The Selfish Gene

At the start of the universe, there was just simplicity. Dawkins thinks Darwin’s theory is appealing because it explains how the universe could start out as simple and become complex over time. Everything in the world is made of atoms that bumped into each other to form molecules. Some were unstable, and broke apart again, but stable molecules stayed connected. Dawkins thinks this was the earliest form of natural selection. Everything that exists today is made of stable molecules, from soap bubbles to the human body.

Of course, nobody was around to see what happened back then. But it’s likely that before life existed on Earth, there were chemical raw materials like carbon, water, and ammonia (because they exist on other planets too). In experiments, scientists who took these chemicals and exposed them to energy discovered that a weak primeval soup of more complex molecules formed. These were purines and pyramids: the building blocks of DNA.

At some point, a “remarkable” sort of molecule must have formed by accident. It was remarkable because it had the ability to make copies of itself. By “make copies,” Dawkins means the molecule could attract atoms to attach in the same pattern as its original atoms. Dawkins call this a “replicator.”

Of course, it’s safe to assume that when things are copied, and those copies are copied, something might get copied a tiny bit wrong once in a while. The primeval soup would then have slightly different replicators competing for free atoms. This sets up the conditions for natural selection. Does this mean that the replicators were alive? Dawkins says that this is unclear, but what is certain is that the replicators are the “founding fathers,” the ancestors of DNA.

At some point, one of the slightly different replicators must have been copied in such a way that it had the capacity to “steal” atoms from others. That probably went on until another miscopy made a replicator with the capacity to build a “wall” of protein around itself, which would have protected its atoms. These were likely the first cells.

As more occasional miscopies were made, it’s likely that one replicator had the capacity to break down protein walls so that it could eat up the most molecules in the primeval soup and become abundant, until another miscopy created a replicator that could make a stronger, more robust protein wall. Dawkins suggests that this protecting shell can be called a “survival machine,” since it keeps the replicators inside it intact, or “alive.”

This process would have continued for thousands of millions of years, just like that, with the survival machines getting more and more complex. That’s where humans come into the picture: we are very complex survival machines that contain genes. Genes made us, and they “manipulate” us from inside. In effect, we are “lumbering robots” that replicators made to survive.