Horses of the Night
by Margaret Laurence

Chris Character Analysis

Chris is Vanessa’s older cousin who grew up in poverty on his family’s failing farm in Shallow Creek. Chris is a kind, imaginative, and creative young man. When he is 15, he moves to Manawaka to live with his Grandmother and Grandfather Connor so that he can attend high school. His cousin, Vanessa, and her parents Beth and Ewen, live nearby, and Vanessa becomes particularly attached to him. Chris is a dreamer who uses his dreams to escape his difficult realities: the limitations of his origins, Grandfather Connor’s resentment for having to take him in, and the economic realities of the Great Depression that prevent him from going to college to be a civil engineer. He invents a version of Shallow Creek at odds with the harsh reality of the place, and Vanessa is enchanted by this made-up world where he has a ranch named the Criss-Cross and two majestic horses, Duchess and Firefly. When Grandfather Connor won’t fund his college education, Chris paints another romantic picture, this time of life as a “traveller,” which he tells Vanessa he’d like to become. In reality, Chris becomes a travelling salesman who believes each new item he has to sell will be his ticket to economic success and a shot at college. He’s unable to accept the reality that the Great Depression prevents anyone from buying these superfluous goods. Chris is forced to return to Shallow Creek when he finally accepts that the job is a lost cause. When Vanessa visits him there, she sees not only how different it is compared to his imagined version, but how Chris continues to remain out of touch with reality and is beholden to his dreams. To escape Shallow Creek, Chris enlists in the army at the outset of World War II, despite the fact that war is against his beliefs. While stationed in England, Chris suffers a mental breakdown. Vanessa realizes that he’d been depressed for as long as she’d known him. At the end of the story, Chris is left living in a psychiatric hospital, and it’s hinted that he will never recover.

Chris Quotes in Horses of the Night

The Horses of the Night quotes below are all either spoken by Chris or refer to Chris. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
).

Horses of the Night Quotes

This method proved to be one that Chris always used in any dealings with my grandfather. When the bludgeoning words came […] Chris never seemed, like myself, to be holding back with a terrible strained force for fear of letting go and speaking out […] He would not argue or defend himself […] He simply appeared to be absent, elsewhere.

Related Characters: Vanessa (speaker), Chris, Grandfather Connor
Page Number and Citation: 125-126
Explanation and Analysis:

He missed the horses, I thought with selfish satisfaction, more than he missed his family. I could visualize the pair, one sorrel and one black, swifting through all the meadows of summer.

Related Characters: Vanessa (speaker), Chris
Related Symbols: Horses
Page Number and Citation: 127
Explanation and Analysis:

You take the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, now. Terrifically high – all those thin ribs of steel, joined together to go across the very wide stretch of water. It doesn’t seem possible, but it’s there. That’s what engineers do. Imagine doing something like that, eh?

Related Characters: Chris (speaker), Vanessa
Page Number and Citation: 128
Explanation and Analysis:

And soon, because I desperately wanted to, and because everyday mercifully made me older, quite soon I would be able to reply with such a lightning burst of knowingness that would astound him, when he spoke of the space or was it some black sky that never ended anywhere beyond this earth. Then I would not be innerly belittled for being unable to figure out what he would best like to hear. At that good and imagined time, I would not any longer be limited. I would not any longer be young.

Related Characters: Vanessa (speaker), Chris
Page Number and Citation: 130
Explanation and Analysis:

I got this theory, see, that anybody can do anything at all, anything, if they really set their minds to it. But you have to have this total concentration. You have to focus on it with your whole mental powers, and not let it slip away by forgetting to hold it in your mind. If you hold it in your mind, like, then it’s real, see?

Related Characters: Chris (speaker), Vanessa
Page Number and Citation: 131
Explanation and Analysis:

I need to say something really penetrating, something that would show him I knew the passionate truth of his conviction. “I bet –” I said, “I bet you’ll sell a thousand, Chris.” Two years ago, this statement would have seemed self-evident, unquestionable. Yet now, when I had spoken, I knew that I did not believe it.

Related Characters: Vanessa (speaker), Chris
Page Number and Citation: 133
Explanation and Analysis:

No human word could be applied. The lake was not lonely or untamed. These words relate to people, and there was nothing of people here. There was no feeling about the place. It existed in some world in which man was not yet born. I looked at the grey reaches of it and felt threatened. It was like the view of God which I had held since my father’s death. Distant, indestructible, totally indifferent.

Related Characters: Vanessa (speaker), Chris, Ewen
Page Number and Citation: 138
Explanation and Analysis:

“People usually say there must be a God,” Chris went on, “because otherwise how did the universe get here? But that’s ridiculous. If the stars and planet go on to infinity, they could have existed forever, for no reason at all. Maybe they weren’t ever created. Look – what’s the alternative? To believe in a God who is brutal? What else could He be?”

Related Characters: Chris (speaker), Vanessa
Page Number and Citation: 140
Explanation and Analysis:

He hardly ever talked about it, but this once he told me about seeing the horses in the mud, actually going under, you know? And the way their eyes looked when they realised they weren’t going to get out. Ever seen horses’ eyes when they’re afraid, I mean really berserk with fear, like in a bush-fire? Ewen said a guy tended to concentrate on the horses because he didn’t dare think what was happening to the men.

Related Characters: Chris (speaker), Vanessa, Ewen
Related Symbols: Horses
Page Number and Citation: 141
Explanation and Analysis:

I was thinking of all the schemes he’d had, the ones that couldn’t possibly have worked, the unreal solutions to which he’d clung because there were no others, the brave and useless strokes of fantasy against a depression that was both the world’s and his own.

Related Characters: Vanessa (speaker), Chris
Page Number and Citation: 143
Explanation and Analysis:

Well – what it said was that they could force his body to march and even to kill, but what they didn’t know was that he’d fooled them. He didn’t live inside it any more […] the letter seemed only the final heartbreaking extension of the way he’d always had of distancing himself from the absolute unbearability of battle.

Related Characters: Vanessa (speaker), Chris
Page Number and Citation: 143
Explanation and Analysis:

Slowly, slowly, horses of the night – The night must move like this for him, slowly, all through the days and nights. I could not know whether the land he journeyed through was inhabited by terrors, the old monster-kings of the lake, or whether he had discovered at last a way for himself to make the necessary dream perpetual.

Related Characters: Vanessa (speaker), Chris
Related Symbols: Horses
Page Number and Citation: 144
Explanation and Analysis:
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Chris Character Timeline in Horses of the Night

The timeline below shows where the character Chris appears in Horses of the Night. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Horses of the Night
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
It’s late August and six-year-old Vanessa learns that her cousin, Chris, is coming to live with her Grandmother and Grandfather Connor in their “Brick House” in... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Vanessa is angry that Chris has to come, and her mother, Beth, explains that he is coming to attend high... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Finally, Grandfather Connor arrives with Chris, who is tall, lanky, and blonde with slanted grey eyes and an angular face. He... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
While Beth shows Chris to his room, Grandfather Connor, who had been standing stone-faced and silent at a distance,... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Beth and Chris return to the living room adjoining the kitchen, and they overhear Grandfather Connor insist that... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Vanessa goes into the living room because she wants to see how Chris will react to Grandfather’s comments. She wonders if he’ll be embarrassed or, as she hopes,... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Chris appears to be entirely absent and withdrawn when Grandfather goes on his tirades, and this... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Vanessa bonds easily with Chris. She cherishes the rare occasions when her parents go out and leave her with him.... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
...no longer a frozen and wintery place, but an extraordinary and beckoning country. She asks Chris to describe it to her for the thousandth time. He indulges her and explains that... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Vanessa asks Chris to tell her about his two riding horses, Duchess and Firefly, who he raised and... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Vanessa doesn’t want to think of Chris leaving, but he is confident that he’ll go to college in Winnipeg. However, Vanessa notes... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Vanessa sits in the living room with her mother and father, Ewen. Beth says that Chris has done well despite everything, but Ewen says good isn’t good enough. They know that... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
...while sitting and listening quietly so her parents won’t dismiss her, but the thought of Chris leaving is overpowering and she speaks up to ask if he’s going away. Beth whisks... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Vanessa is nine, and Chris leaves Manawaka. The day before he leaves she knocks on the door to his room.... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Vanessa sits on top of Chris’s suitcase so he can shut it. He asks her if she ever wonders what it... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Chris doesn’t write after he leaves, and Vanessa doesn’t hear anything about him until his mother,... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
...homemade cigarettes. She sits on the lowest branch of the tree not consciously thinking about Chris. Instead, she thinks about nothing until bursting into tears. Overcome with a sense of relief,... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Vanessa eventually forgets Chris because of the new events that begin to crop up in her life. Her Aunt... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Two years later Vanessa is 11 and Chris returns out of the blue. She comes home from school to find him sitting in... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Vanessa asks him where he’s been, and Chris responds, “I’m a traveller…Remember?” Far from his romantic vision of travel, he’s become a travelling... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
The next time Chris comes back to Manawaka he’s selling magazines. He’s worked out how to make $100 dollars... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
...the time they arrive, however, Grandfather Connor has retreated to the basement. He’s loudly criticizing Chris, which upsets Vanessa and Beth, but Chris seems oblivious to his grandfather’s criticisms as always.... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Once again Chris believes he’s found a “gold mine” with this opportunity. Edna asks who he’ll sell them... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
...retreats into herself for months, so much so that when her mother tells her that Chris has returned to Shallow Creek because there are no jobs it hardly phases her at... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
This suggestion reignites the romantic image of Shallow Creek she’d held when Chris first described it to her when she was 6. She remembers the house made of... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Chris takes her home in a horse-drawn wagon, and while this is what Vanessa expected, she... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
As they ride to Chris’s home, Vanessa observes that Shallow Creek is hardly a town at all. There’s an elementary... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Upstairs there are three bedrooms, one of which Vanessa will share with Chris’s sister Jeannie who is slightly younger than her. Jeannie is quiet and Vanessa finds herself... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Chris is detached from the chaos. He speaks mostly to the children and lets them follow... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
...dinner flies crawl all over the food. Vanessa’s squeamishness goes unnoticed by everyone except for Chris, who she wanted to hide it from most. He shows her how to fan away... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
It’s time for the family to begin haying, and Chris wants to camp out on the bluff by the hayfields to avoid the long drive... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Chris jumps off the hayrack to let the horses drink from the lake. Vanessa’s worried they... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
...blanket, Vanessa is overwhelmed with a feeling of unfamiliarity. She feels self-conscious in front of Chris in a way she wouldn’t have even a year earlier. She doesn’t think he feels... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
They’re silent for a while until Chris points up at the stars and notices how bright they are, far from houses and... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
...tells him she sometimes thinks about these things, but her “sometimes” sounds more like “never.” Chris continues, saying that people tend to believe there is a God because they have no... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Chris can’t believe in a God who is so brutal as to have created the world... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Chris pauses as if he’s waiting for Vanessa to say something, and when she doesn’t he... (full context)
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Chris asks Vanessa if she ever watches the news. She tries to answer but can’t form... (full context)
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Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Chris leaves Shallow Creek to join the army a few months after the war begins. He... (full context)
Madness and Society Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Six months later Aunt Tess lets Beth know that Chris was discharged from the army because he suffered a mental breakdown. He was in the... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Madness and Society Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Although Beth cares about Chris, she immediately expresses her regret for allowing Vanessa to visit him in Shallow Creek. She... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Madness and Society Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
...As they sort through boxes of old junk she finds the miniature leather saddle that Chris made for her when she was 6 and he lived with them in Manawaka. The... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Madness and Society Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
Beth turns away and tells Vanessa that she can’t understand what happened to Chris because he was always so hopeful, even when there wasn’t anything to be hopeful about.... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Madness and Society Theme Icon
Vanessa tells her mother she thinks that things were more difficult for Chris than he let on, and asks her if she remembers the letter he sent her... (full context)
Dreams vs. Reality Theme Icon
Madness and Society Theme Icon
Loss of Innocence  Theme Icon
...the saddle in her hand, and points out the brand that shows the name of Chris’s ranch, the Criss-Cross. Confused, Beth asks her what ranch she’s talking about, and Vanessa tells... (full context)