Wives and Daughters
by Elizabeth Gaskell

Independence, Opportunities, and Gender Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Friendship Theme Icon
Class, Status, and Romance  Theme Icon
Independence, Opportunities, and Gender Theme Icon
Challenges, Growth, and Community Theme Icon
Gossip and Rumors Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Wives and Daughters, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Independence, Opportunities, and Gender Theme Icon
Independence, Opportunities, and Gender Theme Icon

Wives and Daughters explores the relationship between gender and independence by examining the different expectations and opportunities available to its four principal characters: Cynthia, Molly, Osborne, and Roger. The novel then shows how the gender of those characters greatly impacts the opportunities available to each of them. For example, whereas Osborne goes to university and spends his family’s money on clothes and tailoring, Cynthia is taken out of school before finishing to go live at home, where she fashions dresses of her own design. Similarly, while Roger goes to university and is subsequently chosen to go on a scientific expedition throughout the world, making a name for himself in scholarly communities far and wide, Molly stays home and attends to matters at both her home and the Hamleys’ home, even though she appears in every way to be Roger’s intellectual equal. In that way, the novel shows how Molly and Cynthia’s opportunities are determined, and significantly curtailed, by being women.

But while Victorian gender norms might limit what opportunities are available to Molly and Cynthia, the young women still seize opportunities for independence and self-determination in what limited ways they can. The novel underlines that idea by showing how Molly and Clare manage to assert their independence and act with agency, even while operating within the social expectations and gender norms of the time. For example, when Cynthia becomes engaged to Roger, only to renounce the engagement and later become engaged to Mr. Henderson, men like Roger and Mr. Gibson may have ideas about Cynthia’s decisions, but Cynthia does not act in deference to those ideas. Instead, she forthrightly asserts her capacity to make her own choices. Similarly, while Mr. Gibson’s ideas about women and education are retrogressive—he says, at one point, that he’s not convinced women need to learn to read—Molly circumvents Gibson’s claims to authority as her father and reads every book she can get her hands on, thus asserting her own independence by pursuing her interests on her own terms. With that in mind, the novel highlights gender inequality as a fundamental aspect of Victorian social norms, showing how such norms give men significantly more power than women. Yet, by foregrounding strong-willed and competent female characters who circumvent their society’s social norms to assert their agency as individuals and pursue their passions in what limited ways they can, the novel subtly challenges Victorian underlying gender inequality, showing that women are just as capable and determined as men—and that society ought to view them as such. 

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Independence, Opportunities, and Gender Quotes in Wives and Daughters

Below you will find the important quotes in Wives and Daughters related to the theme of Independence, Opportunities, and Gender.

Chapter 1  Quotes

To begin with the old rigmarole of childhood. In a country there was a shire, and in that shire there was a town, and in that town there was a house, and in that house there was a room, and in that room there was a bed, and in that bed there lay a little girl; wide awake and longing to get up, but not daring to do so for fear of the unseen power in the next room—a certain Betty, whose slumbers must not be disturbed until six o'clock struck, when she wakened of herself "as sure as clockwork," and left the household very little peace afterwards. It was a June morning, and early as it was, the room was full of sunny warmth and light.

Related Characters: Cynthia, Molly, Mr. Gibson, Betty, Preston
Page Number and Citation: 5
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 2 Quotes

Each dainty little child ran up to its mother, or aunt, or particular friend; but Molly had no one to go to.

Related Characters: Mr. Gibson, Lord Cumnor, Lady Cumnor, Clare, Molly, Miss Browning, Mary Pearson
Page Number and Citation: 22
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 10 Quotes

"You're going to be married again," said she, helping him out, with a quiet dry voice, and gently drawing her hand out of his.

"Yes. To Mrs. Kirkpatrick—you remember her? They call her Clare at the Towers. You recollect how kind she was to you that day you were left there?"

She did not answer. She could not tell what words to use. She was afraid of saying anything, lest the passion of anger, dislike, indignation—whatever it was that was boiling up in her breast—should find vent in cries and screams, or worse, in raging words that could never be forgotten. It was as if the piece of solid ground on which she stood had broken from the shore, and she was drifting out to the infinite sea alone.

Related Characters: Mr. Gibson (speaker), Molly (speaker), Mary Pearson, Clare, Roger
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 111
Explanation and Analysis:

He was so great a lover of nature that, without any thought, but habitually, he always avoided treading unnecessarily on any plant; who knew what long-sought growth or insect might develop itself in that which now appeared but insignificant?

Related Characters: Mr. Gibson, Clare, Cynthia, Roger, Molly
Page Number and Citation: 114
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 11 Quotes

"Nonsense: perhaps in ten years' time you will be looking back on this trial as a very light one—who knows?"

"I daresay it seems foolish; perhaps all our earthly trials will appear foolish to us after a while; perhaps they seem so now to angels. But we are ourselves, you know, and this is now, not some time to come, a long, long way off. And we are not angels, to be comforted by seeing the ends for which everything is sent."

Related Characters: Roger (speaker), Molly (speaker), Clare, Mr. Gibson
Page Number and Citation: 135-136
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 16 Quotes

"She shall be ready at any time you name. I am so sorry: my foolish shyness is in fault, I believe; but still you must acknowledge that an engagement is an engagement."

"Did I ever say an engagement was an elephant, madam? However, there's no use saying any more about it, or I shall forget my manners.”

Related Characters: Clare (speaker), Squire Hamley (speaker), Mrs. Hamley, Mr. Gibson, Osborne, Molly
Page Number and Citation: 187
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 19 Quotes

"You loved her dearly, did you not, Molly?"

"Yes," sobbed Molly; and then there was a silence.

"Had you known her long?"

"No, not a year. But I had seen a great deal of her. I was almost like a daughter to her; she said so. Yet I never bid her good-by, or anything. Her mind became weak and confused."

"She had only sons, I think?"

"No; only Mr. Osborne and Mr. Roger Hamley. She had a daughter once—'Fanny.' Sometimes, in her illness, she used to call me 'Fanny.'"

The two girls were silent for some time, both gazing into the fire. Cynthia spoke first:—

"I wish I could love people as you do, Molly!"

"Don't you?" said the other, in surprise.

"No. A good number of people love me, I believe, or at least they think they do; but I never seem to care much for any one. I do believe I love you, little Molly, whom I have only known for ten days, better than any one."

Related Characters: Molly (speaker), Cynthia (speaker), Clare, Mrs. Hamley
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 219
Explanation and Analysis:

"Nonsense, Molly! You are good. At least, if you're not good, what am I? There's a rule-of-three sum for you to do! But it's no use talking; I am not good, and I never shall be now. Perhaps I might be a heroine still, but I shall never be a good woman, I know."

"Do you think it easier to be a heroine?"

"Yes, as far as one knows of heroines from history. I'm capable of a great jerk, an effort, and then a relaxation—but steady, every-day goodness is beyond me. I must be a moral kangaroo!"

Related Characters: Cynthia (speaker), Clare, Roger, Mrs. Hamley, Molly
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:

"Don't you see I have grown up outside the pale of duty and 'oughts.' Love me as I am, sweet one, for I shall never be better."

Related Characters: Cynthia (speaker), Molly, Clare, Mrs. Hamley
Page Number and Citation: 224
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 26 Quotes

In whatever way Molly had won his approbation and admiration, there was no doubt that she had earned it somehow. And, when she next returned to her place, Mrs. Gibson greeted her with soft words and a gracious smile; for it does not require much reasoning power to discover, that if it is a very fine thing to be mother-in-law to a very magnificent three-tailed bashaw, it presupposes that the wife who makes the connection between the two parties is in harmony with her mother.

Related Characters: Lord Hollingford, Clare, Molly, Lady Harriet, Mr. Gibson
Page Number and Citation: 297-298
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 28 Quotes

"Mr. Preston's bouquet was just one of those formal affairs any one can buy at a nursery-garden, which always strike me as having no sentiment in them. I would far rather have two or three lilies of the valley gathered for me by a person I like, than the most expensive bouquet that could be bought!"

Related Characters: Cynthia (speaker), Preston, Clare, Molly, Roger, Osborne
Related Symbols: Flowers
Page Number and Citation: 307
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 31 Quotes

“I got through the review, for all their Latin and French—I did; and if you doubt me, you just look at the end of the great ledger, turn it upside down, and you'll find I've copied out all the fine words they said of you: 'careful observer,' 'strong nervous English,' 'rising philosopher.' Oh! I can nearly say it all off by heart, for many a time when I'm frabbed by bad debts, or Osborne's bills, or moidered with accounts, I turn the ledger wrong way up, and smoke a pipe over it, while I read those pieces out of the review which speak about you, lad!"

Related Characters: Squire Hamley (speaker), Osborne, Roger
Page Number and Citation: 349
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 33 Quotes

"Ay, ay; he's twice as much a son to me as Osborne, who has been all his life set up on nothing at all, as one may say."

"Come, Squire, I mustn't hear anything against Osborne; we may praise one, without hitting at the other. Osborne hasn't had the strong health which has enabled Roger to work as he has done. I met a man who knew his tutor at Trinity the other day […] This Mr. Mason told me the tutor said that only half of Roger's success was owing to his mental powers; the other half was owing to his perfect health, which enabled him to work harder and more continuously than most men without suffering. He said that in all his experience he had never known any one with an equal capacity for mental labour; and that he could come again with a fresh appetite to his studies after shorter intervals of rest than most. Now I, being a doctor, trace a good deal of his superiority to the material cause of a thoroughly good constitution, which Osborne hasn't got."

Related Characters: Mr. Gibson (speaker), Squire Hamley (speaker), Roger, Osborne
Page Number and Citation: 367
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 34 Quotes

Molly ran up to the front attic—the lumber-room, whose window commanded the street down which he must pass. The window-clasp was unused and stiff, Molly tugged at it—unless it was open, and her head put out, that last chance would be gone.

"I must see him again; I must! I must!" she wailed out, as she was pulling. There he was, running hard to catch the London coach; his luggage had been left at the George before he came up to wish the Gibsons good-by. In all his hurry, Molly saw him turn round and shade his eyes from the level rays of the westering sun, and rake the house with his glances—in hopes, she knew, of catching one more glimpse of Cynthia. But apparently he saw no one, not even Molly at the attic casement; for she had drawn back when he had turned, and kept herself in shadow; for she had no right to put herself forward as the one to watch and yearn for farewell signs. None came—another moment—he was out of sight for years!

She shut the window softly, and shivered all over.

Related Characters: Roger, Cynthia, Molly
Page Number and Citation: 375-376
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 43 Quotes

"Ah!" said Cynthia, sighing. "How easy it is to judge rightly after one sees what evil comes from judging wrongly! I was only a young girl, hardly more than a child, and he was a friend to us then—excepting mamma, the only friend I knew; the Donaldsons were only kind and good-natured acquaintances."

"I am sorry," said Molly, humbly, "I have been so happy with papa. I hardly can understand how different it must have been with you."

"Different! I should think so. The worry about money made me sick of my life. We might not say we were poor, it would have injured the school; but I would have stinted and starved if mamma and I had got on as happily together as we might have done—as you and Mr. Gibson do. It was not the poverty; it was that she never seemed to care to have me with her.”

Related Characters: Molly (speaker), Cynthia (speaker), Clare, Preston
Page Number and Citation: 468-469
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 48 Quotes

“I cannot easily forgive the person who, by practising on your generosity, led you into this scrape. You are very young, and look upon these things as merely temporary evils. I have more experience."

"Still, I don't see what I can do now, papa. Perhaps I've been foolish; but what I did, I did of my own self. It was not suggested to me. And I'm sure it was not wrong in morals, whatever it might be in judgment. As I said, it's all over now; what I did ended the affair, I am thankful to say; and it was with that object I did it.”

Related Characters: Mr. Gibson (speaker), Molly (speaker), Preston, Cynthia, Clare
Page Number and Citation: 518
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 49 Quotes

"One can't account for everything," said Lady Harriet, a little impatiently, for reason was going hard against her. "But I choose to have faith in Molly Gibson. I'm sure she's not done anything very wrong.”

Related Characters: Lady Harriet (speaker), Cynthia, Molly, Miss Phoebe, Miss Browning, Preston
Page Number and Citation: 529
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 51 Quotes

“As for my decision I acted upon it at once. It may be long before Roger gets my letter,—but I hope he is sure to get it at last,—and, as I said, I have let his father know; it won't hurt him! Oh, sir, I think if I had been differently brought up I shouldn't have had the sore angry heart I have. Now! No, don't! I don't want reasoning comfort. I can't stand it. I should always have wanted admiration and worship, and men's good opinion. Those unkind gossips! To visit Molly with their hard words! Oh, dear! I think life is very dreary."

Related Characters: Cynthia (speaker), Squire Hamley, Preston, Molly, Roger, Mr. Gibson, Miss Phoebe, Miss Browning, Mrs. Goodenough
Page Number and Citation: 548-549
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 53 Quotes

"She's a gentle, pretty creature," said Molly. "But—but I sometimes think it has killed her; she lies like one dead." And Molly could not keep from crying softly at the thought.

"Nay, nay!" said the Squire. "It's not so easy to break one's heart. Sometimes I've wished it were. But one has to go on living—'all the appointed days,' as it says in the Bible. But we'll do our best for her. We'll not think of letting her go away till she's fit to travel."

Related Characters: Molly (speaker), Squire Hamley (speaker), Osborne, Aimée and Osborne’s Child, Mrs. Hamley, Aimée
Page Number and Citation: 575
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 59 Quotes

“Poor Osborne need not ha' been so secret with me […] my bark is worse than my bite. For, if I had a wish on earth, it was to see Osborne married as befitted one of an old stock, and he went and chose out this French girl, of no family at all, only a—"

"Never mind what she was; look at what she is! I wonder you are not more taken with her humility and sweetness, father!"

Related Characters: Squire Hamley (speaker), Roger (speaker), Osborne, Aimée, Aimée and Osborne’s Child
Page Number and Citation: 631
Explanation and Analysis: