The Beggar’s Opera
by John Gay
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Themes and Colors
Moral Corruption and Hypocrisy Theme Icon
Gender, Love, and Marriage Theme Icon
Class, Capitalism, and Inequality Theme Icon
Opera, High Art, and Performance Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Beggar’s Opera, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Class, Capitalism, and Inequality Theme Icon
Class, Capitalism, and Inequality Theme Icon

In The Beggar’s Opera, John Gay satirizes a depraved criminal underworld where everything has a price, from stolen goods to human life. Guided by account books rather than conscience, this underworld’s power players—like Peachum and the madam Mrs. Diana Trapes—have learned how to turn theft, exploitation, and violence into profit. Gay depicts these criminal entrepreneurs as little different from ordinary businesspeople: they spend their days calculating costs and prices, hiring and firing employees, trying to expand into new markets, and so on. In fact, Peachum takes capitalist best practices to an extreme: all he thinks about is business, and he constantly points out that he has to be as ruthless as possible to make a profit and outcompete his rivals. This is why he turns his thieves in for the £40 reward as soon as they stop bringing in enough loot, and why he uses as much violence as necessary to stay in power. As he puts it, “if Business cannot be carried on without [murder], what would you have a Gentleman do?”

While set in a poor district of London, The Beggar’s Opera is really a commentary on English society as a whole. In the 1720s, a few decades before the Industrial Revolution, politicians, nobility, and businessmen were reorganizing the economy and building a vast colonial empire primarily to serve their commercial interests. John Gay was not fond of this new system: it bankrupted his family, it created a profoundly unequal class system, it made relationships increasingly transactional, and most of all, he hated having to flatter wealthy barons in order to win financial support for his art. So he mocks and criticizes this system throughout The Beggar’s Opera. For instance, one of Macheath’s associates is nicknamed “Bob Booty”—which was also a common nickname for Robert Walpole, England’s notoriously corrupt prime minister. Similarly, a character named the Beggar—who is supposed to represent the playwright—directly tells the audience that the opera is about how the rich and the poor both make their money through crime, but only the poor go to jail for it.

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Class, Capitalism, and Inequality Quotes in The Beggar’s Opera

Below you will find the important quotes in The Beggar’s Opera related to the theme of Class, Capitalism, and Inequality.

Act 1, Scene 3 Quotes

Robin of Bagshot, alias Gorgon, alias Bluff Bob, alias Carbuncle, alias Bob Booty.

Related Characters: Peachum (speaker), Robin of Bagshot (“Bob Booty”)
Related Symbols: Account Book
Page Number and Citation: 7
Explanation and Analysis:
Peachum goes through his account book, debating which of his thieves to turn in to the law for a bounty. (He also calls this impeaching them, or just ’peaching them—which is the source of his name.) The last name in his book is Robin of Bagshot, who also goes by several colorful aliases. Robin of Bagshot is an irrelevant minor character with no real role in the plot, but this line still speaks volumes about John Gay’s intention as a playwright. Above all, it helps explain why the play was so incredibly popular in 18th-century England. Namely, “Robin of Bagshot” Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamu

Act 1, Scene 4 Quotes

I would indulge the Girl as far as prudently we can. In any thing, but Marriage! After that, my Dear, how shall we be safe? Are we not then in her Husband’s Power? For a Husband hath the absolute Power over all a Wife’s Secrets but her own. If the Girl had the Discretion of a Court Lady, who can have a dozen young Fellows at her Ear without complying with one, I should not matter it; but Polly is Tinder, and a Spark will at once set her on a Flame. Married! If the Wench does not know her own Profit, sure she knows her own Pleasure better than to make herself a Property! My Daughter to me should be, like a Court Lady to a Minister of State, a Key to the whole Gang. Married! If the Affair is not already done, I’ll terrify her from it.

Related Characters: Peachum (speaker), Mrs. Peachum, Polly Peachum, Macheath
Page Number and Citation: 10
Explanation and Analysis:
Peachum explains his opposition to Polly’s marriage in a bit more detail. He says that there’s no harm in her meeting different men, or even sleeping around with them—but marriage is a bridge too far. He even highlights his point with another clever political reference that his audiences would have loved: the “Minister of State” (Robert Walpole) manipulated many noblewomen in order to get his way in Parliament. What he means is that Polly should remain under his control instead of passing into Macheath’s. To fully grasp Peachum’s point, audiences must understand how marriage worked in the 1700s. In England Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus

Act 1, Scene 8 Quotes

POLLY. I did not marry him (as ’tis the Fashion) cooly and deliberately for Honour or Money. But, I love him.
MRS PEACHUM. Love him! worse and worse! I thought the Girl had been better bred. Oh Husband, Husband! her Folly makes me mad! my Head swims! I’m distracted! I can’t support myself—Oh!
[Faints.]

Related Characters: Mrs. Peachum (speaker), Polly Peachum (speaker), Macheath, Peachum
Page Number and Citation: 15
Explanation and Analysis:
Peachum and Mrs. Peachum are horrified to learn that Polly didn’t even marry Macheath for the right reasons—which, for them, means money. Instead, Polly insists that she got married for true love. The idea is so scandalous to Mrs. Peachum that she faints in distress. Once again, Gay turns conventional morality upside down for comic effect: the Peachums are just as dedicated to the principle of using other people for profit as ordinary people are to the storybook ideals of chivalry, monogamy, and romance. In fact, the Peachums don’t believe in love at all: they see it as a dangerous Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi ne

Act 1, Scene 9 Quotes

Money, Wife, is the true Fuller’s Earth for Reputations, there is not a Spot or a Stain but what it can take out. A rich Rogue now-a-days is fit Company for any Gentleman; and the World, my Dear, hath not such a Contempt for Roguery as you imagine.

Related Characters: Peachum (speaker), Mrs. Peachum, Polly Peachum, Macheath
Page Number and Citation: 17
Explanation and Analysis:
Peachum hatches a nefarious plan to turn Polly’s impulsive marriage to Macheath to his own benefit. Namely, if Peachum can turn in Macheath to the law and get him executed, then Polly (and therefore the Peachums) will get to keep everything he owns. Here, just before explaining his plan to Mrs. Peachum, Peachum briefly praises the power and beauty his favorite thing in the whole world: money. Like “Fuller’s Earth,” a clay that takes stains out of fabric, money clears the moral stains of the people who possess it. In the early 1700s, Peachum suggests, as Englishmen are making new Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possim

Act 1, Scene 10 Quotes

POLLY. What, murder the Man I love! The Blood runs cold at my Heart with the very Thought of it.
PEACHUM. Fye, Polly! What hath Murder to do in the Affair? Since the thing sooner or later must happen, I dare say, the Captain himself would like that we should get the Reward for his Death sooner than a Stranger. Why, Polly, the Captain knows, that as ’tis his Employment to rob, so ’tis ours to take Robbers; every Man in his Business. So that there is no Malice in the Case.

Related Characters: Polly Peachum (speaker), Peachum (speaker), Macheath
Page Number and Citation: 19
Explanation and Analysis:
When Peachum tells Polly about his plan to turn Macheath in to the authorities, she is understandably horrified. Her father is asking her to help him kill her husband, just for money. Worse still, he acts as though it’s obviously the right decision, and he has the gall to claim that “there is no Malice” involved in it at all. He even comes up with an elaborate rationalization for the plot: someone will turn in Macheath eventually for the reward, he says, so it might as well be them. For all intents and purposes, he is claiming that murder is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicab

Act 2, Scene 1 Quotes

We retrench the Superfluities of Mankind. The World is avaritious, and I hate Avarice. A covetous fellow, like a Jack-daw, steals what he was never made to enjoy, for the sake of hiding it. These are the Robbers of Mankind, for Money was made for the Free-hearted and Generous, and where is the Injury of taking from another, what he hath not the Heart to make use of?

Related Characters: Matt of the Mint (speaker)
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 26
Explanation and Analysis:
Act II opens with Macheath’s band of highwaymen drinking in a tavern, chattering about their exploits and adventures. They end up talking about why they choose to steal, and they explain why they actually think it’s ethical to do so. Jemmy Twitcher talks about “the Right of Conquest,” and then Matt of the Mint makes this point about why, as thieves, they are actually helping humankind. He claims that the thieves “retrench the Superfluities of Mankind”—meaning that they compensate for other people’s excesses. Specifically, they correct for the “avarice” (greed) of the rich, who are the real “Robbers of Mankind,” Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure. Sint qui qui. Qui similique praesentium. Ex consequatur magnam. Aliquid iste enim. Sequi aut maxime. Adipisci voluptate et. Voluptas suscipit alias. In et eveniet. Eaque et repellen

Act 2, Scene 7 Quotes

The Fees here are so many, and so exorbitant, that few Fortunes can bear the Expence of getting off handsomly, or of dying like a Gentleman.

Related Characters: Macheath (speaker), Lockit
Page Number and Citation: 35
Explanation and Analysis:
When Macheath arrives at Newgate Prison, the jailor (Lockit) immediately welcomes him back yet again and demands a bribe (or “Garnish”) from him. The amount of this bribe will determine which kind of shackles he gets. At first, Lockit gives Macheath the heaviest, most uncomfortable ones imaginable, but after he pays a hefty fee, Lockit switches them out for a pair that “sit as easy as a Glove.” Just before getting the new shackles, Macheath makes this complaint about how the prison is run: it’s so expensive to get dignified treatment that criminals like him will have to spend all Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore

Act 2, Scene 10 Quotes

LOCKIT. We are treated too by them with Contempt, as if our Profession were not reputable.
PEACHUM. In one respect indeed, our Employment may be reckon’d dishonest, because, like Great Statesmen, we encourage those who betray their Friends.
LOCKIT. Such Language, Brother, any where else, might turn to your prejudice. Learn to be more guarded, I beg you.

Related Characters: Lockit (speaker), Peachum (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 39
Explanation and Analysis:
After they turn Macheath in to Newgate, Peachum and Lockit start complaining about how the government fails to pay their bounties on time. Lockit is quite offended at the government’s corruption: he takes it as a personal insult, an insinuation that “our Profession [is] not reputable.” Of course, audiences are likely to find this irony hilarious. Lockit’s profession isn’t reputable; it’s completely dishonorable and corrupt. He spends his days turning criminals against each other and blackmailing prisoners for bribes. Apparently, in addition to honor, he completely lacks self-awareness, too. But Peachum sees this irony and points it out: he admits Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta imp

Act 2, Scene 13 Quotes

Be pacified, my dear Lucy—This is all a Fetch of Polly’s, to make me desperate with you in case I get off. If I am hang’d, she would fain have the Credit of being thought my Widow—Really, Polly, this is no time for a Dispute of this sort; for whenever you are talking of Marriage, I am thinking of Hanging.

Related Characters: Macheath (speaker), Lucy Lockit, Polly Peachum
Page Number and Citation: 44
Explanation and Analysis:
Polly and Lucy both approach Macheath in prison, claiming to be his one true wife and demanding that he agree with them. But he realizes that only one of them can really help him: Lucy. (Her father is the jailor, so she can get the keys to Macheath’s cell—in fact, she has probably helped him escape before.) So he decides to take Lucy’s side and accuse Polly of making everything up. It eventually works: Lucy agrees to let him go, and Polly leaves heartbroken. Here, Macheath explains the situation to Lucy by making the exact same point that Lockit and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Po

Act 3, Scene 1 Quotes

Love, Sir, is a Misfortune that may happen to the most discreet Woman, and in Love we are all Fools alike.—Notwithstanding all he swore, I am now fully convinc’d that Polly Peachum is actually his Wife.—Did I let him escape, (Fool that I was!) to go to her?—Polly will wheedle herself into his Money, and then Peachum will hang him, and cheat us both.

Related Characters: Lucy Lockit (speaker), Lockit, Polly Peachum, Macheath
Page Number and Citation: 49
Explanation and Analysis:
As she thinks through her actions, Lucy realizes that Macheath probably was manipulating her into helping him escape. She accepts that he isn’t actually going to marry her, which means that all his escape has accomplished is to deprive her and her father of the bounty payment they were expecting. But then, Lucy takes her speculation a bit too far by deciding that Polly must be Macheath’s real wife. Of course, this makes a certain kind of sense: Polly and Macheath could have acted out their whole fight in order to make Macheath’s lies more believable and convince Lucy to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eli

Act 3, Scene 11 Quotes

LOCKIT. Macheath’s time is come, Lucy.—We know our own Affairs, therefore let us have no more Whimpering or Whining.

[…]

PEACHUM. Set your Heart at rest, Polly.—Your Husband is to dye to-day.—Therefore, if you are not already provided, ’tis high time to look about for another.

Related Characters: Peachum (speaker), Lockit (speaker), Macheath, Lucy Lockit, Polly Peachum
Page Number and Citation: 63-64
Explanation and Analysis:
Lucy and Polly both beg their fathers to spare Macheath. Peachum could find new evidence to overturn Macheath’s conviction, and Lockit could set him free, but they both refuse. The audience may be relieved, because Macheath’s death will finally put an end to his misdeeds, but Lucy and Polly are devastated. Indeed, even if Lockit and Peachum have made the right decision, they have made it for the wrong reasons: they want their £40 reward from the government once Macheath is executed. This underlines how cruel and self-interested they both are—they put their own profits above their daughters’ hearts. In Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaq