Sylvia Plath wrote "Lady Lazarus" in 1962, during a creative burst of energy in the months before her death by suicide in 1963. The poem which remains one of Plath's most enduring works. "Lady Lazarus," is both the title of the poem, and its speaker—much like the biblical Lazarus, the man Jesus resurrected from the dead in the Gospel of John, the speaker is also resurrected by external forces, and more than once. This resurrection, however, is unwanted—the speaker reveals she wants to die in order to escape the profound suffering caused by living in an oppressive, male-dominated society. Instead, the speaker is forced to come back to life, each revival a carnival-like performance for a "peanut-crunching crowd." However, the speaker warns her enemies—the men who bring her back to life—eventually she will return and "eat men like air," demonstrating a complicated dynamic of empowerment and hopelessness. Using metaphors of death and resurrection, Plath provides a dark insight into the suicidal mind, as well as a critique of society's twisted fascination with suffering, and of the horror of a being a woman in a patriarchal world.

• Read the full text of “Lady Lazarus”

• “Lady Lazarus” Summary

• “Lady Lazarus” Themes

  • 

    Death and Suicide

    Where this theme appears in the poem:

    • Lines 1-5
    • Lines 10-19
    • Lines 22-24
    • Line 33
    • Lines 35-56
    • Lines 69-78
    • Line 79
    • Lines 82-84
  • 

    Gender and Oppression

    Where this theme appears in the poem:

    • Lines 4-19
    • Lines 25-34
    • Lines 43-53
    • Lines 58-84
  • 

    Suffering and Performance

    Where this theme appears in the poem:

    • Lines 25-34
    • Lines 51-65

• Line-by-Line Explanation & Analysis of “Lady Lazarus”

  • Lines 1-3

    I have done ...
    ... I manage it——

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 4-5

    A sort of ...
    ... a Nazi lampshade,

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 6-9

    My right foot ...
    ... Jew linen.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 10-13

    Peel off the ...
    ... set of teeth?

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 14-19

    The sour breath ...
    ... a smiling woman.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 20-24

    I am only ...
    ... annihilate each decade.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 25-34

    What a million ...
    ... same, identical woman.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 35-42

    The first time ...
    ... like sticky pearls.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 43-56

    Dying ...
    ... knocks me out.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 57-64

    There is a ...
    ... or my clothes.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 65-72

    So, so, Herr ...
    ... your great concern.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 73-78

    Ash, ash— ...
    ... A gold filling.

    

    

    

    

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  • Lines 79-84

    Herr God, Herr ...
    ... men like air.

    

    

    

    

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• “Lady Lazarus” Symbols

  • 

    Skin

    Where this symbol appears in the poem:

    • Lines 4-5: “my skin / Bright as a Nazi lampshade,”
    • Lines 16-18: “Soon, soon the flesh / The grave cave ate will be / At home on me”
    • Lines 33-34: “I may be skin and bone, / Nevertheless, I am the same, identical woman.”
    • Lines 57-58: “There is a charge / For the eyeing of my scars,”
    • Lines 73-75: “Ash, ash— / You poke and stir. / Flesh, bone, there is nothing there”
  • 

    Phoenix

    Where this symbol appears in the poem:

    • Line 82: “Out of the ash”
    • Lines 83-84: “I rise with my red hair / And I eat men like air.”
  • 

    Holocaust imagery

    Where this symbol appears in the poem:

    • Line 5: “Bright as a Nazi lampshade,”
    • Lines 8-9: “My face a featureless, fine / Jew linen.”
    • Line 71: “I turn and burn.”
    • Lines 73-75: “Ash, ash— / You poke and stir. / Flesh, bone, there is nothing there——”
    • Lines 76-78: “A cake of soap, / A wedding ring, / A gold filling.”

• “Lady Lazarus” Poetic Devices & Figurative Language

  • Allusion

    

    

    

    

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    Where allusion appears in the poem:

    • Line 4: “walking miracle”
    • Line 5: “Nazi lampshade”
    • Line 9: “Jew linen”
    • Line 73: “Ash, ash—”
    • Lines 76-78: “A cake of soap, / A wedding ring, / A gold filling.”

  • Assonance

    

    

    

    

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    Where assonance appears in the poem:

    • Line 1: “a,” “a”
    • Line 2: “e,” “e”
    • Line 4: “a,” “i,” “a,” “i”
    • Line 5: “i,” “a,” “a”
    • Line 6: “y,” “i”
    • Line 7: “a,” “ei”
    • Line 8: “y,” “a,” “i”
    • Line 11: “y”
    • Line 12: “I,” “y”
    • Line 13: “e,” “e,” “e,” “e,” “ee”
    • Line 14: “ea”
    • Line 16: “oo,” “oo,” “e,” “e”
    • Line 17: “e,” “a,” “a,” “a,” “e”
    • Line 18: “e”
    • Line 19: “I,” “i”
    • Line 20: “y,” “y”
    • Line 21: “i,” “I,” “i,” “i,” “i”
    • Line 22: “i,” “i,” “ee”
    • Line 23: “a,” “a”
    • Line 24: “a,” “ea,” “a”
    • Line 25: “a,” “i,” “i,” “a”
    • Line 26: “u,” “u”
    • Line 27: “ee”
    • Line 28: “e,” “a,” “a”
    • Line 29: “i,” “i,” “ea”
    • Line 30: “ie”
    • Line 31: “e,” “e,” “y,” “a”
    • Line 32: “y,” “ee”
    • Line 33: “I,” “e,” “a”
    • Line 34: “e,” “e,” “I,” “a,” “e,” “a,” “i,” “a”
    • Line 35: “i,” “e,” “I,” “e”
    • Line 36: “I,” “i,” “e”
    • Line 37: “e,” “e,” “i,” “I,” “ea”
    • Line 38: “a,” “o,” “a”
    • Line 39: “o”
    • Line 40: “A”
    • Line 41: “a,” “a,” “a,” “a”
    • Line 42: “A,” “i,” “o,” “i,” “ea”
    • Line 43: “i”
    • Line 44: “I,” “e,” “i”
    • Line 45: “e”
    • Line 46: “I,” “o,” “i,” “i,” “ee,” “i”
    • Line 47: “o,” “i,” “i,” “ee,” “ea”
    • Line 48: “ou”
    • Line 49: “o,” “o,” “i,” “i”
    • Line 50: “o,” “o,” “a,” “a”
    • Line 53: “e,” “a,” “a,” “e,” “a,” “a,” “e,” “a,” “u”
    • Line 54: “u”
    • Line 58: “a,” “a”
    • Line 59: “ea,” “ea”
    • Line 60: “ea”
    • Line 61: “a,” “a,” “a,” “a,” “a”
    • Line 62: “o,” “o,” “o,” “ou”
    • Line 63: “a,” “o,” “oo”
    • Line 64: “O,” “y,” “ai,” “o,” “y”
    • Line 65: “o,” “o,” “e”
    • Line 66: “e”
    • Line 67: “u”
    • Line 68: “ou,” “u”
    • Line 69: “u,” “y”
    • Line 70: “ie”
    • Line 71: “u,” “u”
    • Line 72: “i,” “e,” “i,” “ou,” “er”
    • Line 73: “A,” “a”
    • Line 74: “o,” “i”
    • Line 75: “o,” “e,” “i,” “o,” “i,” “e”
    • Line 76: “o,” “o”
    • Line 77: “i,” “i”
    • Line 78: “i”
    • Line 79: “e,” “e,” “e”
    • Line 80: “e,” “a”
    • Line 81: “e,” “a”
    • Line 83: “I,” “i,” “y,” “e,” “ai”
    • Line 84: “I,” “e,” “i,” “ai”

  • Anaphora

    

    

    

    

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    Where anaphora appears in the poem:

    • Lines 13-14: “The nose, the eye pits, the full set of teeth? / The sour breath”
    • Lines 23-25: “What a trash / To annihilate each decade. / What a million filaments.”
    • Lines 45-47: “I do it exceptionally well. / I do it so it feels like hell. / I do it so it feels real.”
    • Lines 49-51: “It’s easy enough to do it in a cell. / It’s easy enough to do it and stay put. / It’s the theatrical”
    • Line 53: “To the same place, the same face, the same brute”
    • Lines 58-61: “For the eyeing of my scars, there is a charge / For the hearing of my heart—— / It really goes. / And there is a charge,”
    • Lines 62-64: “For a word or a touch / Or a bit of blood / Or a piece of my hair or my clothes.”
    • Lines 65-66: “So, so, Herr Doktor. / So, Herr Enemy.”
    • Lines 67-68: “I am your opus, / I am your valuable,”

  • Apostrophe

    

    

    

    

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    Where apostrophe appears in the poem:

    • Lines 10-12: “Peel off the napkin / O my enemy. / Do I terrify?——”
    • Line 13: “The nose, the eye pits, the full set of teeth?”
    • Lines 30-32: “Gentlemen, ladies / These are my hands / My knees.”
    • Line 65: “So, so, Herr Doktor.”
    • Line 66: “So, Herr Enemy.”
    • Lines 67-68: “I am your opus, / I am your valuable,”
    • Line 72: “Do not think I underestimate your great concern.”
    • Line 74: “You poke and stir.”
    • Lines 79-81: “Herr God, Herr Lucifer / Beware / Beware.”

  • Consonance

    

    

    

    

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    Where consonance appears in the poem:

    • Line 1: “n,” “n”
    • Line 2: “n,” “r,” “n,” “r,” “n”
    • Line 4: “k,” “m,” “c,” “m”
    • Line 5: “ght,” “s,” “z”
    • Line 6: “ght,” “t”
    • Line 7: “ght”
    • Line 8: “f,” “f,” “f,” “n”
    • Line 9: “n,” “n”
    • Line 10: “n,” “n”
    • Line 11: “n”
    • Line 13: “Th,” “th,” “th,” “t,” “t,” “th”
    • Line 14: “Th,” “th”
    • Line 15: “n,” “n”
    • Line 16: “n,” “n”
    • Line 17: “ve,” “ve”
    • Line 18: “m,” “m”
    • Line 19: “m,” “m”
    • Line 21: “t,” “t,” “t”
    • Line 22: “r,” “r”
    • Line 23: “t,” “t”
    • Line 25: “m,” “ll,” “n,” “l,” “m,” “n”
    • Line 26: “n,” “cr,” “n,” “cr”
    • Line 28: “nd,” “nd”
    • Line 31: “m,” “s”
    • Line 32: “M,” “s”
    • Line 33: “b,” “n,” “n,” “b,” “n”
    • Line 34: “m,” “m,” “m”
    • Line 35: “t,” “t,” “t,” “t”
    • Line 36: “t,” “n,” “n,” “t”
    • Line 37: “m,” “m,” “nt”
    • Line 38: “T,” “t,” “t,” “t,” “t,” “t”
    • Line 39: “ed,” “t”
    • Line 40: “s,” “s”
    • Line 41: “ll,” “ll”
    • Line 42: “p,” “r,” “p,” “r”
    • Line 43: “ng”
    • Line 44: “ng”
    • Line 45: “ll,” “ll”
    • Line 46: “t,” “s,” “t,” “l,” “s,” “l,” “ll”
    • Line 47: “t,” “s,” “t,” “l,” “s,” “l”
    • Line 48: “ss,” “c,” “s,” “c,” “ll”
    • Line 49: “t,” “t,” “t”
    • Line 50: “t,” “t,” “t,” “t,” “t”
    • Line 51: “t,” “th,” “th,” “t,” “c”
    • Line 52: “C,” “b,” “c,” “b,” “d,” “d”
    • Line 53: “th,” “m,” “c,” “th,” “m,” “c,” “th,” “m,” “t”
    • Line 54: “t”
    • Line 56: “t,” “t”
    • Line 58: “r,” “r,” “r,” “r”
    • Line 59: “r,” “h,” “r,” “h,” “r”
    • Line 61: “ch,” “rg,” “rg,” “ch,” “rg”
    • Line 62: “r,” “r,” “r,” “ch”
    • Line 63: “b,” “b”
    • Line 64: “r,” “m,” “r,” “r,” “m”
    • Line 65: “S,” “s,” “rr,” “r”
    • Line 68: “l,” “l”
    • Line 69: “l”
    • Line 70: “l,” “t,” “t”
    • Line 71: “rn,” “n,” “rn”
    • Line 72: “n,” “n,” “n,” “s,” “r,” “r,” “c,” “rn”
    • Line 73: “sh,” “sh”
    • Line 75: “sh,” “n,” “th,” “r,” “n,” “th,” “th,” “r”
    • Line 77: “dd,” “ng,” “ng”
    • Line 78: “g,” “d,” “g”
    • Line 79: “rr,” “rr,” “r”
    • Line 83: “r,” “r,” “r”
    • Line 84: “n,” “n”

  • Enjambment

    

    

    

    

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    Where enjambment appears in the poem:

    • Lines 4-5: “skin / Bright”
    • Lines 8-9: “fine / Jew”
    • Lines 14-15: “breath / Will”
    • Lines 17-18: “be / At”
    • Lines 26-27: “crowd / Shoves”
    • Lines 37-38: “meant / To”
    • Lines 43-44: “Dying / Is”
    • Lines 51-52: “theatrical / Comeback”
    • Lines 57-58: “charge / For”
    • Lines 58-59: “charge / For ”

  • End-Stopped Line

    

    

    

    

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    Where end-stopped line appears in the poem:

    • Line 1: “again.”
    • Line 2: “ten”
    • Line 3: “it——”
    • Line 5: “lampshade,”
    • Line 6: “foot”
    • Line 7: “paperweight”
    • Line 10: “napkin”
    • Line 11: “enemy”
    • Line 12: “terrify?——”
    • Line 13: “teeth?”
    • Line 15: “day.”
    • Line 19: “woman.”
    • Line 20: “thirty.”
    • Line 21: “die.”
    • Line 22: “Three.”
    • Line 24: “decade.”
    • Line 25: “filaments.”
    • Line 28: “foot——”
    • Line 29: “ tease.”
    • Line 31: “hands”
    • Line 32: “knees.”
    • Line 33: “bone,”
    • Line 34: “woman.”
    • Line 35: “ten.”
    • Line 36: “accident.”
    • Line 38: “all.”
    • Line 40: “seashell.”
    • Line 41: “call”
    • Line 42: “pearls.”
    • Line 44: “else.”
    • Line 45: “well.”
    • Line 46: “hell.”
    • Line 47: “real.”
    • Line 48: “call.”
    • Line 49: “cell.”
    • Line 50: “put.”
    • Line 54: “shout:”
    • Line 55: “miracle!’”
    • Line 56: “out.”
    • Line 59: “heart——”
    • Line 60: “goes.”
    • Line 62: “touch”
    • Line 63: “blood”
    • Line 64: “clothes.”
    • Line 65: “Doktor.”
    • Line 66: “Enemy.”
    • Line 67: “opus,”
    • Line 68: “valuable,”
    • Line 69: “baby”
    • Line 70: “shriek.”
    • Line 71: “ burn.”
    • Line 72: “concern.”
    • Line 73: “ash—”
    • Line 74: “stir.”
    • Line 75: “there——”
    • Line 76: “soap,”
    • Line 77: “ring,”
    • Line 78: “filling.”
    • Line 79: “Lucifer”
    • Line 80: “Beware”
    • Line 81: “Beware.”
    • Line 82: “ash”
    • Line 83: “hair”
    • Line 84: “air.”

  • Extended Metaphor

    

    

    

    

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    Where extended metaphor appears in the poem:

    • Lines 1-84

  • Imagery

    

    

    

    

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    Where imagery appears in the poem:

    • Lines 4-9: “my skin / Bright as a Nazi lampshade, / My right foot / A paperweight, / My face a featureless, fine / Jew linen.”
    • Line 10: “Peel off the napkin”
    • Lines 13-14: “The nose, the eye pits, the full set of teeth? / The sour breath”
    • Lines 16-19: “the flesh / The grave cave ate will be / At home on me / And I a smiling woman.”
    • Line 25: “What a million filaments.”
    • Lines 26-29: “peanut-crunching crowd / Shoves in to see / Them unwrap me hand and foot—— / The big strip tease.”
    • Lines 31-33: “These are my hands / My knees. / I may be skin and bone,”
    • Lines 39-40: “I rocked shut / As a seashell.”
    • Line 42: “And pick the worms off me like sticky pearls.”
    • Lines 63-64: “Or a bit of blood / Or a piece of my hair or my clothes.”
    • Lines 69-70: “The pure gold baby / That melts to a shriek.”
    • Lines 73-78: “Ash, ash— / You poke and stir. / Flesh, bone, there is nothing there—— / A cake of soap, / A wedding ring, / A gold filling.”
    • Lines 82-84: “Out of the ash / I rise with my red hair / And I eat men like air.”

  • Irony

    

    

    

    

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    Where irony appears in the poem:

    • Lines 1-3: “I have done it again. / One year in every ten / I manage it——”
    • Line 12: “Do I terrify?——”
    • Line 19: “And I a smiling woman.”
    • Line 25: “What a million filaments.”
    • Line 29: “The big strip tease.”
    • Lines 43-45: “Dying / Is an art, like everything else. / I do it exceptionally well.”
    • Line 48: “I guess you could say I’ve a call.”
    • Lines 55-56: “‘A miracle!’ / That knocks me out.”
    • Lines 59-60: “For the hearing of my heart—— / It really goes.”
    • Lines 65-68: “So, so, Herr Doktor. / So, Herr Enemy. / I am your opus, / I am your valuable,”
    • Line 72: “Do not think I underestimate your great concern.”
    • Line 83: “I rise with my red hair”
    • Line 84: “And I eat men like air.”

  • Repetition

    

    

    

    

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    Where repetition appears in the poem:

    • Line 4: “my”
    • Line 6: “My”
    • Line 8: “My”
    • Line 13: “The,” “the,” “the”
    • Line 14: “The”
    • Line 16: “Soon,” “soon”
    • Line 23: “What a”
    • Line 25: “What a”
    • Line 28: “hand”
    • Line 31: “hands”
    • Line 35: “The first time”
    • Line 37: “The second time”
    • Line 41: “call and call”
    • Line 45: “I do it”
    • Line 46: “I do it so it feels”
    • Line 47: “I do it so it feels”
    • Line 49: “It’s easy enough to do it”
    • Line 50: “It’s easy enough to do it”
    • Line 53: “the same,” “the same,” “ the same”
    • Line 57: “There is a charge”
    • Line 58: “For the,” “of my,” “there is a charge”
    • Line 59: “For the,” “of my”
    • Line 61: “there is a charge,” “charge”
    • Line 62: “a,” “or a”
    • Line 63: “Or a”
    • Line 64: “Or a,” “my,” “or,” “ my”
    • Line 65: “So, so,,” “Herr”
    • Line 66: “So,,” “Herr”
    • Line 67: “I am your”
    • Line 68: “I am your”
    • Line 73: “Ash, ash”
    • Line 76: “A”
    • Line 77: “A”
    • Line 78: “A”
    • Line 79: “Herr,” “Herr”
    • Line 80: “Beware”
    • Line 81: “Beware”

• “Lady Lazarus” Vocabulary

  Select any word below to get its definition in the context of the poem. The words are listed in the order in which they appear in the poem.

  • Nazi lampshade
  • Jew linen
  • Annihilate
  • Filaments
  • Peanut-crunching crowd
  • Brute
  • Herr
  • Doktor
  • Opus
  • Cake of soap
  • (Location in poem: Line 5: “Nazi lampshade”)

• Form, Meter, & Rhyme Scheme of “Lady Lazarus”

  • Form

  • Meter

  • Rhyme Scheme

• “Lady Lazarus” Speaker

• “Lady Lazarus” Setting

• Literary and Historical Context of “Lady Lazarus”

• More “Lady Lazarus” Resources

  • External Resources

    • Biography — Poetry Foundation's brief biography of Sylvia Plath.

    • Plath Interview — Audio of Sylvia Plath's 1962 interview with Peter Orr, discussing her poetry career, influences, and her poetic interests.

    • Sylvia Plath Crash Course — An episode of Crash Course in which author John Green explores Sylvia Plath's poetry.

    • "Lady Lazarus" Audio — An audio clip of Sylvia Plath reading "Lady Lazarus." This reading includes a few differences from the published version— after line 12's "Do I terrify?" Plath adds, "Yes, yes, Herr Professor, it is I. Can you deny?" Plath also reads an additional line, "I may be Japanese," which follows line 33's "I may be skin and bone."

    • Plath's Letters — An article describing the publication of Plath's many, many letters of correspondence between her mother and others.

  • LitCharts on Other Poems by Sylvia Plath

    • Ariel

    • Daddy

    • Fever 103°

    • Mad Girl's Love Song

    • Mirror

    • Nick and the Candlestick

    • Poppies in October

    • The Applicant

    • The Arrival of the Bee Box

    • The Moon and the Yew Tree

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