’s memory is triggered by the woman noting her skin’s dryness, a comment Candace’s mother would often make. This is a small but notable example of how Candace’s mother passed down her own insecurities to Candace, even if she intended for her words to motivate Candace’s self-improvement. This scene deepens the symbolism of skincare products in the novel, showing how they reflect not Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Molli

Chapter 11 Quotes

Half-in, half-out, I look around at am enormous red ballroom, decorated with gold bows, balloons, and banners, and crowded with people sitting around round tables, piled mountainously high with pig offal and Peking ducks and KFC buckets, toasting one another and smoking cigarettes. In one corner, a bunch of Chinese children crowd around a giant TV screen […] it’s playing Jaws […]

At floor height, I see people I recognize […] My grandmother and my grandfather. The other grandmother and grandfather, My great-great-aunt, eye blinded, world-weary. […] My four uncles, dressed in tuxedos, patting one another on the back and smoking so hard like it’s still the eighties. My father, sitting next to them […]

Then I spot my mother […] She sees me at the same time I see her. Coming over, she bends down and pulls me through the mouse door […]

Related Characters: Candace Chen (speaker), Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother), Zhigang Chen (Candace’s Father)
Page Number and Citation: 139-140
Explanation and Analysis:
Candace’s reoccurring dream of the Bible Expo and her family’s feast displays Candace’s feelings of liminal existence between places and identities, not quite belonging in either world. In this passage, Candace dreams that she follows an unclear feeling through a massive expo center to a small, mouse-sized gap through which she sees her family members gathered for a feast of sorts. The feast, notably, features conflicting images that evoke both Chinese and American identity. The tables are piled high with both Peking duck and KFC chicken, and the gaggle of Chinese children watch the American film Jaws. Candace is also Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum volupt

Chapter 16 Quotes

All this she did as much for her relatives as for herself, snapping photos, at every instance, to mail back to Fuzhou. She bought a Clinique skin cream, which qualified her for a free gift of a makeup bag with several samples

Her homesickness eased in department stores, supermarkets, wholesale clubs, superstores, places of unparalleled abundance. The solution was shopping, Zhigang observed. He was not trying to be reductive.

Related Characters: Candace Chen (speaker), Zhigang Chen (Candace’s Father), Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother)
Related Symbols: Skincare Products
Page Number and Citation: 177
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Candace recalls the experience of her parents’ early days in Salt Lake City. Here, Candace’s mother, Ruifang, struggles to adjust to life in America, folding into herself and refusing to learn the language. To combat this, Candace’s father, Zhigang, insists they participate in American activities during their free time. What he notices, eventually, is that shopping—that great capitalist pastime—is what seems to alleviate Ruifang’s homesickness most. Buying skincare products, in particular, becomes an important ritual for her. When Candace specifies that Zhigang “tr[ied] not to be reductive” in this observation about his wife, she alludes to the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusa

Chapter 18 Quotes

Spectra will deposit the agreed-upon amount after the termination of the agreement, November 30, 2011. It will be direct deposited to your bank account in arrears on this date. Spectra holds the rights to extend the contract, if necessary.

It was a delirious offer. I turned the number around in my head. I wrung it dry. It rained with Crème de la Mer moisturizing creams, Fendi handbags, and Bottega Veneta sandals—luxury items that my mother wanted but never allowed herself to buy.

Related Characters: Candace Chen (speaker), Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother), Luna
Related Symbols: Skincare Products
Page Number and Citation: 217
Explanation and Analysis:
When Candace is offered the severance contract by Spectra to remain on-site while other employees go remote, her thoughts of what the money will enable her to buy highlight the pull of consumerism and also the priorities engendered in her by her mother and her immigrant identity. Candace’s first thought is about skincare products, items that make her feel connected to her mother in their shared rituals, as well as grounded in herself and her identity even when she feels awash. Although Candace acknowledges the harm capitalism and consumerism have done to society—they have enabled the pandemic, after all—she still Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro
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Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother) Character Timeline in Severance

The timeline below shows where the character Ruifang Yang (Candace’s Mother) appears in Severance. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Chapter 1
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Consumerism Theme Icon
Urban Ecologies  Theme Icon
...she feels the photos appear hackneyed and characterless. Jonathan falls asleep and Candace recalls how her mother used to love driving aimlessly down the freeways in Utah when they first immigrated from... (full context)
Chapter 3
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Consumerism Theme Icon
...all the way home from Manhattan to Brooklyn. At home she finds a package of her mother ’s personal effects have been sent to her rather than the lawyer due to a... (full context)
Capitalism and Autonomy Theme Icon
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Consumerism Theme Icon
Corporate Power and Sexism Theme Icon
Urban Ecologies  Theme Icon
...visited New York on one of her father’s business trips. During the day, Candace and her mother would wander the city while imagining and performing different lives. At night, when her father... (full context)
Chapter 4
Capitalism and Autonomy Theme Icon
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Consumerism Theme Icon
...and licking plates. Janelle comments that they appear to wordlessly be saying grace. Candace recalls her mother ’s intense, multiple-step skincare routine. Her mother always reminded her “what you do every day... (full context)
Chapter 5
Capitalism and Autonomy Theme Icon
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Corporate Power and Sexism Theme Icon
...that she took a year off college to work and asks about it. Candace mentions her mother was sick, which seems to resonate with Michael, a “family man.” Candace assures him she... (full context)
Chapter 11
Capitalism and Autonomy Theme Icon
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Consumerism Theme Icon
Corporate Power and Sexism Theme Icon
...a massive dinner party in a red ballroom full of Chinese children and dead relatives. Her mother , wearing a church dress, invites her in and insists she eats something. In the... (full context)
Chapter 16
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
...“this is the place.” This is in stark contrast to the experience of Candace’s parents, Ruifang Yang and Zhigang Chen, who flew into Salt Lake City and found a grey, melting... (full context)
Capitalism and Autonomy Theme Icon
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Early on, the pair attempt to socialize with neighbors and coworkers. Ruifang tries to make friends but struggles due to her broken English, while Zhigang tends to... (full context)
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
In the states, Ruifang finds a job assembling wigs and throws herself into it. Slowly her hope for America... (full context)
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Consumerism Theme Icon
Ruifang feels trapped. To spite her husband, she refuses to learn English or socialize. To combat... (full context)
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Ruifang’s prayers are primarily answered in the form of Zhigang’s new job in federal home loans,... (full context)
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
...when she finally arrives in Utah. Their relationship is full of strife and punishment, with Ruifang feeling her daughter is ungrateful for the opportunity they are trying to give her. When... (full context)
Capitalism and Autonomy Theme Icon
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Consumerism Theme Icon
Tending to her mother in her final years, Candace does not bring up any of their past struggle. Instead,... (full context)
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Urban Ecologies  Theme Icon
...man seeking a better life. Candace finds her father’s memories intertwined with her mother’s as Ruifang loosely reflects on her life. In a moment of clarity, she makes Candace promise to... (full context)
Chapter 19
Capitalism and Autonomy Theme Icon
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
...hears Evan having night terrors. Candace dreams of the retainer. It speaks to her in her mother ’s voice, telling her not to be idle: to change her clothes, brush her teeth,... (full context)
Chapter 21
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Corporate Power and Sexism Theme Icon
 In Candace’s dream—a vision that feels too vivid to be just a dream— her mother appears to her in that same navy dress and sits on her bed. She tells... (full context)
Chapter 23
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
...to leave the keys outside of his room. Candace sees her opportunity forming. That night, Candace’s mother appears to her again, telling her it’s now or never. Candace devises a plan: take... (full context)
Chapter 26
Immigrant Identity Theme Icon
Urban Ecologies  Theme Icon
...realizes she has been to Chicago before, on one of her father’s business trips with her mother . She remembers picking between awnings and shop fronts during a storm. They ducked into... (full context)