While it is rarely discussed explicitly, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket is in large part a novel about race, and specifically about race relations in 19th-century America. At the time of writing, Edgar Allan Poe was living in Richmond, Virginia , where he allegedly meets Pym. As the capital of Virginia, where slavery was legal and prevalent, Richmond was built and depended on the labor of enslaved Black people, and its White residents lived in fear of slave revolts. This anxiety—and perhaps guilt—informs much of the novel, particularly the mutiny on the Grampus and the massacre of the crew of the Jane Guy on Tsalal. The mutiny, while carried out by crew members of difference races, is an obvious parallel of and metaphor to a slave revolt, as Captain Barnard is deposed by his former subordinates and subjected to lurid violence. The novel emphasizes the importance of the cook, the only explicitly African American character in the novel, in not only instigating the mutiny but encouraging extreme cruelty. White Americans’ fears of being subjected to Black violence, while perhaps based on a few famous real-life examples, were in fact a projection of the fear that White people would become the victims of the same violence they subjected enslaved Black people to on a daily basis, a fear which slaveowners suppressed by disregarding Black people as inferior to White people and the violence of slave revolts as inexplicable brutality. Pym’s experience in the hold of the Grampus also unmistakably mirrors the opposite journey of enslaved people across the Atlantic in the holds of slave ships. This same racial anxiety structures the events on Tsalal too, with Too-Wit’s massacre of the crew serving as another metaphor for slave revolts, despite the exotic setting. In the final note, Poe goes so far as to point out that every plant and animal on Tsalal was Black, and that “Tekeli-li!” was a cry of fear when faced with white objects. This fictional Black fear of whiteness reveals a real White fear of Blackness, one which affected many aspects of life in the American South in the 19th century.
Racial Anxiety in America ThemeTracker
Racial Anxiety in America Quotes in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket
Chapter 4 Quotes
Of this singular being many anecdotes were prevalent among the seafaring men of Nantucket. These anecdotes went to prove his prodigious strength when under excitement, and some of them had given rise to a doubt of his sanity. But on board the Grampus, it seems, he was regarded at the time of the mutiny with feelings more of derision than of anything else. I have been thus particular in speaking of Dirk Peters, because, ferocious as he appeared, he proved the main instrument in preserving the life of Augustus, and because I shall have frequent occasion to mention him hereafter in the course of my narrative—a narrative, let me here say, which, in its latter portions, will be found to include incidents of a nature so entirely out of the range of human experience, and for this reason so far beyond the limits of human credulity, that I proceed in utter hopelessness of obtaining credence for all that I shall tell, yet confidently trusting in time and progressing science to verify some of the most important and most improbable of my statements.
Chapter 5 Quotes
The representations of Peters, who had frequently visited these regions, had great weight, apparently, with the mutineers, wavering as they were between half-engendered notions of profit and pleasure. He dwelt on the world of novelty and amusement to be found among the innumerable islands of the Pacific, on the perfect security and freedom from all restraint to be enjoyed, but, more particularly, on the deliciousness of the climate, on the abundant means of good living, and on the voluptuous beauty of the women.
Chapter 18 Quotes
It was quite evident that they had never before seen any of the white race—from whose complexion, indeed, they appeared to recoil.
The whole of the savages were admitted on board in this manner, twenty at a time, Too-wit being suffered to remain during the entire period. We saw no disposition to thievery among them, nor did we miss a single article after their departure. Throughout the whole of their visit they evinced the most friendly manner. There were, however, some points in their demeanour which we found it impossible to understand: for example, we could not get them to approach several very harmless objects—such as the schooner's sails, an egg, an open book, or a pan of flour.
Chapter 19 Quotes
There were a great variety of tame fowls running about, and these seemed to constitute the chief food of the natives. To our astonishment we saw black albatross among these birds in a state of entire domestication, going to sea periodically for food, but always returning to the village as a home, and using the southern shore in the vicinity as a place of incubation. There they were joined by their friends the pelicans as usual, but these latter never followed them to the dwellings of the savages.
Chapter 21 Quotes
Of this stratification the savages had availed themselves to accomplish their treacherous ends. There can be no doubt that, by the continuous line of stakes, a partial rupture of the soil had been brought about, probably to the depth of one or two feet, when, by means of a savage pulling at the end of each of the cords (these cords being attached to the tops of the stakes, and extending back from the edge of the cliff), a vast leverage power was obtained, capable of hurling the whole face of the hill, upon a given signal, into the bosom of the abyss below. The fate of our poor companions was no longer a matter of uncertainty. We alone had escaped from the tempest of that overwhelming destruction. We were the only living white men upon the island.
Chapter 22 Quotes
At length we saw that it was the carcass of the strange animal with the scarlet teeth and claws which the schooner had picked up at sea on the eighteenth of January. Captain Guy had had the body preserved for the purpose of stuffing the skin and taking it to England. I remember he had given some directions about it just before our making the island, and it had been brought into the cabin and stowed away in one of the lockers. It had now been thrown on shore by the explosion; but why it had occasioned so much concern among the savages was more than we could comprehend. Although they crowded around the carcass at a little distance, none of them seemed willing to approach it closely. By-and-by the men with the stakes drove them in a circle around it, and, no sooner was this arrangement completed, than the whole of the vast assembly rushed into the interior of the island, with loud screams of Tekeli-li! Tekeli-li!
Chapter 23 Quotes
March 22. The darkness had materially increased, relieved only by the glare of the water thrown back from the white curtain before us. Many gigantic and pallidly white birds flew continuously now from beyond the veil, and their scream was the eternal Tekeli-li! as they retreated from our vision. Hereupon Nu-Nu stirred in the bottom of the boat; but, upon touching him, we found his spirit departed. And now we rushed into the embraces of the cataract, where a chasm threw itself open to receive us. But there arose in our pathway a shrouded human figure, very far larger in its proportions than any dweller among men. And the hue of the skin of the figure was of the perfect whiteness of the snow.



