The Remains of the Day
by Kazuo Ishiguro

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Themes and Colors
Dignity and Greatness  Theme Icon
History, Retrospection and Regret Theme Icon
Class Difference and Social Change Theme Icon
Politics and Loyalty  Theme Icon
Authenticity, Performance, and Self-Deception Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Remains of the Day, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
History, Retrospection and Regret Theme Icon
History, Retrospection and Regret Theme Icon

It is difficult to tell where Stevens’s professional commitment to discretion ends, and where the trouble he has with expressing his feelings in a private setting begins. Regardless of their origin, his shyness and social awkwardness become a source of regret as Stevens looks back on his life throughout the novel, and much of his regret has to do with things that went unsaid and events that could have gone otherwise—although how they could have, given the rigidness of his character, remains in doubt.

The retrospective, flashback-heavy structure of The Remains of the Day makes it well-suited to such questions of regret stemming from contemplation of the past. In the present time of the novel, Stevens is driving to see Miss Kenton, whom he hasn’t seen in many years, but he is also recalling a number of events related to her, and related to their lives at Darlington Hall more generally. Many of Stevens’s regrets have to do with his relationship to Miss Kenton; only at the end of the novel is it mentioned explicitly that she would have liked to marry him, but this has been clear long before, though the extent to which Stevens knew this, or understood even subconsciously, remains ambiguous.

This ambiguity is key to the novel’s ideas about a person’s relationship to the past. All past events in The Remains of the Day are told in flashbacks from an unreliable narrator who tends to tell a convenient story and then only partially correct himself. As a result, it’s unclear what Stevens really understands or knows about his own past. Does he know that he loves Miss Kenton, for example, or has he repressed this even from himself? And, more to the point, is Stevens’s extreme repression emblematic of a more general tendency for memory to be provisional, partial, and malleable? The novel implies that the answer to the latter question is yes, in no small part because a person’s life is not just difficult to understand in retrospect—it’s impossible to understand as it happens in the present, too, and so memory will always be cobbled together and partially invented. When Stevens relates how he responded to the news of the death of Miss Kenton’s aunt, for instance, it is obvious that his actions were deeply hurtful to her. But Stevens struggled to understand that at the time, and thus, even in retrospect, he is unable to see how he might have acted differently.

These questions take on larger importance as the vagaries of personal memory become inextricable from the larger movements of history; Stevens’s troublesome reflections encompass not only on his own memories, but also historical events that led to Britain’s role in World War II. Stevens is unable to admit—at the time, or in retrospect—that his employer’s political dealings aided the Nazis. Likewise, many important politicians and aristocrats in England failed to truly see what was happening before their eyes as Nazi Germany rose to power. The novel suggests that one of the pitfalls of memory and history is the tendency to impose a coherence and inevitability onto events that did not exist when they were unfolding—to look back, that is, on the events leading up to World War II and assume that the war “had” to happen. At the same time, though, the novel can also be understand as a damning indictment of the naïveté and historical blindness of key factors in British history: a blindness only enabled by the ways in which wealthy Englishmen lived, cloistered away on their ancient estates. By linking Stevens’s personal retrospection to the political one, the novel explores the ways in which telling a story can both clarify what was at stake, and also show how impossible it is to recognize this without the benefit of hindsight.

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History, Retrospection and Regret Quotes in The Remains of the Day

Below you will find the important quotes in The Remains of the Day related to the theme of History, Retrospection and Regret.

Prologue: July 1956 Quotes

Such difficulties as these tend to be all the more preoccupying nowadays because one does not have the means to discuss and corroborate views with one’s fellow professionals in the way one once did.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 17
Explanation and Analysis:
In continuing to wonder how he might develop the “professional” skill of bantering, Stevens thinks back to an earlier time, when the many guests that came to Lord Darlington’s home were accompanied by a full staff. Though he frames his interactions with other staff as an opportunity for professional development, this is an early example of Stevens’s reticence (and even repression) when it comes to his own desires—clearly, he misses having a livelier social life, and is lonely working for Farraday with a skeleton staff. However, he is only comfortable acknowledging his personal life and desires when they are framed Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error

Day Two: Morning Quotes

But now that I think further about it, I am not sure Miss Kenton spoke quite so boldly that day. […] I am not sure she could actually have gone so far as to say things like: “these errors may be trivial in themselves, but you must yourself realize their larger significance.” In fact, now that I come to think of it, I have a feeling it may have been Lord Darlington himself who made that particular remark to me that time he called me into his study some two months after that exchange with Miss Kenton outside the billiard room.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Miss Kenton (Mrs. Benn), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 60
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens has been relating a series of anecdotes about clashing with Miss Kenton, mostly on the subject of his father’s declining powers. He has concluded by quoting Miss Kenton as claiming that Stevens senior’s “trivial” errors add up, altogether, to something more significant. But here, for the first time, Stevens acknowledges that his memory may well be slightly flawed—that it may not have been Miss Kenton at all who said such a thing, but his own employer. On one hand, this admission underlines the limitations of the first person: Stevens controls the narrative, and what seems to be frank confession Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. M

“He is an amateur and international affairs today are no longer for gentleman amateurs. The sooner you here in Europe realize that the better. All you decent, well-meaning gentlemen, let me ask you, have you any idea what sort of place the world is becoming all around you? The days when you could act out of your noble instincts are over. Except of course, you here in Europe don’t yet seem to know it.”

Related Characters: Mr. Lewis (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 102
Explanation and Analysis:
It’s the end of the unofficial international conference that Lord Darlington has organized with Sir Cardinal in March 1923, and M. Dupont—who, earlier, seemed like he was in cahoots with the American senator, Mr. Lewis—has openly condemned Mr. Lewis’s attempts to sway him. In response, Mr. Lewis stands up and presents a toast that belittles Lord Darlington’s attempts to deal in international politics. By calling Darlington an amateur, unlike the professional politicians in America, Lewis promotes a different definition of professionalism than Stevens’s definition: for Lewis, a professional is not someone who acts with a certain level of dignity, but Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium es

Even so, if you consider the pressures contingent on me that night, you may not think I delude myself unduly if I go so far as to suggest that I did perhaps display, in the fact of everything, at least in some modest degree a ‘dignity’ worthy of someone like Mr. Marshall—or come to that, my father. Indeed, why should I deny it? For all its sad associations, whenever I recall that evening today, I find I do so with a large sense of triumph.

Related Characters: William Stevens, senior (Stevens’s father)
Page Number and Citation: 110
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens is concluding his reflection on dignity, which detoured into an account of the night of Lord Darlington’s conference, also the night of Stevens’s father’s death. Stevens’s father’s death is presented here as an object lesson in dignity and professionalism—playing one’s part to the utmost without revealing any weakness or personal issues—rather than an emotional experience. Stevens’s expression of triumph might seem odd, even troubling, in light of the grief or even perhaps disdain for aristocratic pettiness that one might expect. But while the novel itself has suggested such a critique through this juxtaposition, Stevens cannot imagine feeling anything other Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati.

Day Two: Afternoon Quotes

Let me say that Lord Darlington was a gentleman of great moral stature—a stature to dwarf most of the persons you will find talking this sort of nonsense about him—and I will readily vouch that he remained that to the last. Nothing could be less accurate than to suggest that I regret my association with such a gentleman. Indeed, you will appreciate that to have served his lordship at Darlington Hall during those years was to come as close to the hub of this world’s wheel as one such as I could ever have dreamt.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 126
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens has been forced to reckon with the fact that he’s now twice, though without quite meaning to, sought to hide the fact that he used to work for Lord Darlington. In seeking to explain why, he argues that such a response simply allows him to avoid hearing the “nonsense” that’s now being said about his former employer. Here as elsewhere in his narrative, Stevens mounts a forthright defense of Lord Darlington, arguing not that he was misguided—as he will come to admit, even if only obliquely later on—but that he was actually a towering moral figure. By referring once Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. N

Day Three: Morning Quotes

And then again, you will hear these same persons talking as though Lord Darlington did something unusual in receiving hospitality from the Nazis on the several trips he made to Germany during those years. […] The fact is, the most established, respected ladies and gentleman were availing themselves of the hospitality of the German leaders, and I can vouch at first hand that the great majority of these persons were returning with nothing but praise and admiration for their hosts. Anyone who implies that Lord Darlington was liaising covertly with a known enemy is just conveniently forgetting the true climate of those times.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 136-137
Explanation and Analysis:
This is the first time Stevens says anything specific regarding the reasons why Lord Darlington’s reputation has been ruined since the end of the war. He introduces it, though, defensively, beginning by making an explicit comparison between Lord Darlington’s behavior and that of all the aristocratic gentlemen and their families of the time. Stevens seems to recognize that any association with the Nazis will sound damning to a postwar public, so he’ll need to make Lord Darlington’s past seem as palatable as possible in order to justify his own loyalty to and respect for his former employer. The irony of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debit

Day Three: Evening Quotes

Naturally—and why should I not admit this—I have occasionally wondered to myself how things might have turned out in the long run had I not been so determined over the issue of our evening meetings; that is to say, had I relented on those several occasions over the weeks that followed when Miss Kenton suggested we reinstitute them. I only speculate over this now because in the light of subsequent events, it could well be argued that in making my decision to end those evening meetings once and for all, I was perhaps not entirely aware of the full implications of what I was doing.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Miss Kenton (Mrs. Benn)
Page Number and Citation: 175
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens has expressed uncertainty regarding how his nightly meetings with Miss Kenton in the parlour came to an end, but now he acknowledges, or “remembers,” what led to their end: after Miss Kenton was distant and moody one evening, he suggested—over her protests—that they stopped meeting. It becomes clear that he only did so out of spite, not quite realizing that their relationship would change irrevocably, and indeed, that this decision may well have led to her eventual marriage and departure from Darlington Hall. Stevens has, earlier, argued that regret is useless, that one must not live in the past. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusant

Throughout the years I served him, it was he and he alone who weighed up evidence and judged it best to proceed in the way he did, while I simply confined myself, quite properly, to affairs within my own professional realm. And as far as I am concerned, I carried out my duties to the best of my abilities, indeed to a standard which many may consider “first rate.” It is hardly my fault if his lordship’s life and work have turned out today to look, at best, a sad waste—and it is quite illogical that I should feel any regret or shame on my own account.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 201
Explanation and Analysis:
As Stevens continues to reflect on Lord Darlington’s decisions and actions throughout the 1920s and 1930s, and his own involvement in them, he relates those recollections to his own belief in duty, dignity, and professionalism. For him, these duties involve internalizing and expressing the viewpoints of his employer to the utmost degree. Part of his professional position, to him, involves lacking any strong opinions of his own—rather, doing everything he can so that his employer’s opinions can reach the widest audience possible. Nonetheless, this is the strongest language Stevens has yet used in characterizing how Darlington’s actions now seem, no Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas.

Day Four: Afternoon Quotes

It occurs to me that elsewhere in attempting to gather such recollections, I may well have asserted that this memory derived from the minutes immediately after Miss Kenton’s receiving news of her aunt’s death; that is to say, the occasion when, having left her to be alone with her grief, I realized out in the corridor that I had not offered her my condolences. But now, having thought further, I believe I may have been a little confused about this matter; that in fact this fragment of memory derives from events that took place on an evening at least a few months after the death of Miss Kenton’s aunt.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Miss Kenton (Mrs. Benn)
Page Number and Citation: 212
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens returns to an anecdote that he has already recounted, one that includes the image of Miss Kenton’s parlor door, with his sense that she was crying on the other side of it. This is another instance at which Stevens is forced to modify an earlier part of his narrative. He will go on to relate that this moment took place after Miss Kenton told Stevens she would soon be married, and was hurt and angry by his lack of emotional response to her announcement. As in earlier instances, this shift raises the question of Stevens’s reliability as narrator of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Acc

I remember this American chap, even drunker than I am now, he got up at the dinner table in front of the whole company. And he pointed at his lordship and called him an amateur. Called him a bungling amateur and said he was out of his depth. Well, I have to say, Stevens, that American chap was quite right. It’s a fact of life. Today’s world is too foul a place for fine and noble instincts.

Related Characters: Mr. Reginald Cardinal (speaker), Mr. Stevens, Lord Darlington
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 224
Explanation and Analysis:
Mr. Cardinal has paid an impromptu visit to Lord Darlington, who is about to host Lord Halifax and Herr Ribbentrop, in an attempt to promote a visit by the British Prime Minister to Nazi Germany. Frustrated and upset, Mr. Cardinal begins to drink too much, and speaks to Stevens, recalling the conference from March 1923 when Mr. Lewis made a drunken speech of his own. At the time, the senator’s speech was openly condemned by the crowd. Now, though, midway through the 1930s, Mr. Cardinal recognizes that Lord Darlington is being manipulated by the Nazis, that he’s their “pawn,” as Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. P

Day Six: Evening Quotes

And you get to thinking about a different life, a better life you might have had. For instance, I get to thinking about a life I may have had with you, Mr. Stevens. And I suppose that’s when I get angry over some trivial little thing and leave. But each time I do so, I realize before long—my rightful place is with my husband. After all, there’s no turning back the clock now. One can’t be forever dwelling on what might have been.

Related Characters: Miss Kenton (Mrs. Benn) (speaker), Mr. Stevens
Page Number and Citation: 239
Explanation and Analysis:
As his meeting with Miss Kenton comes to a close, Stevens has asked her—with uncharacteristic frankness—if she’s really happy, given the desperate-seeming tone of some of her letters. Miss Kenton responds with equal honesty, since, as she reflects, it’s quite likely they may never see each other again, or at least for a long time. Here she tells Stevens for the first time that she would have liked to marry him, or at least to imagine a life together with him. Like Stevens, she too seems to live in regret, though Miss Kenton appears to be more honest about her Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliqua

“Lord Darlington wasn’t a bad man. He wasn’t a bad man at all. And at least he had the privilege of being able to say at the end of his life that he made his own mistakes. His lordship was a courageous man. He chose a certain path in life, it proved to be a misguided one, but there, he chose it, he can say that at least. As for myself, I cannot even claim that. You see, I trusted. I trusted in his lordship’s wisdom. All those years I served him, I trusted I was doing something worthwhile. I can’t even say I made my own mistakes. Really—one has to ask oneself—what dignity is there in that?”

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 243
Explanation and Analysis:
In a very uncharacteristic manner, Stevens is expressing personal thoughts and concerns—and not just to anyone but to an utter stranger on the pier at Weymouth. For almost the first time, Stevens bespeaks here a level of self-awareness, honesty, and regret for his past actions. Rather than continuing to insist that he shouldn’t have regrets, that he couldn’t possibly have acted differently, he criticizes himself for having trusted absolutely and followed blindly in another person’s wake. His regrets, fundamentally, are about his inability to call even his regrets his own. At the same time, though, Stevens refuses to give up Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum

After all, what can we ever gain in forever looking back and blaming ourselves if our lives have not turned out quite as we might have wished? The hard reality is, surely, that for the likes of you and I, there is little choice other than to leave our fate, ultimately, in the hands of those great gentlemen at the hub of this world who employ our services.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 244
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens has just finished relating a final anecdote, a discussion he had with a stranger who happened to sit next to him on a bench at the Weymouth pier. Uncharacteristically, Stevens began to confess personal details to the man, even admitting that while Lord Darlington’s mistakes were his own, he can’t even claim that he made his own mistakes or can have his own regrets. Here, he ostensibly reflects on the advice that the man gave him; but his conclusions seem somewhat different from what the man actually said, which was that one must keep looking forward rather backward, especially Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam