The Devil’s Highway
by Luis Alberto Urrea
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Themes and Colors
Desolation and Desperation Theme Icon
Myth, Religion, and The Spirit World Theme Icon
Humanity and “Illegality” Theme Icon
Bearing Witness Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Devil’s Highway, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Humanity and “Illegality” Theme Icon
Humanity and “Illegality” Theme Icon

In the early pages of The Devil’s Highway, Luís Alberto Urrea writes that “’Getting bodies,’ in Border Patrol lingo, didn’t necessarily mean collecting corpses. Bodies were living people.” He goes on to describe the ways in which the Border Patrol, or la Migra, refers to the “illegal aliens” they find wandering the Cabeza Prieta as “wets” (a shortening of the slur “wetbacks”), “tonks” (so called for “the stark sound of a flashlight breaking over a human head”), or simply as “illegals.” Humanity and illegality, in the world of The Devil’s Highway, are inversely proportional—that is to say, the more an immigrant’s illegality is emphasized, the more their humanity is minimized. Urrea describes the ways in which Mexican and Latino immigrants are systematically stripped of their humanity and ultimately raises the question of how a person can be “illegal.” Urrea’s goal in writing the book was to “make [readers] think a little about those people who are ‘illegal,’” and that as he set out to accomplish this goal he realized that “the story was really about all humans—all of us are lost wanderers.” By universalizing the story of the Wellton 26, Urrea humanizes all migrants and challenges the dehumanizing language of illegality.

In Urrea’s afterword, he reflects on encounters he has had and changes—or lack thereof—he has witnessed in the ten years since the book’s 2004 publication. While officials on both sides of the border haves struggled, privately and publicly, with how to offer dignity and recognition of humanity to the “illegals” they are tasked with apprehending, the changes that have been made do little to address the root of the problem of the border—the desolation and desperation which drives many immigrants to seek passage to America in the first place. Though glimmering, easily-visible emergency towers and portable waystations filled with water have been erected throughout the desert, little has been invested in the human lives on the Mexican side of the border. “More than two thousand people” died along the Mexican border just “in the half decade before [the Wellton 26,]” Urrea writes. Two thousand lives, two thousand sets of uncollected bones, two thousand “illegals” whose names and stories are forever lost to the world. The “stupidity” of border politics creates an endless cycle in which the perceived inhumanity of “illegals” is perpetuated and even deepened. Immigrants know that they will only be seen as “illegals,” “tonks,” or “wets”—they know they will be stripped of their humanity as soon as they set foot in the United States. Desperate to enter anyway, they place themselves in dangerous and potentially fatal circumstances. When they die in the desert, their stories die with them, and they become anonymous integers in a rising death toll.

The United States is founded on principles of equality which should, in theory, sanctify the humanity of refugees and immigrants, and yet the immigrants continue to be dehumanized by the United States’ policies and language surrounding immigration. In this book, Luís Alberto Urrea tells a story of humanity and inhumanity. To think of a human being as “illegal” is to strip them of their rights, their dignity, and their complexity. Urrea is optimistic about the future of the border, and willing to endow his view of the border with grace and hope. He describes an anecdote in which “kids play volleyball across the border, using the barriers for nets”—he envisions a world in which the border is not a “hideous scar” but an “imaginary line”—not an excuse for the destruction or erasure of humanity, but an instrument of connection and a celebration of its complexity instead.

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Humanity and “Illegality” Quotes in The Devil’s Highway

Below you will find the important quotes in The Devil’s Highway related to the theme of Humanity and “Illegality”.

Chapter 1 Quotes

If the North American continent was broad (“high, wide, and lonesome”), then Mexico was tall. High, narrow, and lonesome. Europeans conquering North America hustled west, where the open land lay. And the Europeans settling Mexico hustled north. Where the open land was. Immigration, the drive northward, is a white phenomenon. White Europeans conceived of and launched El Norte mania, just as white Europeans inhabiting the United States today bemoan it.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 8
Explanation and Analysis:
In a book which attempts to disentangle the complicated cultural and historical mechanics which drive contemporary border politics and practices, Urrea knows the importance of looking through history in order to find out the roots of modern thought about the border and all it represents. By outlining the obvious but easily-overlooked fact that “El Norte” (or “the north”) is to Mexico what the West is to America, he draws parallels between the nations and acknowledges the common desires and humanity of people on both sides of the border. The drive for expansion and conquest, he argues, was instilled in Mexicans Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore

“Getting bodies,” in Border Patrol lingo, didn’t necessarily mean collecting corpses. Bodies were living people. “Bodies” was one of the many names for them. Illegal aliens, dying of thirst more often than not, are called “wets” by agents. “Five wets” might have slipped out. “Wets” are also called “tonks,” but the Border Patrol tries hard to keep that bon mot from civilians. It’s a nasty habit in the ranks. Only a fellow border cop could appreciate the humor of calling people a name based on the stark sound of a flashlight breaking over a human head.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 16
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Urrea recounts the often cruel slang the Border Patrol uses to communicate about the illegal immigrants they apprehend. In each of the nicknames, there is a startling disregard for the humanity of the people it describes. “Bodies,” which ordinarily refers to the already-deceased, when applied to living human beings strips them of their humanity by objectifying them. “Wets,” a shortening of the offensive slur “wetback,” once again strips Mexican immigrants of their humanity by resorting to racist stereotyping. The even greater cruelty of using this term is its irony; Mexican immigrants entering the U.S. through this part Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti solu

You’d be hard pressed to meet a Border Patrol agent in either southern Arizona sector who had not encountered death. All the agents seem to agree that the worst deaths are the young women and the children. The deaths, however, that fill the agents with the deepest rage are the deaths of illegals lured into the wasteland and then abandoned by their Coyotes.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Related Symbols: Coyotes and Chickens
Page Number and Citation: 20
Explanation and Analysis:
Though Urrea has, in this chapter, discussed the ways in which some members of the Border Control mock or discount the humanity of illegal immigrants, in this passage, he highlights the concern and anger many Migra agents do in fact feel on behalf of the illegal immigrants who become lost in the deserts they patrol. Though the deaths of women and children affect them greatly, they are most enraged over the deaths of those immigrants who have been purposefully cheated and left to die by those entrusted with caring for them and shepherding them to safety. This stark contrast between Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam con

Chapter 3 Quotes

The Mexican government’s border sign near Sasabe doesn’t actually say “Coyotes.” It uses the hipper slang of the border. It says, “Los Polleros.” A pollero would be a chicken-wrangler. The level of esteem the smugglers hold for their charges is stated plainly. They’re simply chickens. Of course, if you know Spanish, you know that the word for “chicken” is gallina. “Pollo” is usually reserved for something else. A pollo, as in arroz con pollo, has been cooked.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Related Symbols: Coyotes and Chickens
Page Number and Citation: 60
Explanation and Analysis:
The humanity of illegal immigrants is discounted along the border, just as it will be where they are headed—in the realm of the Border Patrol agents who refer to them as “tonks” and “wets.”  Another cruel nickname is employed by the smuggling gangs: “pollo,” which refers to cooked chicken. Polleros, or guides, are hardly held in higher esteem than the “meat” they are charged with transporting. They are not even referred to as Coyotes, but as lowly chicken-wranglers, defined solely by the cargo they are tasked with transporting: illegal immigrants who are seen as burdensome, gullible, and already “cooked.”   

Chapter 13 Quotes

“I do not know who was dying or how many because I too was dying.”

Page Number and Citation: 165
Explanation and Analysis:
This quotation, taken from the accounts of one of the survivors of the Wellton 26, demonstrates the ways in which death and dying sap humanity, as well as the human ability to bear witness, away. Because the speaker also felt that he was dying, he was unable to focus on those around him—though everyone trapped in Desolation was in equal need of help. Tied in with themes of desolation, the terrible and isolating nature of the slow, torturous death that hyperthermia creates is highlighted by the speaker’s assertion that he was dying. Even though he lived, his life seemed, at Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. E

Chapter 14 Quotes

It is important to note that within ten minutes of finding the lost men, the Migra was already fully engaged in rescue. While Mike F. cut for more sign, the old boys were kicking off their desert race. The Border Patrol sped there so fast, with so many vehicles, over such vicious terrain, that they suffered twenty-six flat tires. Some agents drove on rims to get there.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker), Mike F.
Related Symbols: La Cabeza Prieta
Page Number and Citation: 172
Explanation and Analysis:
The image of Border Patrol agents driving desperately “on rims” to rescue survivors in the desert stands in stark contrast, no doubt, to the image of the Migra that Urrea’s audience might hold in its mind.  The Border Patrol, in a situation like this, engage protocol which values the preservation of human life above everything else. Engaging in a “Banzai Run” rescue mission, the Border Patrol and the BORSTAR (the trauma and rescue branch of the Migra) engaged in a full-throttle effort to rescue the missing men from Desolation. Though accounts of Border Patrol’s treatment of “illegals” often veer toward Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati e

Chapter 15 Quotes

The survivors were suddenly paid professional narrators. At the beginning of their federal jobs, they were paid in room and board. They got cheap shoes and pants. T-shirts. As they sang, they learned they could get job advancement. Even a substantial raise. Like all good bards, they embellished and expanded their narratives. As long as they told their stories, they stayed. As long as they stayed, they had a chance to stay longer. Soon, they would surely earn money. It was the new millennium’s edition of the American Dream.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker), Nahum Landa
Page Number and Citation: 188
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Urrea describes the ways in which the Wellton 26 grew into the roles of witnesses to their own story. Realizing that their words had value, and that their testimony could directly influence their circumstances, the survivors of the ordeal discovered that the “American dream” they had set out to find was still possible—though it looked quite different, no doubt, from what they had imagined. The chance to stay and earn money in America is all many had wanted, and the opportunity to do so simply by virtue of sharing their own stories was something none of them Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perf

Chapter 16 Quotes

Since that May of 2001, the filth and depravity of the border churns ahead in a parade of horrors. The slaughtered dead turn to leather on the Devil's Highway, and their brothers and sisters rot to sludge tucked in car trunks and sealed in railroad cars. The big beasts and the little predators continue to feed on the poor and innocent. Hope began to glimmer for a short period as presidents Fox and Bush courted each other. A kind of border accord loomed, and the sacrifice of the Yuma 14 helped stir the leaders of each nation to pity. But the atrocities of 9/11 killed Border Perestroika. An open border suddenly seemed like an act of war or a flagrant display of foolishness.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 204
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Urrea laments the missed opportunity for border reform which arose in 2001. As the concept of Border “Perestroika,” or restructuring, gained traction on both sides, there was a “glimmer” of hope, and anticipation everywhere of lasting change for the better—all because of the tragedy of the Yuma 14, and their senseless deaths. It seemed that their sacrifice, however unwilling or unwitting it was, would not have been in vain if it could have resulted in such a reform. However, Urrea argues that the catastrophic events of 9/11 sidelined—seemingly, for good—any possibility of “an open border” between the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusanti

In ancient days, the Rain God was fed by the tears of the innocent. For any rain to fall now, it will take gallons of tears, rivers. In the desert, the drops evaporate before they hit the ground.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 207
Explanation and Analysis:
In this deeply metaphorical passage, Luis Alberto Urrea invokes the ancient myth of the Rain God in order to demonstrate the diminishing returns on tragedy which affect the world of the border. As more and more “deadly” incidents pile up, the “Rain God” becomes harder and harder to appease. The “Rain God” in this metaphor represents public opinion and patience with U.S.-Mexico border issues. The evaporation of the drops even “before they hit the ground” signifies the inability to bear witness to the uncountable number of horrors that are perpetrated all along the border each and every day. The tragedies Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium re

“Five miles from the border, nobody knows. Nobody cares. Nobody understands. They don’t want to know.”

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea
Related Symbols: La Cabeza Prieta
Page Number and Citation: 208
Explanation and Analysis:
Luis Alberto Urrea quotes a member of the Border Patrol he interviewed in this striking passage. The border cops know that “nobody knows” what really goes on in the desolate and crime-ridden lands they patrol, and some abuse this fact by treating the illegals they catch with contempt or cruelty, while some simply accept it as a sad or difficult fact of the job, and others attempt to combat it by building emergency towers or adding trauma and rescue personnel to their units. Without knowledge of the situation of the border—without bearing witness to what goes on there—nobody has the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi n

Afterword Quotes

Part of the idea was to foment discussion. Make us think a little about those people who are “like, illegal.” But the deeper idea was to bear witness—we saw an exodus straight from the biblical template, and it felt that no one was paying attention. As I started the work, I will confess, it was all about the good men who died. But it didn’t take long to see that the story was really about all humans—all of us in those ancient deserts are lost wanderers.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Related Symbols: La Cabeza Prieta
Page Number and Citation: 222
Explanation and Analysis:
Urrea’s mission in writing his book was to create a productive discussion around the issue of the U.S.-Mexico border. This mission could not have existed without another mission: to bear witness to the stories of the dead. In doing that, however, Urrea realized that their humanity was not the only humanity being denied, and their stories were not the only narratives in need of an empathetic witness. In realizing that everyone along the border—smugglers, Migra, and “lost wanderers” of all kinds—deserved to have a witness to their stories, Urrea’s book took on a new mission: to radically and indiscriminately validate Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae

Every week, in some motel, in the back of some burger joint, in some brothel or in some field, a woman is weeping in a horror we cannot comprehend because we aren’t listening. After all, she’s “illegal.” Not even human.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 228
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quotation, Urrea urges his audience to consider the stories that aren’t witnessed—the stories that no one cares to witness, because they involve people that some consider “not even human.” Labeling someone “illegal” strips them of their humanity—strips them, in the public perception, of all the fears and hopes that every human on earth carries, day in and day out. Branding someone illegal makes them other and inferior. This creates a perceived hierarchy of humanity, and this in turn leads to the horrors of violence along the border simply continuing largely unnoticed. Human beings are suffering daily, and yet Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequunt

Item: a Mexican Beta Group immigration cop asked me if the situation in the U.S.—the suffering of the undocumented—would be improved if we called them by other terms. What if they are called “refugees”? “Pilgrims”? He was a philosopher. “In God’s world,” he said, “no man is illegal.” Every night, he locked himself inside the police station so the cocaine cowboys from the desert couldn’t kill him.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 230
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Urrea discloses an encounter with a Mexican official from the Beta Group, or Grupos Beta, who are charged with offering water, aid, and information to lost or at-risk immigrants. Each night, this man “lock[s] himself inside” to protect himself from the chaos and violence that rule the border, yet he contemplates endlessly how to relieve “the suffering of the undocumented.” Despite the violence he witnesses day after day, he is still able to acknowledge the humanity of all parties involved in the world in the border—and longs for a better world for all of them. His suggestion Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste.

The border makes me happy. Hard to believe. But, after all, I’m from there. Is the border all hate and fear and bad craziness? No. Of course not. Just like the Border Patrol agents aren’t all racist monsters looking to crack beaner heads. Just like the smugglers aren’t all savage beasts looking to slaughter innocents for filthy lucre…well, not all of them. Just like the walkers aren’t slobbering rapists and murderers—in spite of the blazing sign we float over their heads: ILLEGAL.

Related Characters: Luís Alberto Urrea (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 233
Explanation and Analysis:
Urrea’s mission to bear witness and to help all three groups which define the border—the Migra, the smugglers, and the “illegals”—is born of his own desire to show the shades of grey that define not just humanity along the border, but humanity everywhere. By acknowledging stereotypes and then refusing to deal in them, Urrea urges his audience to complicate their own notions of issues relating to the U.S.-Mexico border. It is an in-between space, a meeting place, and a world which is frequently and deeply misunderstood. Urrea, writing this missive ten years after his book’s initial publication, implores his readers Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque e