The Island of Missing Trees

The Island of Missing Trees

by Elif Shafak

Kostas Character Analysis

Kostas is one of the novel’s protagonists. He was born in Cyprus, where he and Defne begin seeing each other when they are 18 and 17, respectively. Because Kostas is a Greek Christian while Defne is a Turkish Muslim during a period when tensions between the two groups are rising in Cyprus, their relationship is taboo, and they keep their relationship a secret. When Kostas’s mother, Panagiota, finds out about their clandestine relationship, she sends Kostas to live with her brother, Hristos, in England to try to save him from the escalating violence on the island, and he and Defne are separated. Kostas’s story underlines the book’s main themes of displacement, migration, and love. Kostas is forced to leave his home, his family, and the person he loves most as a result of violence and political divisions in Cyprus. Kostas’s displacement forces him not only to start his life over but to forego his relationship with Defne, a loss that will define his life. Kostas is also a passionate defender of plants and wildlife and believes that plants and animals are equally worthy of consideration as humans.

Kostas Quotes in The Island of Missing Trees

The The Island of Missing Trees quotes below are all either spoken by Kostas or refer to Kostas. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
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).

Part 1, Chapter 4: Fig Tree Quotes

I wish I could have told him that loneliness is a human invention. Trees are never lonely. Humans think they know with certainty where their being ends and someone else’s starts. With their roots tangled and caught underground, linked to fungi and bacteria, trees harbour no such illusions. For us, everything is interconnected.

Related Characters: The Fig Tree (speaker), Kostas
Page Number and Citation: 30
Explanation and Analysis:

Not a very sensible thing to do, I admit, to fall for someone who is not of your kind, someone who will only complicate your life, disrupt your routine and mess with your sense of stability and rootedness. But, then again, anyone who expects love to be sensible has perhaps never loved.

Related Characters: The Fig Tree (speaker), Kostas, Defne
Page Number and Citation: 32
Explanation and Analysis:

Part 2, Chapter 1: Lovers, Cyprus, 1974 Quotes

For it is a land without borders, a lover’s body. You discover it, not at once, but step by anxious step, losing your way, your sense of direction, treading its sunlit valleys and rolling fields, finding it warm and welcoming, and then, hidden in quiet corners, running into caverns invisible and unexpected, pits where you stumble and cut yourself.

Related Characters: Defne, Kostas
Page Number and Citation: 78
Explanation and Analysis:

Part 3, Chapter 1: Heatwave, Cyprus, May 1974 Quotes

Kostas felt a sense of loneliness so acute it was almost tangible. After that day, he would no longer talk about fruit bats and how important they were for the trees of Cyprus, and hence for its inhabitants. In a land besieged by conflict, uncertainty, and bloodshed, people took it for indifference, an insult to their pain, if you paid too much attention to anything other than human suffering. This was neither the right time nor the right place to carry on about plants and animals, nature in all its forms and glory, and that is how Kostas Kazantzakis slowly shut himself off, carving an island for himself inside an island, retreating into silence.

Related Characters: Kostas
Page Number and Citation: 147
Explanation and Analysis:

Part 3, Chapter 10: Definition of Love, Cyprus, 1974 Quotes

When we left the tavern… the moon, the smell of your hair, your hand in my hair, your hand in my hand, after all the horror when we realized we had only each other to depend on.

You know what I’ve been thinking since? I’ve been thinking that you are my country. Is that a strange thing to say? Without you, I don’t have a home in the world; I am a felled tree, my roots severed all around; you can topple me with the touch of a finger.

Related Characters: Kostas (speaker), Defne
Page Number and Citation: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

Part 4, Chapter 3: Remains of Love, Cyprus, early 2000s Quotes

[Kostas] asked, cautiously, “And the missing you’ve found here, were they Greeks or Turks?”

“They were islanders,” [Defne] said and there was a sharp edge to her voice then. “Islanders, like us.”

Overhearing, David interjected. “That’s the thing, my friend. You don’t know until you send the bones to a lab and get a report. When you hold a skull in your hands, can you tell if it’s a Christian or Muslim? All that bloodshed, for what? Stupid, stupid wars.”

Related Characters: Defne (speaker), Kostas (speaker), David (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 206
Explanation and Analysis:

Part 4, Chapter 5: Butterflies and Bones, Cyprus, early 2000s Quotes

David turned to Kostas. “The Nuremberg trials were a landmark. That’s when people realized how random and widespread violence actually is. Neighbours turning against neighbours, friends selling out friends. Now that’s a different kind of evil, one that we still haven’t come to grips with as humanity. It’s a difficult subject across the world—the acts of barbarity that happen off the battlefield.”

Related Characters: David (speaker), Defne, Kostas
Page Number and Citation: 213
Explanation and Analysis:

Part 6, Chapter 4: Ways of Seeing, London, late 2010s Quotes

When they subjected survivors’ seedlings to high-intensity fires in lab conditions, they discovered that trees whose ancestors had experienced hardship reacted more swiftly and produced extra proteins, which they then used to protect and regenerate their cells. Their findings were consistent with earlier studies that showed how genetically identical species of poplars growing in similar conditions responded differently to traumas, such as dry spells, depending on where they came from. Could all this mean that trees not only had some kind of memory but, also, they passed it on to their offspring?

Related Characters: Kostas
Page Number and Citation: 323
Explanation and Analysis:

Much as he loved the arboreal world and its complex ecosystem, was he, in some roundabout way, avoiding the day-to-day realities of politics and conflicts? A part of him understood that people, especially where he came from, might see it that way, but a bigger part of him fiercely rejected the idea. He had always believed there was no hierarchy—or there should be none—between human pain and animal pain, and no precedence of human rights over animal rights, or indeed of human rights over those of plants, for that matter. He knew many among his fellow countrymen would be deeply offended if he voiced this out loud.

Related Characters: Kostas
Page Number and Citation: 324
Explanation and Analysis:

Part 6, Chapter 6: The Hidden, London, late 2010s Quotes

“The tree was being strangled by its own roots. Because it was happening under the earth, it was undetectable. If the encircling roots are not found in time, they start putting pressure on the tree and it just becomes too much to bear.”

Ada was silent.

“Your mother loved you very much, more than anything in this world. Her death had nothing to do with the absence of love. She was blooming and thriving with your love, and I’d like to believe with mine, too, but underneath, something was strangling her—the past, the memories, the roots.”

Related Characters: Kostas (speaker), Ada, Defne
Page Number and Citation: 334
Explanation and Analysis:
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Kostas Character Timeline in The Island of Missing Trees

The timeline below shows where the character Kostas appears in The Island of Missing Trees. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Part 1, Chapter 1: A Girl Named Island, England, late 2010s
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...the holidays to start, but Ada is ambivalent. Ever since her mom died, her dad, Kostas Kazantzakis, has retreated further into his work (in botany and evolutionary ecology). Kostas hasn’t made... (full context)
Part 1, Chapter 2: Fig Tree
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While Ada is at school, Kostas buries the fig tree in the garden. The fig tree feels nervous; she has never... (full context)
Part 1, Chapter 4: Fig Tree
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Kostas tells the fig tree that he’ll come to talk to her every day when she’s... (full context)
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Kostas prunes the fig tree before burying it. He rushes to finish the task before Ada... (full context)
Part 1, Chapter 5: Night
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...they also seemed cautious. They didn’t know what to make of what had happened. After Kostas picked her up, he kept asking what happened, but that only made Ada quieter. She... (full context)
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Ada asks Kostas why he talks about the fig tree as if the tree were a woman. “Well,... (full context)
Part 1, Chapter 7: How to Bury a Fig Tree in Ten Steps
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Kostas has written down his directions for burying the fig tree. The directions include digging a... (full context)
Part 1, Chapter 8: Stranger
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The morning after Kostas buries the fig tree, Ada wakes up to the sound of the phone ringing. At... (full context)
Part 1, Chapter 9: Fig Tree
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The fig tree hears Meryem’s voice when she arrives at Kostas and Ada’s house. She can’t believe Meryem is there, in London. The fig tree says... (full context)
Part 1, Chapter 10: Garden
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Meryem arrives at Kostas and Ada’s house carting three pink suitcases with Marilyn Monroe’s face emblazoned on each one.... (full context)
Part 1, Chapter 12: Banquet
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The next morning, Meryem cooks a lavish breakfast, but Ada doesn’t eat. Kostas says that Ada is often not hungry in the mornings, but Meryem insists that Ada... (full context)
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Ada responds that she understands that Kostas is Greek, and her mom was Turkish—that they were “opposite tribes” in a “blood feud”—so... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 1: Lovers, Cyprus, 1974
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...pajamas into a skirt, puts on earrings, and sneaks out of her house. She meets Kostas at their usual spot, a bend in the road near an olive tree. Defne is... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 2: Fig Tree
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...the tree longs for light and warmth. And, most of all, she misses Ada and Kostas. (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 3: Shelter, Cyprus, 1974
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The next time Defne and Kostas meet at their usual spot, after the night when they exchanged gifts, Defne seems apprehensive.... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 5: Tavern, Cyprus, 1974
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When Defne and Kostas walk into The Happy Fig together for the first time, Defne sees the fig tree... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 9: Words Fly, Cyprus, 1974
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One day after Kostas and Defne have gone together to The Happy Fig for the first time, Kostas walks... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 11: Saints, Cyprus, 1974
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Kostas’s mother, Panagiota, is deeply religious. After Kostas’s father dies—from asbestos poisoning he contracted while working... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 13: Fig Tree
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The fig tree says that in 1974, Kostas frequently visited The Happy Fig. The fig tree remembers that in 1956, before Kostas was... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 14: Music Box, London, late 2010s
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On the second day of the storm, Kostas, Meryem, and Ada watch the news, which relays the damage done by the storm. Meryem... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 16: Brothers, Cyprus, 1968/1974
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Growing up, Kostas enjoys reading while he watches his mother work. But one night, when she is preserving... (full context)
Part 2, Chapter 18: Baklava, London, late 2010s
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...asks about Meryem’s ex-husband, and Meryem says that theirs wasn’t a marriage of love, unlike Kostas and Defne’s. Meryem explains that because of the political divisions, at some point, Defne’s family... (full context)
Part 3, Chapter 1: Heatwave, Cyprus, May 1974
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A heatwave overtakes Nicosia and leads dozens of fruit bats to die. Kostas finds bodies of bats dried out and strewn over the pavement. He picks one up... (full context)
Part 3, Chapter 3: Hear Me, London, late 2010s
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On the third day of the storm, Kostas and Ada’s house loses power. In her room, Ada scrolls through new videos posted on... (full context)
Part 3, Chapter 5: The Moon, Cyprus, May 1974
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Kostas arrives late the next time he and Defne meet at The Happy Fig. Defne tells... (full context)
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Kostas gets up to get water for himself and Defne. While he is walking, someone throws... (full context)
Part 3, Chapter 10: Definition of Love, Cyprus, 1974
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Defne and Kostas haven’t seen each other since the night of the explosion. In the meantime, the Cypriot... (full context)
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In the letter, Kostas says that he couldn’t say no to his mother when she said he was going... (full context)
Part 3, Chapter 11: Foreigner, London, July-August 1974
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In London, Kostas lives with his uncle and his uncle’s English wife. They put him to work in... (full context)
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Kostas tries everything he can think of to reach Defne. At first, he reaches Yiorgos and... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 1: Proverbs, London, late 2010s
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Kostas has been invited to the Earth Summit in Brazil to present his research. He’s excited... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 2: A Thousand Thorns, Cyprus, early 2000s
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Kostas travels to Northern Cyprus by ferry. It’s the first time he’s been back in over... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 3: Remains of Love, Cyprus, early 2000s
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That same day, Kostas arranges to meet David at a coffee shop and arrives early. When David arrives, he’s... (full context)
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David says that he, Kostas, and Defne should go out to dinner tonight. They plan to go to a tavern... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 5: Butterflies and Bones, Cyprus, early 2000s
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When Kostas arrives at the tavern, David and Defne are already sitting at a table, along with... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 6: Restless Mind, Cyprus, early 2000s
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Kostas goes to the dig site the next morning and finds the team already at work.... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 7: Picnic, Cyprus, early 2000s
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That night, Kostas meets Defne, and the two walk through the streets to a hill. “Hope you don’t... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 9: Psychic, Cyprus, early 2000s
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In Cyprus in the early 2000s, Kostas meets Defne and Meryem in front of Büyük Han, a historical inn that is now... (full context)
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When Defne, Kostas, and Meryem leave the psychic’s house, Defne runs up ahead, distraught. She thinks the psychic... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 10: Not Your Djinni, London, late 2010s
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...storm is finally over when Meryem and Ada go to visit the exorcist. They tell Kostas they’re going shopping. The exorcist listens to Meryem’s account of Ada screaming in class and... (full context)
Part 4, Chapter 11: Ancient Soul, Cyprus, early 2000s
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When Kostas returns to his hotel after going to the psychic, he can’t sleep and goes outside.... (full context)
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After midnight, Kostas goes out again and slashes down as many nets as he can find. The next... (full context)
Part 5, Chapter 1: Fig Tree
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The day after Defne visited Kostas at the hotel, the butterflies from North Africa arrived in Cyprus. Many of them landed... (full context)
Part 5, Chapter 2: Riddles, Cyprus, early 2000s
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Kostas wakes up in bed at the hotel beside Defne to the sound of the phone... (full context)
Part 5, Chapter 6: Ammonite, Cyprus, early 2000s
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Kostas and Defne go to the military cemetery, and Kostas sees where his son, Yusuf Yiorgos,... (full context)
Part 5, Chapter 7: Fig Tree
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...projects that would be much too difficult for them to achieve individually. The summer that Kostas returns to Cyprus, a colony of ants comes to build a home near the fig... (full context)
Part 5, Chapter 8: Portable Roots, Cyprus, early 2000s
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After visiting the castle, Defne and Kostas go to The Happy Fig because Kostas wants to check on the fig tree. When... (full context)
Part 5, Chapter 9: Fig Tree
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A bee comes to visit the fig tree after Kostas has come to treat her. The bee tells the tree about a conversation it recently... (full context)
Part 5, Chapter 10: Little Miracles, Cyprus/London, early 2000s
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Kostas returns to the fig tree the next day and takes a cutting from one of... (full context)
Part 6, Chapter 1: Interview, London, late 2010s
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On New Year’s Day, Meryem packs to leave Ada and Kostas’s house. Before she goes, Ada asks if Meryem is still willing to do the interview.... (full context)
Part 6, Chapter 2: Silences, London, early 2000s
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...drink Defne’s had since she became pregnant with Ada. When she gets home, Defne tells Kostas that she doesn’t want to burden Ada with details from the past. Kostas smells alcohol... (full context)
Part 6, Chapter 4: Ways of Seeing, London, late 2010s
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In his study, Kostas works on the book he’s writing. While working, he remembers the week Defne died. That... (full context)
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At home in the late 2010s, Kostas leaves his study. He knows that Ada has been pulling away. If Defne were still... (full context)
Part 6, Chapter 6: The Hidden, London, late 2010s
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The night Meryem leaves, Ada becomes anxious about the idea of Kostas remarrying. She goes into his room while he’s sleeping and wakes him up. “You used... (full context)
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Kostas then tells Ada the story of a tree in Oxfordshire. A professor was sure the... (full context)
Part 6, Chapter 7: Cynical Hawk
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...first day of classes after the vacation, Ada is anxious about going back to school. Kostas tells her to be like blue jays that mimic hawks; Kostas says some think the... (full context)
Part 6, Chapter 8: How to Unbury a Fig in Seven Steps
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Kostas’s steps to unbury a fig tree include excavating the fig while making sure not to... (full context)
Part 6, Chapter 9: Fig Tree
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...into the tree to remain “anchored in love.” And she knows that any moment now, Kostas will come to dig her out of the ground. When she looks into his eyes,... (full context)