The Paper Menagerie

by Ken Liu

Jack’s Mother Character Analysis

Jack’s mother is born in the 1950s in China. In early childhood, she learns from her mother how to fold paper into animals and breathe magic life into them. When she is ten, both her parents die in the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Afterward, human traffickers find her and sell her as a domestic slave in Hong Kong. At age 16, to escape the family that bought her, she signs up for an introduction service that matches American men with Asian women. Through the introduction service, she meets Jack’s father, marries him, and immigrates to America. At first, she feels isolated and misunderstood in America. After Jack is born, however, she feels happy and reconnected to the family she has lost. When Jack is a child, she is very close to him. She makes him the magic paper animals that her own mother taught her how to craft. Yet after Jack experiences racist bullying from a neighborhood boy, Mark, he turns against her and rejects his Chinese heritage: he demands she speak English, asks to eat only American food at home, and boxes up the paper animals. Jack’s mother remains estranged from her son up until she dies of cancer while he is in college. After her death, Jack finds a letter she has written to him, telling him the story of her life, explaining how much she loves him, and noting how hurt she is by his rejection. This letter reminds Jack of his love for his mother and reconciles him to his Chinese heritage.

Jack’s Mother Quotes in The Paper Menagerie

The The Paper Menagerie quotes below are all either spoken by Jack’s Mother or refer to Jack’s Mother. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
).

The Paper Menagerie Quotes

A little paper tiger stood on the table, the size of two fists placed together. The skin of the tiger was the pattern on the wrapping paper, white background with red candy canes and green Christmas trees.

[…]

Zhe jiao zhezhi,” Mom said. This is called origami.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 178
Explanation and Analysis:

The neighbors conversed in the living room, not trying to be particularly quiet.

“He seems like a normal enough man. Why did he do that?”

“Something about the mixing never seems right. The child looks unfinished. Slanty eyes, white face. A little monster.”

“Do you think he can speak English?”

The women hushed.

Related Characters: Two Female Neighbors (speaker), Jack’s Father, Jack’s Mother, Jack
Page Number and Citation: 181
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark grabbed Laohu and his snarl was choked off as Mark crumpled him in his hand and tore him in half. He balled up the two pieces of paper and threw them at me. “Here’s your stupid cheap Chinese garbage.”

Related Characters: Mark (speaker), Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number and Citation: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

“English,” I said. “Speak English.”

She tried. “What happen?”

I pushed the chopsticks and the bowl before me away: stir-fried green peppers with five-spice beef. “We should eat American food.”

Dad tried to reason. “A lot of families cook Chinese sometimes.”

“We are not other families.” I looked at him. Other families don’t have moms who don’t belong.

He looked away. And then he put a hand on Mom’s shoulder. “I’ll get you a cookbook.”

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Father (speaker), Jack’s Mother (speaker), Mark, Two Female Neighbors
Page Number and Citation: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

Dad bought me a full set of Star Wars action figures. I gave the Obi-Wan Kenobi to Mark.

I packed the paper menagerie in a large shoe box and put it under the bed.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Mark, Jack’s Father, Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number and Citation: 184
Explanation and Analysis:

“If I don’t make it, don’t be too sad and hurt your health. Focus on your life. Just keep that box you have in the attic with you, and every year, at Qingming, just take it out and think about me. I’ll be with you always.”

Qingming was the Chinese Festival for the Dead. When I was very young, Mom used to write a letter on Qingming to her dead parents back in China, telling them the good news about the past year of her life in America. She would read the letter out loud to me, and if I made a comment about something, she would write it down in the letter too. Then she would fold the letter into a paper crane and release it, facing west. We would then watch as the crane flapped its crisp wings on its long journal west, toward the Pacific, toward China, toward the graves of Mom’s family.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number and Citation: 186
Explanation and Analysis:

Susan found the shoe box in the attic. The paper menagerie, hidden in the uninsulated darkness of the attic for so long, had become brittle, and the bright wrapping paper patterns had faded.

“I’ve never seen origami like this,” Susan said. “Your mom was an amazing artist.”

The paper animals did not move. Perhaps whatever magic had animated them stopped when Mom died. Or perhaps I had only imagined that these paper constructions were once alive. The memory of children could not be trusted.

Related Characters: Susan (speaker), Jack (speaker), Jack’s Father, Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 187
Explanation and Analysis:

I took the letter with me downtown, where I knew the Chinese tour buses stopped. I stopped every tourist, asking, “Nin hui du zhongwen ma?” Can you read Chinese? I hadn’t spoken Chinese in so long that I wasn’t sure if they understood.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number and Citation: 188
Explanation and Analysis:

You know what the Chinese think is the saddest feeling in the world? It’s for a child to finally grow the desire to take care of his parents, only to realize that they were long gone.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Page Number and Citation: 192
Explanation and Analysis:

The young woman handed the paper back to me. I could not bear to look into her face.

Without looking up, I asked for her help in tracing out the character for ai on the paper below Mom’s letter. I wrote the character again and again on the paper, intertwining my pen strokes with her words.

The young woman reached out and put a hand on my shoulder. Then she got up and left, leaving me alone with my mother.

Following the creases, I refolded the paper back into Laohu. I cradled him in the crook of my arm, and as he purred, we began the walk home.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 192
Explanation and Analysis:
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Jack’s Mother Character Timeline in The Paper Menagerie

The timeline below shows where the character Jack’s Mother appears in The Paper Menagerie. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
The Paper Menagerie
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
One day, as a young child, Jack won’t stop crying. In response, his mother begins making him a tiger out of wrapping paper left over from Christmas. Interested, Jack... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Jack’s father first saw his mother in a catalog from an “introduction service.” As a teenager, Jack learns the details from... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Back in Jack’s childhood, after making Jack the tiger, his mother makes more origami animals for him. The origami water buffalo, which “want[s] to wallow, like... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
...neighbors sharing racist gossip about his family. One woman questions why his father married his mother in the first place, while the other says that racial “mixing” makes Jack look like... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
For two weeks at school, Mark bullies Jack. When Jack comes home, his mother asks him a question in Chinese, but he ignores her. When he, his father, and... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Jack’s father takes Jack’s side in the argument, insisting that his mother speak English so that Jack can assimilate. Jack’s mother tries to explain that when she... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Because Jack refuses to answer his mother when she speaks Chinese and corrects her usage when she speaks English, she largely no... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
When Jack is in college, his mother is hospitalized with cancer. Jack and his father come to visit her, but Jack’s thoughts... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
When Jack tries to comfort his mother, she begins speaking Chinese, and he remembers the dinner when she explained to him and... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
After his mother’s death, Jack’s father decides to sell their house. Jack and his girlfriend Susan fly home... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
...help reading the letter. A young female tourist helps him. The letter begins with Jack’s mother acknowledging their estrangement. She writes that because of her illness, she has decided to communicate... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
Jack’s mother writes him “the story of [her] life.” She was born in China to a poor... (full context)
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
On the way to Hong Kong, human traffickers found Jack’s mother. They brought her to Hong Kong and sold her as a domestic slave to the... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Despite her gratitude to Jack’s father, Jack’s mother felt isolated in the U.S. because, as she says, “no one understood me, and I... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Jack’s mother concludes the letter by acknowledging Jack’s racial self-hatred, his dislike of the Chinese features that... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
...ai, the Chinese word for love. He writes the character for ai all over his mother’s letter. After that, the translator leaves. Jack folds his mother’s letter so that it becomes... (full context)