Signs Preceding the End of the World
by Yuri Herrera

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Immigration, Myth, and Identity Theme Analysis

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Immigration, Myth, and Identity Theme Icon
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Immigration, Myth, and Identity Theme Icon
Immigration, Myth, and Identity Theme Icon

Even if Herrera never labels it as such, Makina’s journey from her small Mexican town north and across the U.S. border is immediately recognizable as a migration narrative. But Herrera’s novel provides a fresh, critical perspective on the genre by exposing precisely how stories of migration have become an influential myth in rural Mexico, and basing his novel on a different myth: the Mexica underworld tale of Mictlán. In doing so, Herrera shows how the process of migration from a homeland to a new country fundamentally and irreversibly shifts one’s identity, bringing one into a hybrid condition of living and mediating between worlds that both destroys who one was and entails rebirth into a new, more complex form of being.

Herrera adds a broader context to the dangers of the harrowing journey across the border in order to highlight the difficulty of migration and, more importantly, demonstrate how migration narratives are such an ingrained and influential part of Mexican narrative culture that they have begun to, in turn, produce more migrants. Herrera knows that an endless stream of previous stories about the border set his readers’ expectations for Makina’s and deliberately has her come across every stereotypical figure and challenge of such a story. She meets with a series of gangsters, one of whom enlists her to deliver a package that probably contains drugs. She confronts endless risks: crossing the river to avoid border checks, escaping through the desert, the angry anglo rancher who shoots before asking questions, and the policeman who mistakes racism for “patriotism.” Herrera uses these overwrought tropes because, besides being true, they allow him to expose the sense in which the story of Mexican migration to the United States has become more powerful than the reality of it, especially as a motivator for future migrants. In Makina’s town—as in many towns across rural Mexico, Herrera notes—almost all of the men have left to go work in the United States. Makina follows her brother, who in turn followed a rumor he heard about his father: they both travel based on testimony and guesswork, influenced by the mythical tale of pursuing adventure, riches, and danger one takes on by going to the United States.

But Herrera juxtaposes the migration narrative alongside the much more unexpected Mictlán story, which allows him to reinterpret immigration stories, presenting migrants’ experience as a kind of death and the border as a “place of re-creation,” in addition to extending his argument about myth’s prophetic function. The Mictlán myth fundamentally structures Herrera’s novel, to the point of serving as a template. Each of the novel’s nine chapters takes its name and much of its imagery from one of the nine stages that, according to the Mexica culture, a deceased soul must pass through to reach its final resting place. Indeed, Makina’s first words are “I’m dead,” which positions the novel as an allegory for the journey through the underworld. Notably, the Mexica underworld is about a gradual process of transformation from one thing into something else, rather than punishment or reward for people’s worldly deeds. The last scene of the novel represents Makina its final stage. She feels a sense of nervous anticipation, for she realizes that everything is changing. She receives a folder with a new identity, shedding the baggage of her past to become something new and hybrid (Mexican American). For Makina and Herrera, then, the conventional myth about migration misses this crucial element: people do not stay themselves when they move from one country to another, but rather become something completely new.

While Makina clearly recognizes the economic appeal of the migration, she takes little personal interest in it, and instead focuses entirely on this shift in identity that migrants undertake: they become hybrid, products of not only two places (Mexico and the United States) but also of all the differences and frictions between these places. This hybrid condition means migrants must shed their old identities, just as a soul traveling through Mictlán must shed the characteristics that bind it to the world of the living. But immigrants also gain a new capacity: the ability to creatively generate new identities and perspectives by combining disparate experiences and registers of cultural understanding. Makina notes that many of her fellow migrants buy into the myth—they expect to undertake an arduous journey that will be repaid by better work in the United States. Regardless of whether the myth is actually true, Makina has little interest in it, which lets the reader challenge it for themselves and ask: is the only important consideration in moving from one country to another the material changes people undergo? What happens to people’s identities, psyches, or souls when they reestablish themselves in a foreign land? Makina answers this question by celebrating the ambiguous condition of life as a migrant across the border, which she thinks produces a beautiful, hybrid way of being. She declares that Mexican Americans “are homegrown and they are anglo and both things with rabid intensity. Their gestures and tastes reveal both ancient memory and the wonderment of a new people.” Their “intermediary tongue” is like “a hinge pivoting between two like but distant souls, […] a nebulous territory between what is dying out and what is not yet born.” This last line unambiguously links Makina’s discovery about the generative hybridity of the United States to her feelings of rebirth at the very end of the book.

By the end of the novel, it seems that Makina does not mind shedding her old, fixed identity in order to become a creative “link” or “hinge” between her two worlds or nations. Of course, Herrera represents this experience of an intermediary identity—the immigrant experience and the experience of a soul that is neither completely alive nor completely dead—not only as an empty space between worlds, but rather as an independent, powerfully creative, and playfully ambiguous way of being that can be the source of new understandings, cultures, and modes of human relation.

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Immigration, Myth, and Identity Quotes in Signs Preceding the End of the World

Below you will find the important quotes in Signs Preceding the End of the World related to the theme of Immigration, Myth, and Identity.

Chapter 1 Quotes

I’m dead, Makina said to herself when everything lurched: a man with a cane was crossing the street, a dull groan suddenly surged through the asphalt, the man stood still as if waiting for someone to repeat the question and then the earth opened up beneath his feet: it swallowed the man, and with him a car and a dog, all the oxygen around and even the screams of passers-by. I’m dead, Makina said to herself, and hardly had she said it than her whole body began to contest that verdict and she flailed her feet frantically backward, each step mere inches from the sinkhole, until the precipice settled into a perfect

circle and Makina was saved.

Slippery bitch of a city, she said to herself. Always about to sink back into the cellar.
The Little Town was riddled with bullet holes and tunnels bored by five centuries of voracious silver lust, and from time to time some poor soul accidentally discovered just what a half-assed job they’d done of covering them over.

Related Characters: Makina
Related Symbols: Underground Spaces
Page Number and Citation: 11-2
Explanation and Analysis:
The novel’s first lines announce three of its principal concerns: death and the underworld, Makina’s perilous journey, and Mexico’s contentious, hybrid history and present. Between Makina’s first words, “I’m dead,” and the imagery of the old man falling into the underworld beneath the Little Town, this passage establishes the allegorical significance of Makina’s journey, which consistently parallels the stages of the Mexica and Aztec underworld, Mictlán. The old man and the dog are clearly headed there in this chapter—and Herrera directly references the fact that the Mexica used to bury people with a dog because they believed the dog-god Xolotl Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam dolo

You don’t lift other people’s petticoats.

You don’t stop to wonder about other people’s business.

You don’t decide which messages to deliver and which to let rot.

You are the door, not the one who walks through it.

Related Characters: Makina, Mr. Aitch
Page Number and Citation: 18
Explanation and Analysis:
Makina spends the first chapter visiting a series of local gangsters: the friendly Mr. Double-U, the menacing Mr. Aitch, and the tacit, wise Mr. Q. Double-U and Q owe her favors, but Aitch does not, and in exchange for his assistance helping her find her brother in the United States, Makina agrees to deliver a mysterious packet wrapped in cloth to Aitch’s associates somewhere north of the border. Herrera implies that this packet contains something illegal—probably drugs—but Makina scarcely cares: she is interested in completing her own mission and finding her brother, not staying morally pure. She is merely the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure. Sint qui qui. Qui similique praesentium. Ex consequatur magnam. Aliquid iste enim. Sequi aut maxime. Adipisci voluptate et. Voluptas suscipit alias. In et eveniet. Eaque et repellendus. Dolores aut voluptatibus. Voluptatem qui voluptatum. Voluptatibus sed placeat. Aut tenetur autem. Fugit voluptates in. Quidem impedit sunt. Excepturi ullam nobis. Ducimus odio quo. Ut autem harum. Omnis vel voluptatum. Assumenda officia maiores. Voluptatem sint velit. Quod quia sapiente.

She looked into the mirrors: in front of her was her back: she looked behind but found only the never-ending front, curving forward, as if inviting her to step through its thresholds. If she crossed them all, eventually, after many bends, she’d reach the right place; but it was a place she didn’t trust.

Related Characters: Makina, Mr. Q
Page Number and Citation: 22
Explanation and Analysis:
At the end of the first chapter, after visiting the three Misters and completing the arrangements for her journey, Makina pauses to look at Mr. Q’s hall of mirrors as she exits his restaurant, Casino (a name that already points to the element of uncertainty, chance, and risk that accompanies Makina throughout her journey). The imagery of this mirror—which, of course, stands for self-awareness and self-reflection—foreshadows the way Makina’s senses of identity and time transform throughout the book, as she proceeds along her journey. Back and forward are switched, which might refer to the way she continues moving forward and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porr

Chapter 2 Quotes

She couldn’t get lost. Every time she came to the Big Chilango she trod softly, because that was not the place she wanted to leave her mark, and she told herself repeatedly that she couldn’t get lost, and by get lost she meant not a detour or a sidetrack but lost for real, lost forever in the hills of hills cementing the horizon: or lost in the awe of all the living flesh that had built and paid for palaces. That was why she chose to travel underground to the other bus depot. Trains ran around the entire circulatory system but never left the body: down there the heavy air would do her no harm, and she ran no risk of becoming captivated. And she mustn’t get lost or captivated, too many people were waiting for her.

Related Characters: Makina
Related Symbols: Underground Spaces
Page Number and Citation: 25
Explanation and Analysis:
Early on in the narrative, Makina has already made significant progress in her journey. She has left the Little Town and reached Mexico City—which, as is typical of his work, Herrera calls not by its name but only by an unmistakable euphemism, “The Big Chilango.” Makina’s fear of “get[ting] lost or captivated” suggests that she already is struggling internally about the prospect of radically changing her life through immigration: she recognizes the appeal of living in a place like the Big Chilango, where she worries not only about literally “get[ting] lost” along her journey, but also thinks she might lose Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit bea

Me? I tell you. I’m gonna start off on the right foot; don’t know if makeup will help but at least no one can say I showed up scruffy, you know?

Related Characters: Makina
Page Number and Citation: 35
Explanation and Analysis:
The night before she crosses the border, Makina checks into a hotel in a nondescript town that hugs the Mexican side of the river. With immigrants from all walks of life and linguistic backgrounds, the place offers Makina ample opportunities to translate and teach. When she goes to take a shower after the long bus ride, a “woman in her second youth” walks into the bathroom and, inexplicably, starts going through Makina’s bag. Makina notices but does not worry, and soon the woman pulls out Makina’s lipstick and starts applying it. She knows that Makina watches her but does not Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure. Sint qui qui. Qui similique praesentium. Ex consequatur magnam. Aliquid iste enim. Sequi aut maxime. Adipisci voluptate

Chapter 3 Quotes

You just took your last trip, coyote.

I’m no coyote, Chucho said.

Ha! I seen you crossing folks, the man said. And looks like now I caught you in the act.

Not the act I’m denying, said Chucho, tho I’m no coyote.

The anglo’s expression indicated that he was engaged in a mighty struggle with the nuances of the concept. He scanned Chucho’s face for a few seconds, waiting for clarification. And now, yessir, chose to point the gun at them.

What I’m denying, Chucho went on, Is that you caught us.

Related Characters: The Anglo Rancher (speaker), Chucho (speaker), Makina
Page Number and Citation: 48-9
Explanation and Analysis:
As Chucho brings Makina north, from the border through the desert and towards the city, a heavily-armed white rancher crosses paths with them and starts closely following them. Soon, he catches up to them and confronts Chucho, who believes the man is not a volunteer patrolling the border or a racist “patriot,” but rather competition—according to Chucho, the rancher also helps smuggle people across the border, and wants to keep Chucho out of his territory. Regardless of why the rancher confronts Chucho, this brief exchange between them—before they start wrestling over the rancher’s gun—highlights the moral and cultural ambiguity around Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Delenit

Rucksacks. What do people whose life stops here take with them? Makina could see their rucksacks crammed with time. […] Photos, photos, photos. They carried photos like promises but by the time they came back they were in tatters.

In hers, as soon as she’d agreed to go get the kid for Cora, she packed:

a small blue metal flashlight, for the darkness she might encounter,

one white blouse and one with colorful embroidery, in case she came across any parties,

three pairs of panties so she’d always have a clean one even if it took a while to find a washhouse,

a latin-anglo dictionary […],

a picture her little sister had drawn in fat, round strokes that featured herself, Makina and Cora in ascending order, left to right and short to tall,

a bar of xithé soap,

a lipstick that was more long-lasting than it was dark and,

as provisions: amaranth cakes and peanut brittle.

She was coming right back, that’s why that was all she took.

Related Characters: Cora, Makina, Makina’s Little Sister
Page Number and Citation: 51-2
Explanation and Analysis:
At the end of the third chapter, after Makina takes off towards the two mountains in the distance, the narrator interjects with this commentary on baggage and identity, which speaks volumes about Makina herself and migrants more broadly. In general, many of the things that people bring are indexical of both personal and cultural identity: the instruments they carry are distinctly Mexican, their “photos, photos, photos” a means of remembering a home they intend to leave behind without severing personal and familial ties. They carry practical survival tools—cold-weather clothing and knives—because they know about the dangers of the journey, but Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure. Sint qui qui. Q

Chapter 4 Quotes

When she reached the top of the saddle between the two mountains it began to snow. Makina had never seen snow before and the first thing that struck her as she stopped to watch the weightless crystals raining down was that something was burning. One came to perch on her eyelashes; it looked like a stack of crosses or the map of a palace, a solid and intricate marvel at any rate, and when it dissolved a few seconds later she wondered how it was that some things in the world—some countries, some people—could seem eternal when everything was actually like that miniature ice palace: one-of-a-kind, precious, fragile. She felt a sudden stab of disappointment but also a slight subsiding of the fear that had been building since she’d versed from home.

Related Characters: Makina
Page Number and Citation: 55
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage depicts one of the few moments when Makina stops for any reason during her journey. The cause is justifiable: she has “never seen snow before” and experiences cold as indistinguishable from heat. The snowflake’s complexity and disappearance are clear metaphors for both identity generally and the gradual transformation of Makina’s identity in particular. Both infinitely complex and ephemeral, miniscule compared to the world and full of life in themselves, individuals can be a source of infinite fascination, with new features emerging the more deeply someone observes them. Makina’s thoughts also provide a commentary on the novel’s underworld allegory—she Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis cons

The city was an edgy arrangement of cement particles and yellow paint. Signs prohibiting things thronged the streets, leading citizens to see themselves as ever protected, safe, friendly, innocent, proud, and intermittently bewildered, blithe, and buoyant; salt of the only earth worth knowing. They flourished in supermarkets, cornucopias where you could have more than everyone else or something different or a newer brand or a loaf of bread a little bigger than everyone else’s. Makina just dented cans and sniffed bottles and thought it best to verse, and it was when she saw the anglogaggle at the self-checkouts that she noticed how miserable they looked in front of those little digital screens, and the way they nearly-nearly jumped every time the machine went bleep! at each item. And how on versing out to the street they sought to make amends for their momentary one-up by becoming wooden again so as not to offend anyone.

Related Characters: Makina, Mr. Aitch’s Driver
Page Number and Citation: 56-7
Explanation and Analysis:
These are Makina’s first observations about the new land in the north: it is regimented, full of sharp lines, and governed by abstract rules and invisible powers—notably, the government that makes signs, and the market that creates “supermarkets” and “cornucopias”. Its people seem strangely passive and reactionary: they live as though playing a video game and seem completely unfamiliar with the existence of the rest of the world. They are, in a sense, unfree because of their abundance and “wooden” because they have never had to choose for themselves what to be. Unlike Makina and those like her, they do Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molest

Chapter 5 Quotes

They are homegrown and they are anglo and both things with rabid intensity; with restrained fervor they can be the meekest and at the same time the most querulous of citizens, albeit grumbling under their breath. Their gestures and tastes reveal both ancient memory and the wonderment of a new people. And then they speak. They speak an intermediary tongue that Makina instantly warms to because it’s like her: malleable, erasable, permeable; a hinge pivoting between two like but distant souls, and then two more, and then two more, never exactly the same ones; something that serves as a link.

Related Characters: Makina
Page Number and Citation: 65
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage captures Makina’s thinking about the Mexican Americans she encounters after crossing the border—the people who, despite her reservations about many of the other people, places, and norms she encounters up north, end up winning the United States over for her. She pushes past conventional thinking about identity in the United States: the people she meets do not have to choose one side or the other, and their duality does not dilute either of their complementary sides. They are not half one and half the other, but rather “both things with rabid intensity;” they embody and celebrate contradictions and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porr

Chapter 6 Quotes

Scum, she heard as she climbed the eighth hill from which, she was sure, she’d catch sight other brother. You lookin to get what you deserve, you scum? She opened her eyes. A huge redheaded anglo who stank of tobacco was staring at her. Makina knew the bastard was just itching to kick her or fuck her and got slowly to her feet without taking her eyes off him, because when you turn your back in fear is when you’re at the greatest risk of getting your ass kicked; she opened the door and versed.

Related Characters: Makina
Page Number and Citation: 73
Explanation and Analysis:
These lines are the work of Makina’s imagination: she is dreaming about the seemingly interminable search for her brother that she continues as soon as she wakes. But this dream further blurs the distinction between waking life and sleep—conscious and unconscious, which implies also the life Makina appears to be living and the underworld she appears to be traveling through—by having Makina “[open] her eyes” in the middle. (The “[eight] hill[s]” she imagines are another place Herrera takes straight from the Mictlán story, so her dream draws a further parallel between modern border narratives and this traditional myth.) The words Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate l

Plus, all families had started off in some mysterious way: to repopulate the earth, or by accident, or by force, or out of boredom; and it’s all a mystery what each will become.

Related Characters: Makina
Page Number and Citation: 80
Explanation and Analysis:
On her way to the military base that Makina reaches, where a soldier can hopefully help lead her to her brother, she begins to wonder about what family means at all. Although she is purportedly thinking about the family who used to live in the house she just visited—and whose son purportedly stayed back at the military base while the rest of her family disappeared—Makina begins wondering parenthetically about her own family, and what makes families stick together or break up. She realizes that, despite her adamant loyalty to her mother and sister, she has little sense of what a Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure. Sint qui qui. Qui similique praesentium. Ex consequatur magnam. Aliquid iste enim. Sequi aut maxime

Chapter 7 Quotes

Neither one at first recognized the specter of the other. In fact, Makina stood up, greeted him and began to express her gratitude and ask a question before picking up on the soldier’s uncanny resemblance to her brother and the unmistakable way in which they differed; he had the same sloping forehead and stiff hair, but looked hardier, and more washed-out. In that fraction of a second she realized her mistake, and that this was her brother, but also that that didn’t undo the mistake.

Related Characters: Makina, Makina’s Brother, The Anglo Family
Page Number and Citation: 87-8
Explanation and Analysis:
When Makina gets to the military base, she is astonished to realize that the soldier she is supposed to meet is actually her brother—a white family hired him to take their irresponsible son’s identity when the boy signed himself up for the army. Everyone thinks that her brother is this native-born American man, whom he really has become for all intents and purposes, official and informal alike. This speaks, of course, to the way people change irreversibly through migration, but also the rupture that this change engenders: Makina’s brother takes on a devil’s bargain not only in choosing to go Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum

He’s homegrown, he said. Joined up just like me, but still doesn’t speak the lingo. Whereas me, I learned it, so every time we see each other he wants to practice. He speaks all one day in past tense, all one day in present, all one day in future, so he can learn his verbs. Today was the future.

Related Characters: Makina’s Brother (speaker), Makina
Page Number and Citation: 92
Explanation and Analysis:
Just before the end of their conversation, Makina and her brother are approached by another soldier, who tells Makina’s brother a cryptic, oddly specific story about the future. Makina’s brother soon clarifies: the other soldier was talking about the previous night, but is speaking entirely in the future tense because he is still learning English. In contrast, Makina’s brother has quickly learned English, seemingly to the point of blending in with native speakers. Perhaps his and Makina’s shared facility with language and willingness to help others who struggle with the same proves that, despite all the new divisions between them, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt

1 guess that’s what happens to everybody who comes, he continued. We forget what we came for, but there’s this reflex to act like we still have some secret plan.

Why not leave, then?

Not now. Too late. I already fought for these people. There must be something they fight so hard for. So I’m staying in the army while I figure out what it is.

Related Characters: Makina’s Brother (speaker), Makina
Page Number and Citation: 93
Explanation and Analysis:
Just before they part ways, Makina’s brother pauses for a long moment and then mutters this first line, admitting that, despite his apparent newfound success—money and citizenship—he really has no idea what he is doing or why he is in the United States. She offers the obvious alternative of leaving, but he admits that leaving would be as pointless as staying. His admission that he is lost, even though he has more than most immigrants would hope for, allows Herrera to question the conventional narrative of immigration, which is both full of intention—it says that people move to a new Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta

Chapter 9 Quotes

Over the door was a sign that said Verse. She tried to remember how to say verse in any of her tongues but couldn’t. This was the only word that came to her lips. Verse.

Related Characters: Makina, Chucho
Page Number and Citation: 105
Explanation and Analysis:
In the last chapter, Chucho guides Makina to a strange door that leads her to an even more mysterious spiral staircase. She descends to find another door at the bottom, and above it is this sign, which can only be understood by making a detour through the book’s original language. Indeed, “Verse” is one of many cases in which understanding this book requires paying attention to its process of translation. The original Spanish term, jarchar, is a verb coined by Herrera out of the Spanish term jarcha, a word that refers to the closing verse of a poem during the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure. Sint qui qui. Qui similique praesentium. Ex consequatur magnam. Aliquid iste enim. Sequi aut maxime. Adipisci voluptate et. Voluptas suscipit alias. In et eveniet. Eaque et repellendus. Dolores aut voluptatibus. Voluptatem qui voluptatum. Voluptatib

Makina took the file and looked at its contents. There she was, with another name, another birthplace. Her photo, new numbers, new trade, new home. I’ve been skinned, she whispered.

When she looked up the man was no longer there and she tipped briefly into panic, she felt for a second—or for many seconds; she couldn’t tell because she didn’t have a watch, nobody had a watch—that the turmoil of so many new things crowding in on the old ones was more than she could take; but a second—or many—later she stopped feeling the weight of uncertainty and guilt; she thought back to her people as though recalling the contours of a lovely landscape that was now fading away: the Village, the Little Town, the Big Chilango, all those colors, and she saw that what was happening was not a cataclysm; she understood with all of her body and all of her memory, she truly understood, and when everything in the world fell silent finally said to herself I’m ready.

Related Characters: Makina
Page Number and Citation: 106-7
Explanation and Analysis:
The novel’s closing passage again condenses the imagery of Mictlán—a strange man and woman, representing the god and goddess of death, handing Makina her new identity—with that of the migration narrative—dressed in a parody of business casual and acting with the formality of disinterested bureaucrats, these people also appear to be immigration officers giving Makina her “papers.” The chamber she has reached clearly represents Mictlán’s fateful last stage, the chamber full of smoke in which souls find their eternal rest. This accounts for the way that time seems to freeze in this passage, with seconds becoming uncountable and “nobody [having] Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenet