The Paper Menagerie
by Ken Liu
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Jack, the protagonist of “The Paper Menagerie,” is the biracial son of a white American father and a Chinese immigrant mother. When Jack is a child, he has a close relationship with his mother. She makes him paper animals and breathes life into them, giving them a magic ability to move and play with him. Yet, after Jack overhears the racist gossip of two female neighbors and suffers racist bullying from his neighbor Mark, he turns against his mother. He boxes up the magic paper animals she has made for him and demands that she speak only English. Because Jack won’t respond to his mother when she speaks Chinese and criticizes her English, they become estranged. By the time Jack is a high school student, they aren’t speaking. When Jack is in college, his mother is hospitalized with cancer. He flies home to visit her, but even in the hospital, he is thinking about his job prospects, not his dying mother. When she asks him, if she dies, to take out his paper animals and remember her on Qingming, the Chinese Festival for the Dead, he avoids promising to do so. Yet after Jack’s mother’s death, Jack’s girlfriend Susan finds and saves the paper animals. Two years later, on Qingming, the paper tiger that Jack’s mother made for him comes to life and reveals to Jack a secret letter from his mother, written in Chinese. Jack finds a Chinese tourist to translate the letter for him. It contains the story of his mother’s life and asks Jack why he’s stopped speaking to her. After hearing the letter, Jack asks the tourist to help him write the Chinese character for ai, which means love, on the letter. Then he refolds the letter into a tiger and carries it home with him. These two final gestures show that Jack regrets his estrangement from his mother and his childhood rejection of his Chinese heritage.

Jack Quotes in The Paper Menagerie

The The Paper Menagerie quotes below are all either spoken by Jack or refer to Jack. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
).

The Paper Menagerie Quotes

A little paper tiger stood on the table, the size of two fists placed together. The skin of the tiger was the pattern on the wrapping paper, white background with red candy canes and green Christmas trees.

[…]

“Zhe jiao zhezhi,” Mom said. This is called origami.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 178
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, young Jack has just been crying, and Jack’s mother has folded him a paper tiger out of leftover Christmas wrapping paper to comfort him. Whereas Jack’s father has simply left the room to avoid Jack’s crying, Jack’s mother proactively and creatively comforts him. Her tenacity in showing her love for him foreshadows how she will reach out to him over and over throughout the story despite the estrangement that threatens to tear them apart. This passage also demonstrates that Jack’s mother is a resourceful artist. While many people simply throw out their Christmas wrapping paper after Christmas Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Im

The neighbors conversed in the living room, not trying to be particularly quiet.

“He seems like a normal enough man. Why did he do that?”

“Something about the mixing never seems right. The child looks unfinished. Slanty eyes, white face. A little monster.”

“Do you think he can speak English?”

The women hushed.

Related Characters: Two Female Neighbors (speaker), Jack, Jack’s Father, Jack’s Mother
Page Number and Citation: 181
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Jack’s family has just moved, and two female neighbors visit them at their new house. Jack’s father briefly leaves on an errand, and the neighbors begin to exchange racist gossip about Jack’s family. The passage is important because it’s Jack’s first memory of overt American racism. That the neighbors are “not trying to be particularly quiet” in their gossip suggests that they don’t, at first, believe either Jack or his mother will be able to understand them. They don’t understand that because Jack is biracial and has grown up in the U.S., he speaks English as well Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nis

Mark, one of the neighborhood boys, came over with his Star Wars action figures. Obi-Wan Kenobi’s lightsaber lit up and he could swing his arms and say, in a tinny voice, “Use the Force!” I didn’t think the figure looked much like the real Obi-Wan at all.

Together, we watched him repeat this performance five times on the coffee table. “Can he do anything else?” I asked.

Mark was annoyed by my question. “Look at all the details,” he said.

I looked at the details. I wasn’t sure what I was supposed to say.

Related Characters: Mark (speaker), Jack (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 181-182
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage occurs just after Jack has overheard his two female neighbors exchanging racist gossip about his family. That Jack is willing to watch Mark’s Obi-Wan Kenobi action figure do the same thing “five times” before asking whether it can do something else suggests that he is trying to make friends with Mark and doesn’t want to offend him. At the same time, however, Jack is not impressed with the action figure. As a franchise tie-in toy, the action figure represents American consumer culture: a cheap, mass-produced item, which does not even resemble the character it is supposed to represent. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis.

Mark grabbed Laohu and his snarl was choked off as Mark crumpled him in his hand and tore him in half. He balled up the two pieces of paper and threw them at me. “Here’s your stupid cheap Chinese garbage.”

Related Characters: Mark (speaker), Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number and Citation: 183
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Jack and Mark are having a fight over their respective toys. Jack’s paper tiger, Laohu, has knocked over and broken Mark’s Obi-Wan Kenobi action figure. In response, Mark has insulted Jack’s mother. Here, Mark’s attack on Laohu is also an attack on Jack’s Chinese heritage, as he calls Laohu “Chinese garbage.” That Laohu can easily be torn in two suggests that Jack’s relationship to his Chinese heritage is fragile and can be destroyed by American racism. In addition, that Mark tears Laohu into two pieces foreshadows how which Jack, responding to American racism, will separate his Chinese Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus c

“English,” I said. “Speak English.”

She tried. “What happen?”

I pushed the chopsticks and the bowl before me away: stir-fried green peppers with five-spice beef. “We should eat American food.”

Dad tried to reason. “A lot of families cook Chinese sometimes.”

“We are not other families.” I looked at him. Other families don’t have moms who don’t belong.

He looked away. And then he put a hand on Mom’s shoulder. “I’ll get you a cookbook.”

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack’s Father (speaker), Mark, Two Female Neighbors
Page Number and Citation: 183
Explanation and Analysis:
Jack’s neighbor Mark has subjected him to two weeks of racist bullying at school. In response to this racist bullying, Jack demands that his mother speak English and rejects the Chinese food she has made, internalizing the racism he has suffered and projecting it onto his mother. At the same time, however, his demand that his mother speak English may be related to the earlier incident in which he overheard two female neighbors exchanging racist gossip about his family that they assumed neither he nor his mother could understand. Since Jack and his mother were subjected to racism on the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi soluta perspiciatis. Ut minima autem. Modi omnis iure. Sint qui qui. Qui similique praesentium. Ex cons

Dad bought me a full set of Star Wars action figures. I gave the Obi-Wan Kenobi to Mark.

I packed the paper menagerie in a large shoe box and put it under the bed.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Father, Mark, Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number and Citation: 184
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage occurs after Jack has rejected his mother’s Chinese cooking and demanded new toys to replace the paper animals she has made him. That Jack receives the same toys Mark has suggests that he is now actively trying to assimilate into American consumer culture. That he gives Mark his own Obi-Wan Kenobi action figure to replace the one Laohu broke suggests that he is still trying to make friends with Mark, despite the racist bullying Mark has subjected him to. In trying to make friends with Mark, Jack reveals that he does not blame Mark for the racist bullying. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaq

“If I don’t make it, don’t be too sad and hurt your health. Focus on your life. Just keep that box you have in the attic with you, and every year, at Qingming, just take it out and think about me. I’ll be with you always.”

Qingming was the Chinese Festival for the Dead. When I was very young, Mom used to write a letter on Qingming to her dead parents back in China, telling them the good news about the past year of her life in America. She would read the letter out loud to me, and if I made a comment about something, she would write it down in the letter too. Then she would fold the letter into a paper crane and release it, facing west. We would then watch as the crane flapped its crisp wings on its long journal west, toward the Pacific, toward China, toward the graves of Mom’s family.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number and Citation: 186
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage occurs after Jack’s mother is hospitalized while Jack is in college. Jack has flown home from school and is visiting her in the hospital. The passage reveals how entwined with Jack’s relationship to his mother and his Chinese heritage the paper animals really are. First, despite their estrangement, Jack’s mother is still asking him to remember her and promising that she will be with him in memory. It’s clear, then, that Jack’s rejection of her due to internalized racism has not quelled her motherly love for him. She expresses that love by asking Jack to remember her through Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Mo

Susan found the shoe box in the attic. The paper menagerie, hidden in the uninsulated darkness of the attic for so long, had become brittle, and the bright wrapping paper patterns had faded.

“I’ve never seen origami like this,” Susan said. “Your mom was an amazing artist.”

The paper animals did not move. Perhaps whatever magic had animated them stopped when Mom died. Or perhaps I had only imagined that these paper constructions were once alive. The memory of children could not be trusted.

Related Characters: Susan (speaker), Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 187
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage occurs after Jack’s mother has died, when Jack and his girlfriend Susan have come to help Jack’s father clean out the house. Jack is implicitly questioning whether the Chinese part of his identity has survived his mother’s death. The paper animals, which connect him to his mother and his Chinese heritage, have become “brittle” and lost their animation. As the paper animals have symbolized Jack’s Chinese heritage throughout the story, their fragility and lack of movement here suggest that perhaps that part of Jack died with his mother. Indeed, Jack feels so estranged from his Chinese heritage at Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti solu

I took the letter with me downtown, where I knew the Chinese tour buses stopped. I stopped every tourist, asking, “Nin hui du zhongwen ma?” Can you read Chinese? I hadn’t spoken Chinese in so long that I wasn’t sure if they understood.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number and Citation: 188
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Jack has just discovered a letter (written in Chinese) from his dead mother hidden inside his paper tiger, Laohu. Rather than go through formal channels to find a translator, Jack asks strangers to figure out what his mother’s letter says as quickly as possible. This strange behavior indicates how badly Jack wants to know what his mother has written to him. The passage thus implies that Jack regrets his estrangement from his mother and wants to reconnect with her, albeit after she has died. In this passage, Jack is speaking Chinese again, after having refused to speak Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde

You know what the Chinese think is the saddest feeling in the world? It’s for a child to finally grow the desire to take care of his parents, only to realize that they were long gone.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Page Number and Citation: 192
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage occurs toward the end of Jack’s mother’s letter to him. In the letter, she has told him the story of her life: how both her parents died during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, how she was sold as a domestic slave in Hong Kong, and how she joined the “introduction” (match-making) service that matched her with Jack’s father in order to escape that slavery and immigrate to the U.S. At this point in the letter, Jack’s mother is explicitly reflecting on how she wishes she could have cared for her own parents but was prevented from doing so by Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas.

The young woman handed the paper back to me. I could not bear to look into her face.

Without looking up, I asked for her help in tracing out the character for ai on the paper below Mom’s letter. I wrote the character again and again on the paper, intertwining my pen strokes with her words.

The young woman reached out and put a hand on my shoulder. Then she got up and left, leaving me alone with my mother.

Following the creases, I refolded the paper back into Laohu. I cradled him in the crook of my arm, and as he purred, we began the walk home.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 192
Explanation and Analysis:
The young woman whom Jack found to read his mother’s letter for him has just finished reading it to him. This passage conveys Jack’s attempt to reconcile with his mother and his embrace of his Chinese heritage. First, Jack clearly wants to reconcile with his mother: that he cannot look at the woman who translated the letter for him suggests that he is ashamed of his past behavior toward his mother and wishes he could change it. When he asks for help writing the Chinese character that means “love” onto the letter, he is expressing his love for his mother, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia
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Jack Character Timeline in The Paper Menagerie

The timeline below shows where the character Jack appears in The Paper Menagerie. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
The Paper Menagerie
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
One day, as a young child, Jack won’t stop crying. In response, his mother begins making him a tiger out of wrapping... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Jack’s father first saw his mother in a catalog from an “introduction service.” As a teenager,... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Back in Jack’s childhood, after making Jack the tiger, his mother makes more origami animals for him. The... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Jack’s family moves when he is 10 years old. Two female neighbors visit them. While the... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
A boy named Mark visits Jack’s house. He brings an Obi-Wan Kenobi action figure. Jack isn’t impressed by the action figure,... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
For two weeks at school, Mark bullies Jack. When Jack comes home, his mother asks him a question in Chinese, but he ignores... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Jack’s father takes Jack’s side in the argument, insisting that his mother speak English so that... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
Jack’s father gets him Star Wars action figures, including an Obi-Wan Kenobi figure like the one... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Because Jack refuses to answer his mother when she speaks Chinese and corrects her usage when she... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
When Jack is in college, his mother is hospitalized with cancer. Jack and his father come to... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
When Jack tries to comfort his mother, she begins speaking Chinese, and he remembers the dinner when... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
After his mother’s death, Jack’s father decides to sell their house. Jack and his girlfriend Susan fly home to help... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
Two years later, Jack sees sharks on TV and remembers his mother making an origami shark for him out... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Jack, who can’t read Chinese, travels downtown and accosts Chinese tourists for help reading the letter.... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
Jack’s mother writes him “the story of [her] life.” She was born in China to a... (full context)
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
On the way to Hong Kong, human traffickers found Jack’s mother. They brought her to Hong Kong and sold her as a domestic slave to... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Despite her gratitude to Jack’s father, Jack’s mother felt isolated in the U.S. because, as she says, “no one understood... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Jack’s mother concludes the letter by acknowledging Jack’s racial self-hatred, his dislike of the Chinese features... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
When the letter ends, Jack requests that the woman who translated it help him write the character for ai, the... (full context)