LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Assault, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Morality and Guilt
Fate, Accountability, and Justice
Memory and Trauma
Political Ideology and Personal Accountability
Summary
Analysis
The narrator muses on the idea of looking toward the future. Because nothing exists in the future, someone who looks toward the future rather than toward what exists in the past looks toward “the void.” Anton “st[ands] with his back to the future and his face toward the past.”
The narration’s characterization of Anton “st[anding] with […] his face toward the past” highlights how his unresolved trauma prevents him from living a full life in the present and hoping for a happy future.
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Themes
By 1968, Anton and Saskia have divorced. Anton marries an art history student named Liesbeth. Liesbeth’s father, who was a colonial administrator, was placed in a Japanese concentration camp in the Dutch East Indies. Liesbeth was born after her parents returned to Holland. A year after Liesbeth and Anton married, they have a son named Peter. Anton sometimes muses on the fact that Peter was farther removed from World War II than he himself was from World War I.
Anton’s musing about Peter’s relative distance from the war reflects the passage of time, underscoring how Anton will always be connected to the war even as the world changes.
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Anton and his family spend their summers in Tuscany in a house he bought there. Anton initially fell in love with the house because of how it reminded him of eras past, like Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. Anton also owns a weekend home on a farm. Saskia, who remarried a man with a child from a previous marriage, and Sandra also use the weekend home and the Tuscany home. Anton, Liesbeth, Saskia, and Saskia’s second husband sometimes vacation together with all three children.
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Anton’s desire to cultivate a space that reminds him of eras past shows his desire to remove himself from the temporal reality of his life. The fact that Sandra, Saskia, and Saskia’s new husband also use the home with Anton, Liesbeth, and Peter shows that, despite his trauma, Anton is able to cultivate healthy relationships in his life. It also reinforces how important family is to him —he values his relationship with Saskia even after they are no longer married.
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Themes
Anton’s migraines diminished as he aged, but he began to develop depression and anxiety in his 40s. One day in Italy, Anton suddenly has a panic attack after seeing a table lighter with dice markings. In that moment, the house he loved so much becomes a collection of images that disturb him, such as the cypresses that remind him of “flames of black fire.” When Liesbeth comes home to find him trembling, she calls the doctor, who gives him a tranquilizer and a prescription for Valium. Anton tears up the prescription, knowing that if he started taking tranquilizers he would never stop. Anton’s panic symptoms ease after that, but his Tuscany home never feels perfect to him again.
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Though Anton carries on a successful life with healthy and fruitful relationships, his mental health still suffers as a result of his childhood trauma. Because the trauma is unresolved, seemingly small things such as the dice design can trigger a panic attack, as the dice design subconsciously reminds Anton of the night that his family was killed. The feeling that his Tuscany home will never feel perfect after his panic attack mirrors his early thought during his meetup with Cor when he expressed that nothing can ever be perfect due to the horrors of the past.
As Anton continues to age, he begins to see the merit of speech cliches such as “what’s done cannot be undone.” Eventually, his aunt dies. So does De Graaff, and Anton sees some of the same people at the funeral as he had that day at the funeral in 1966. Cor does not attend, but Anton and Cor’s other acquaintances assume he is still alive.
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As Anton’s life changes with time, so do his internal workings. The passing of his aunt and of De Graaff further emphasize the way Anton’s life changes over time, and the contrast between the natural mortality of De Graaff and Anton’s aunt and the untimely death of Anton’s parents and brother.
When Sandra is 16, she tells her father that she wants to see the place where her grandfather, grandmother, and uncle died. Though Saskia and Liesbeth think this is a bad idea, Anton drives Sandra to Haarlem. When they arrive at the spot where his home was, Anton laughs at the modern house that now stands there, with a “For Sale” sign in front of it. He looks around the neighborhood and notices other changes. A man comes out of the house where Anton’s house once stood and asks if they would like to look. Anton and Sandra look around and then walk to the monument. As Sandra looks at her family’s names, Anton understands that she will never be able to quite comprehend what happened. Anton sees the name J. Takes, Cor’s brother who also died that night.
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Sandra’s curiosity about the past shows a desire to better understand her father and the history of her country. Still, Anton’s understanding that Sandra will never quite comprehend what he went through highlights the singularity of his own experience, as well as the fact that people cannot truly understand trauma outside of their own experience. In this way, Anton’s trauma will always alienate him from the people loves, at least until he can better come to terms with it.
Anton and Sandra sit at a restaurant later, and Anton tells her about Truus Coster. Sandra asks why he speaks so warmly of Truus, who was indirectly the cause of his parents’ death. Anton disagrees with this, saying that “everyone did what he did, and not anything else.” In that moment, he realizes that that is essentially what Truus had told him in the cell. He suddenly begins to remember more of his conversation with Truus. Sandra suggests they go visit her grave. Once at the gravesite, Sandra lays a rose on the gravestone.
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Anton’s repetition of what Truus told him about morality demonstrates the impact her words had on him and how they have shaped his understanding of morality. They have prompted him to have more a more nuanced understanding of right and wrong, unlike someone like Cor, whose clear-cut views don’t allow for as much understanding.
Two years later, Anton sees Cor Takes on television. He does not recognize him before he sees his name, which is accompanied with the label “Resistance Fighter.” Cor says, “The whole thing was one big mess. I really don’t want to hear any more about it.” However, Anton often sees a truck driving around that says “Fake Ploeg Sanitation Inc.”
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Cor’s unwillingness to talk more about the war on television contrasts with his decision to go on television in the first place, demonstrating his conflicting feelings about his involvement in the war and his persistent guilt over the violence he committed as a Resistance Fighter. Anton’s continuous sightings of Fake Ploeg’s truck signals the fact that their lives are intertwined in some way due to the traumas they both suffered as children. Fake’s apparent “sanitation” business perhaps symbolically reflects his move to minimize his late father’s involvement with the Nazis—to “sanitize” history, as it were.