Survival in Auschwitz

by

Primo Levi

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Themes and Colors
Dehumanization and Resistance Theme Icon
Adaptability, Chance, and Survival Theme Icon
Moral Relativity Theme Icon
Racial Hierarchy Theme Icon
Oppression, Power, and Cruelty Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Survival in Auschwitz, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Racial Hierarchy Theme Icon

The Holocaust was motivated, among other things, by the belief that ethnic Germans were a master race, destined to wipe out all inferior races and create a superior breed of human beings. Although the Third Reich and its crusade to wipe out the Jewish people is founded on the belief of a racial hierarchy, Levi, the author and a prisoner at Auschwitz labor camp, observes the various ethnic groups within the camp and comes to the conclusion that although each has its distinctive characteristics, no such hierarchy of value truly exists.

The camp administrators go out of their way to assert their own superiority and the inferiority of the Jews, demonstrating their own convictions that the German race is superior in every way. Within Auschwitz, any individual who is a not Jewish, regardless of whether they are a prisoner, Kapo, or camp administrator, is considered to be inherently more valuable than any Jewish person. Levi observes, “[The Jewish people] are the slaves of the slaves, whom all can give orders to,” even if they are other non-Jewish prisoners. This is a blatant assertion of the Germans’ belief that the Jewish people are the lowest, most inferior group on earth. On the other end of the spectrum, regardless of how inept or stupid a man may be, any “Aryan” (the Reich’s name for the supposed “master race”) is given at least some position of authority within the camp—even if he is a political prisoner. This demonstrates the German belief in a rigid racial hierarchy that transcends individual merit. Supported by the inherently racist structure of the Lager, the camp administrators often deride the Jewish prisoners as weak, sub-human, and dirty, ignoring the fact that it was their own cruel treatment that made the prisoners so. In this way, the German belief in their own racial superiority becomes self-fulfilling: they see it modeled in the fact that they are mostly healthy and powerful, while their Jewish subjects are weak, dirty, and powerless, thus justifying further grotesque treatment in the minds of the Germans.

Rather than arguing that all people are essentially the same, Levi recognizes distinctions between the varying ethnic backgrounds of the prisoners, suggesting that there are, indeed, some characteristic differences between ethnic groups. The Greek Jewish people, who have been in the camp longer than most, are known to be “pitiless opponents in the struggle for life” and so “tenacious, thieving, wise, ferocious and united” that even the Germans respect them; contrarily, the Italian Jewish people are widely believed—even by Levi—to be well-educated and well-suited to the outside world, but poor at surviving the camps or adapting themselves to its manual labor and harsh living. The non-Jewish Poles are regarded as hardy and powerfully-built, apt for surviving the camps and enduring hardship, suggesting that there are, to a degree, distinctions between ethnic groups. However, although Levi makes such observations, he never imposes them as a measure of value, nor does he assume that such descriptors must automatically apply to every individual or apply a racial hierarchy as the Germans do.

The widely varying quality and utility of individuals of all races ultimately denies that any hierarchy of value can truly exist between them. The obvious error of the Germans’ racial hierarchy is most apparent when Levi and several other intelligent, well-educated Jews are assigned to the Chemical Kommando, a unit of Jewish prisoners intended to work as chemists. Although it is a technical unit and the prisoners expect that their Kapo will himself be a chemist, they are instead placed under the command of Alex, a German “professional delinquent” of limited stature and intelligence. Despite the German insistence that any Aryan is superior to any Jew, the brash idiocy of Alex compared with the intelligence of his Jewish underlings powerfully contradicts that belief, suggesting instead that there is no truth at all to the German’s racial hierarchy. Rather than commit the same error as the Germans and believe that all members of another race are inherently evil or cruel, Levi and his fellow Jewish prisoners recognize that loathsome Germans such as Alex must be exceptionally rare. Levi recalls that they “refuse to believe that the squalid human specimens whom we saw at work were an average example, not of Germans in general, but even of German prisoners in particular.” It is telling that the Jewish prisoners recognize such a concept as racial hierarchy to be so erroneous that, even though the only Germans they know are wretched and vile, they refuse to participate in it themselves, again firmly arguing that such a belief system that declares any race better or worse than another is entirely false.

Contrary to what the Germans believe about racial superiority or inferiority, Levi and his fellow Jewish prisoners observe that a racial hierarchy is inherently absurd and enables such dangerous and malevolent ideas as those that ultimately gave way to the Holocaust.

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Racial Hierarchy Quotes in Survival in Auschwitz

Below you will find the important quotes in Survival in Auschwitz related to the theme of Racial Hierarchy.
Chapter 1. The Journey Quotes

But on the morning of the 21st we learned that on the following day the Jews would be leaving. All the Jews, without exception. Even the children, even the old, even the ill […] For every person missing at the roll-call, ten would be shot.

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker)
Page Number: 14
Explanation and Analysis:

Here we received the first blows; and it was so new and senseless that we felt no pain, neither in body nor in spirit. Only a profound amazement: how can one hit a man without anger?

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker)
Page Number: 16
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2. On the Bottom Quotes

And do not think that shoes form a factor of secondary importance in the life of the Lager. Death begins with the shoes; for most of us, they show themselves to be instruments of torture, which after a few hours of marching cause painful sores which become fatally infected.

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker), Alberto
Related Symbols: Shoes
Page Number: 34
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4. Ka-Be Quotes

We, transformed into slaves, have marched a hundred times backwards and forwards to our silent labours, killed in our spirit long before our anonymous death. No one must leave here and so carry to the world, together with the sign impressed on his skin, the evil tidings of what man’s presumption made of man in Auschwitz.

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker)
Related Symbols: Tattooed Number
Page Number: 55
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9. The Drowned and the Saved Quotes

We would also like to consider that the Lager was preeminently a gigantic biological and social experiment.

Thousands of individuals, differing in age, condition, origin, language, culture and customs, are enclosed within barbed wire: they live a regular, controlled life which is identical to all and inadequate to all needs, and which is more rigorous than any experimenter could have set up to establish what is essential and what adventitious to the conduct of the human animal in the struggle for life.

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker)
Page Number: 87
Explanation and Analysis:

That they were stolid and bestial is natural, when one thinks that the majority were ordinary criminals, chosen from among the German prisons for the very purpose of their employment as superintendents of the camps for Jews; and we maintain it was a very apt choice, because we refuse to believe that the squalid human specimens whom we saw at work were an average example, not of Germans in general, but even of German prisoners in particular.

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker)
Page Number: 92
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 10. Chemical Examination Quotes

Because that look was not one between two men; and if I had known how completely to explain the nature of that look, which came as if across the glass window an aquarium between tow beings who live in different worlds, I would also have explained the essence of the great insanity of the third Germany.

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker), Doktor Pannwitz
Page Number: 105
Explanation and Analysis:

Without hatred and without sneering, Alex wipes his hand on my shoulder, both the palm and the back of the hand, to clean it; he would be amazed, the poor brute Alex, If someone told him that today, on the basis of this action, I judge him and Pannwitz and innumerable others like him, big and small, in Auschwitz and everywhere.

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker), Alex, Doktor Pannwitz
Page Number: 108
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 15. Die drei Leute vom Labor Quotes

They construct shelters and trenches, they repair the damage, they build, they fight, they command, they organize, they kill. What else could they do? They are Germans. This way of behavior is not meditated and deliberate, but follows from their nature and from the destiny they have chosen. They could not act different.

Related Characters: Primo Levi (speaker)
Page Number: 141
Explanation and Analysis: