Six Characters in Search of an Author

by

Luigi Pirandello

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The Manager Character Analysis

The hotheaded and authoritarian director of the theater company that rehearses a Pirandello play until the arrival of the six Characters. During this brief initial scene, the Manager foreshadows the rest of the play, insisting that “the author plays the fool with us all” in Pirandello’s “ridiculous” work, which will turn out to be a “glorious failure.” When the Characters arrive, they demand the Manager be their author. Defending conventional ideas about the difference between reality and fiction, the Manager calls the Characters “mad people” and initially rejects their proposal, until they convince him to direct their drama at the end of Act One. During Act Two, the Manager becomes the audience as the Characters play out their drama for him. “On the stage,” the Manager argues, the Characters “cannot exist” and must instead be played by his Actors. He insists on all these rules to preserve “the conventions of the theatre,” an art form that requires “truth up to a certain point, but no further.” Throughout Act Three, while the Father repeatedly questions whether the Manager is more real than the Characters, the Manager simply rejects his philosophical arguments as “nonsense” that “none of us believes.” Beyond parroting a conventional theory about the relationship between the stage and the real world, the Manager also embodies traditional concepts of authorship and control: he yells at and manipulates his Actors and stage crew, who effectively have no personalities of their own, and insists the Characters do everything his way, even as they resist his directions and volunteer their own analyses and explanations. Through the Manager’s hilarious failures, Pirandello critiques these conventional perspectives and reveals authors and directors as only partially in control of their own works and productions.

The Manager Quotes in Six Characters in Search of an Author

The Six Characters in Search of an Author quotes below are all either spoken by The Manager or refer to The Manager. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Reality, Illusion, and Identity Theme Icon
).
Act 1 Quotes

Ridiculous? Ridiculous? Is it my fault if France won’t send us any more good comedies, and we are reduced to putting on Pirandello’s works, where nobody understands anything, and where the author plays the fool with us all?

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Leading Man
Page Number: 2
Explanation and Analysis:

“The empty form of reason without the fullness of instinct, which is blind.”—You stand for reason, your wife is instinct. It’s a mixing up of the parts, according to which you who act your own part become the puppet of yourself. Do you understand?

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Leading Man, The Leading Lady
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 2
Explanation and Analysis:

A tenuous light surrounds them, almost as if irradiated by them—the faint breath of their fantastic reality.
This light will disappear when they come forward towards the actors. They preserve, however, something of the dream lightness in which they seem almost suspended; but this does not detract from the essential reality of their forms and expressions.

Related Characters: The Manager, The Father, The Step-Daughter, The Mother, The Son, The Boy, The Child, The Door-Keeper
Page Number: 3
Explanation and Analysis:

The FATHER (coming forward a little, followed by the others who seem embarrassed). As a manner of fact… we have come here in search of an author…
The MANAGER (half angry, half amazed). An author? What author?
The FATHER. Any author, sir.
The MANAGER. But there’s no author here.

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father (speaker)
Page Number: 4
Explanation and Analysis:

No, excuse me, I meant it for you, sir, who were crying out that you had no time to lose with madmen, while no one better than yourself knows that nature uses the instrument of human fantasy in order to pursue her high creative purpose.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Page Number: 5
Explanation and Analysis:

The author who created us alive no longer wished, or was no longer able, materially to put us into a work of art. And this was a real crime, sir; because he who has had the luck to be born a character can laugh even at death. He cannot die. The man, the writer, the instrument of the creation will die, but his creation does not die. And to live for ever, it does not need to have extraordinary gifts or to be able to work wonders. Who was Sancho Panza? Who was Don Abbondio? Yet they live eternally because—live germs as they were—they had the fortune to find a fecundating matrix, a fantasy which could raise and nourish them: make them live for ever!

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Page Number: 5-6
Explanation and Analysis:

The whole trouble lies here. In words, words. Each one of us has within him a whole world of things, each man of us his own special world. And how can we ever come to an understanding if I put in the words I utter the sense and value of things as I see them; while you who listen to me must inevitably translate them according to the conception of things each one of you has within himself. We think we understand each other, but we never really do. Look here! This woman (indicating the Mother) takes all my pity for her as a specially ferocious form of cruelty.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager, The Step-Daughter, The Mother
Page Number: 10
Explanation and Analysis:

Oh, all these intellectual complications make me sick, disgust me—all this philosophy that uncovers the beast in man, and then seeks to save him, excuse him… I can’t stand it, sir. When a man seeks to “simplify” life bestially, throwing aside every relic of humanity, every chaste aspiration, every pure feeling, all sense of ideality, duty, modesty, shame… then nothing is more revolting and nauseous than a certain kind of remorse—crocodiles’ tears, that’s what it is.

Related Characters: The Step-Daughter (speaker), The Manager, The Father
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 15
Explanation and Analysis:

The drama consists finally in this: when that mother re-enters my house, her family born outside of it, and shall we say superimposed on the original, ends with the death of the little girl, the tragedy of the boy and the flight of the elder daughter. It cannot go on, because it is foreign to its surroundings. So after much torment, we three remain: I, the mother, that son. Then, owing to the disappearance of that extraneous family, we too find ourselves strange to one another. We find we are living in an atmosphere of mortal desolation which is the revenge, as he (indicating Son) scornfully said of the Demon of Experiment, that unfortunately hides in me.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager, The Step-Daughter, The Mother, The Son, The Boy, The Child
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 18
Explanation and Analysis:
Act 2 Quotes

I never could stand rehearsing with the author present. He’s never satisfied!

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker)
Page Number: 36
Explanation and Analysis:

Acting is our business here. Truth up to a certain point, but no further.

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker)
Page Number: 37
Explanation and Analysis:

On the stage you can’t have a character becoming too prominent and overshadowing all the others. The thing is to pack them all into a neat little framework and then act what is actable. I am aware of the fact that everyone has his own interior life which he wants very much to put forward. But the difficulty lies in this fact: to set out just so much as is necessary for the stage, taking the other characters into consideration, and at the same time hint at the unrevealed interior life of each. I am willing to admit, my dear young lady, that from your point of view it would be a fine idea if each character couldtell the public all his troubles in a nice monologue or a regular one hour lecture (good humoredly). You must restrain yourself, my dear, and in our own interest, too; because this fury of yours, this exaggerated disgust you show, may make a bad impression, you know. After you have confessed to me that there were others before him at Madame Pace’s and more than once…

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father, The Step-Daughter, Madame Pace
Page Number: 37-8
Explanation and Analysis:

The darned idiot! I said “curtain” to show the act should end there, and he goes and lets it down in earnest (to the Father, while he pulls the curtain back to go on to the stage again). Yes, yes, it’s all right. Effect certain! That’s the right ending. I’ll guarantee the first act at any rate.

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father, The Machinist
Related Symbols: The Curtain
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 40
Explanation and Analysis:
Act 3 Quotes

The illusion! For Heaven’s sake, don’t say illusion. Please don’t use that word, which is particularly painful for us.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager, The Leading Man, The Leading Lady
Page Number: 42
Explanation and Analysis:

The FATHER. Can you tell me who you are?
The MANAGER (perplexed, half smiling). What? Who am I? I am myself.
The FATHER. And if I were to tell you that that isn’t true, because you are I…?

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father (speaker)
Page Number: 43
Explanation and Analysis:

If you think of all those illusions that mean nothing to you now, of all those things which don’t even seem to you to exist any more, while once they were for you, don’t you feel that—I won’t say these boards—but the very earth under your feet is sinking away from you when you reflect that in the same way this you as you feel it today—all this present reality of yours—is fated to seem a mere illusion to you tomorrow?

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 43-4
Explanation and Analysis:

I’m not philosophizing: I’m crying aloud the reason of my sufferings.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Page Number: 45
Explanation and Analysis:

Authors, as a rule, hide the labour of their creations. When the characters are really alive before their author, the latter does nothing but follow them in their action, in their words, in the situations which they suggest to him; and he has to will them the way they will themselves—for there’s trouble if he doesn’t. When a character is born, he acquires at once such an independence, even of his own author, that he can be imagined by everybody even in many other situations where the author never dreamed of placing him; and so he acquires for himself a meaning which the author never thought of giving him.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Page Number: 46
Explanation and Analysis:

The SON (to Manager who stops him). I’ve got nothing to do with this affair. Let me go please! Let me go!
The MANAGER. What do you mean by saying you’ve got nothing to do with this?
The STEP-DAUGHTER (calmly, with irony). Don’t bother to stop him: he won’t go away.
The FATHER. He has to act the terrible scene in the garden with his mother.
The SON (suddenly resolute and with dignity). I shall act nothing at all. I’ve said so from the very beginning (to the Manager). Let me go!

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father (speaker), The Step-Daughter (speaker), The Son (speaker), The Mother
Page Number: 49
Explanation and Analysis:

SOME ACTORS. He’s dead! dead!
OTHER ACTORS. No, no, it’s only make believe, it’s only pretence!
The FATHER (with a terrible cry). Pretence? Reality, sir, reality!
The MANAGER. Pretence? Reality? To Hell with it all! Never in my life has such a thing happened to me. I’ve lost a whole day over these people, a whole day!
Curtain.

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father (speaker), The Boy, The Child
Related Symbols: The Curtain
Page Number: 52
Explanation and Analysis:
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The Manager Quotes in Six Characters in Search of an Author

The Six Characters in Search of an Author quotes below are all either spoken by The Manager or refer to The Manager. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Reality, Illusion, and Identity Theme Icon
).
Act 1 Quotes

Ridiculous? Ridiculous? Is it my fault if France won’t send us any more good comedies, and we are reduced to putting on Pirandello’s works, where nobody understands anything, and where the author plays the fool with us all?

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Leading Man
Page Number: 2
Explanation and Analysis:

“The empty form of reason without the fullness of instinct, which is blind.”—You stand for reason, your wife is instinct. It’s a mixing up of the parts, according to which you who act your own part become the puppet of yourself. Do you understand?

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Leading Man, The Leading Lady
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 2
Explanation and Analysis:

A tenuous light surrounds them, almost as if irradiated by them—the faint breath of their fantastic reality.
This light will disappear when they come forward towards the actors. They preserve, however, something of the dream lightness in which they seem almost suspended; but this does not detract from the essential reality of their forms and expressions.

Related Characters: The Manager, The Father, The Step-Daughter, The Mother, The Son, The Boy, The Child, The Door-Keeper
Page Number: 3
Explanation and Analysis:

The FATHER (coming forward a little, followed by the others who seem embarrassed). As a manner of fact… we have come here in search of an author…
The MANAGER (half angry, half amazed). An author? What author?
The FATHER. Any author, sir.
The MANAGER. But there’s no author here.

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father (speaker)
Page Number: 4
Explanation and Analysis:

No, excuse me, I meant it for you, sir, who were crying out that you had no time to lose with madmen, while no one better than yourself knows that nature uses the instrument of human fantasy in order to pursue her high creative purpose.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Page Number: 5
Explanation and Analysis:

The author who created us alive no longer wished, or was no longer able, materially to put us into a work of art. And this was a real crime, sir; because he who has had the luck to be born a character can laugh even at death. He cannot die. The man, the writer, the instrument of the creation will die, but his creation does not die. And to live for ever, it does not need to have extraordinary gifts or to be able to work wonders. Who was Sancho Panza? Who was Don Abbondio? Yet they live eternally because—live germs as they were—they had the fortune to find a fecundating matrix, a fantasy which could raise and nourish them: make them live for ever!

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Page Number: 5-6
Explanation and Analysis:

The whole trouble lies here. In words, words. Each one of us has within him a whole world of things, each man of us his own special world. And how can we ever come to an understanding if I put in the words I utter the sense and value of things as I see them; while you who listen to me must inevitably translate them according to the conception of things each one of you has within himself. We think we understand each other, but we never really do. Look here! This woman (indicating the Mother) takes all my pity for her as a specially ferocious form of cruelty.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager, The Step-Daughter, The Mother
Page Number: 10
Explanation and Analysis:

Oh, all these intellectual complications make me sick, disgust me—all this philosophy that uncovers the beast in man, and then seeks to save him, excuse him… I can’t stand it, sir. When a man seeks to “simplify” life bestially, throwing aside every relic of humanity, every chaste aspiration, every pure feeling, all sense of ideality, duty, modesty, shame… then nothing is more revolting and nauseous than a certain kind of remorse—crocodiles’ tears, that’s what it is.

Related Characters: The Step-Daughter (speaker), The Manager, The Father
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 15
Explanation and Analysis:

The drama consists finally in this: when that mother re-enters my house, her family born outside of it, and shall we say superimposed on the original, ends with the death of the little girl, the tragedy of the boy and the flight of the elder daughter. It cannot go on, because it is foreign to its surroundings. So after much torment, we three remain: I, the mother, that son. Then, owing to the disappearance of that extraneous family, we too find ourselves strange to one another. We find we are living in an atmosphere of mortal desolation which is the revenge, as he (indicating Son) scornfully said of the Demon of Experiment, that unfortunately hides in me.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager, The Step-Daughter, The Mother, The Son, The Boy, The Child
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 18
Explanation and Analysis:
Act 2 Quotes

I never could stand rehearsing with the author present. He’s never satisfied!

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker)
Page Number: 36
Explanation and Analysis:

Acting is our business here. Truth up to a certain point, but no further.

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker)
Page Number: 37
Explanation and Analysis:

On the stage you can’t have a character becoming too prominent and overshadowing all the others. The thing is to pack them all into a neat little framework and then act what is actable. I am aware of the fact that everyone has his own interior life which he wants very much to put forward. But the difficulty lies in this fact: to set out just so much as is necessary for the stage, taking the other characters into consideration, and at the same time hint at the unrevealed interior life of each. I am willing to admit, my dear young lady, that from your point of view it would be a fine idea if each character couldtell the public all his troubles in a nice monologue or a regular one hour lecture (good humoredly). You must restrain yourself, my dear, and in our own interest, too; because this fury of yours, this exaggerated disgust you show, may make a bad impression, you know. After you have confessed to me that there were others before him at Madame Pace’s and more than once…

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father, The Step-Daughter, Madame Pace
Page Number: 37-8
Explanation and Analysis:

The darned idiot! I said “curtain” to show the act should end there, and he goes and lets it down in earnest (to the Father, while he pulls the curtain back to go on to the stage again). Yes, yes, it’s all right. Effect certain! That’s the right ending. I’ll guarantee the first act at any rate.

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father, The Machinist
Related Symbols: The Curtain
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 40
Explanation and Analysis:
Act 3 Quotes

The illusion! For Heaven’s sake, don’t say illusion. Please don’t use that word, which is particularly painful for us.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager, The Leading Man, The Leading Lady
Page Number: 42
Explanation and Analysis:

The FATHER. Can you tell me who you are?
The MANAGER (perplexed, half smiling). What? Who am I? I am myself.
The FATHER. And if I were to tell you that that isn’t true, because you are I…?

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father (speaker)
Page Number: 43
Explanation and Analysis:

If you think of all those illusions that mean nothing to you now, of all those things which don’t even seem to you to exist any more, while once they were for you, don’t you feel that—I won’t say these boards—but the very earth under your feet is sinking away from you when you reflect that in the same way this you as you feel it today—all this present reality of yours—is fated to seem a mere illusion to you tomorrow?

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 43-4
Explanation and Analysis:

I’m not philosophizing: I’m crying aloud the reason of my sufferings.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Page Number: 45
Explanation and Analysis:

Authors, as a rule, hide the labour of their creations. When the characters are really alive before their author, the latter does nothing but follow them in their action, in their words, in the situations which they suggest to him; and he has to will them the way they will themselves—for there’s trouble if he doesn’t. When a character is born, he acquires at once such an independence, even of his own author, that he can be imagined by everybody even in many other situations where the author never dreamed of placing him; and so he acquires for himself a meaning which the author never thought of giving him.

Related Characters: The Father (speaker), The Manager
Page Number: 46
Explanation and Analysis:

The SON (to Manager who stops him). I’ve got nothing to do with this affair. Let me go please! Let me go!
The MANAGER. What do you mean by saying you’ve got nothing to do with this?
The STEP-DAUGHTER (calmly, with irony). Don’t bother to stop him: he won’t go away.
The FATHER. He has to act the terrible scene in the garden with his mother.
The SON (suddenly resolute and with dignity). I shall act nothing at all. I’ve said so from the very beginning (to the Manager). Let me go!

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father (speaker), The Step-Daughter (speaker), The Son (speaker), The Mother
Page Number: 49
Explanation and Analysis:

SOME ACTORS. He’s dead! dead!
OTHER ACTORS. No, no, it’s only make believe, it’s only pretence!
The FATHER (with a terrible cry). Pretence? Reality, sir, reality!
The MANAGER. Pretence? Reality? To Hell with it all! Never in my life has such a thing happened to me. I’ve lost a whole day over these people, a whole day!
Curtain.

Related Characters: The Manager (speaker), The Father (speaker), The Boy, The Child
Related Symbols: The Curtain
Page Number: 52
Explanation and Analysis: