Machines Like Me

by

Ian McEwan

Charlie Friend Character Analysis

When the story begins, Charlie Friend—the novel’s narrator—is 32 and works from home trading stocks, though he is barely scraping by. Thanks to a recent inheritance, he has the funds to purchase a newly released, AI-powered android, Adam, fulfilling his stated passions of anthropology and robotics. Charlie is a flawed protagonist whose selfishness repeatedly undermines his stated moral and social ideals. From the start, he denies his intuitive sense of Adam’s humanity to justify mistreating him, viewing Adam as an indentured servant and a piece of property despite ample evidence that Adam is an intelligent, sentient being capable of profound feeling. For example, Charlie puts Adam to work trading stocks—a skill that the computer-powered Adam quickly masters. Although Charlie himself isn’t directly responsible for the money Adam makes on the stock market, he nevertheless treats the earnings as his to spend. Charlie’s blatant subjugation of Adam begins after Adam has sex with Charlie’s girlfriend (and eventual wife) Miranda, which Charlie considers a betrayal. In the end, however, Charlie’s disregard for Adam’s humanity—and in particular, Adam’s capacity to disagree with Charlie and act of his own volition—contributes to Charlie’s own demise. Despite Adam’s stated plans to help Charlie and Miranda bring Peter Gorringe to justice, Adam goes behind their backs and gives the police evidence that incriminates Miranda. He also gives away all of “Charlie’s” money to charities that help people whose needs, Adam claims, exceed Charlie and Miranda’s own. Erroneously believing that Adam has yet to turn in Miranda to the police, Charlie ultimately bashes Adam’s head in with a hammer, effectively disabling him with an act of violence that Charlie’s proclaimed hero, the computer scientist Alan Turing, condemns as a grave injustice akin to “murder.”

Charlie Friend Quotes in Machines Like Me

The Machines Like Me quotes below are all either spoken by Charlie Friend or refer to Charlie Friend. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Machines and Humans  Theme Icon
).
Chapter 1 Quotes

Before us sat the ultimate plaything, the dream of ages, the triumph of humanism—or its angel of death.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Adam
Page Number: 4
Explanation and Analysis:

It was eerie, to be standing by this naked man, struggling between what I knew and what I felt. I walked behind him, partly to be out of range of eyes that could open at any moment and find me looming over him. He was muscular around his neck and spine. Dark hair grew along the line of his shoulders. His buttocks displays muscular concavities. Below them, an athlete’s knotted calves. I hadn’t wanted a superman. I regretted once more that I’d been too late for an Eve.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Adam
Related Symbols: Eyes
Page Number: 9
Explanation and Analysis:

I felt the need, rather childish, to demonstrate that I was in charge. I said, “Adam, will you walk round the table a couple of times? I want to see how you move.”

“Sure.”

There was nothing mechanical about his gait. In the confines of the room he managed a long stride. When he’d been round twice he stood by his chair, waiting.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 31
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2 Quotes

Behind me, Adam was in place at the table, gazing towards the window. I finished and was drying my hands on a tea towel as I went over to him. Despite my sunny mood, I could not forgive his disloyalty. I didn’t want to hear what else he had to say. There were boundaries of ordinary decency he needed to learn—hardly a challenge for his neural networks. His heuristic shortcomings had encouraged my decision. When I had learned more, when Miranda had done her share, he could come back into our lives.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Adam
Page Number: 37-38
Explanation and Analysis:

There are some decisions, even moral ones, that are formed in regions below conscious thought. I found myself jogging towards the playground’s fence, stepping over it, taking three paces and putting a hand on the woman’s shoulder.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Mark
Page Number: 52-53
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 3 Quotes

Adam’s insights, even when valid, were socially inept.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Simon Syed, Adam, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 73
Explanation and Analysis:

I wanted to persuade myself that Adam felt nothing and could only imitate the motions of abandonment. That he could never know what we knew. But Alan Turing himself had often said and written in his youth that the moment we couldn’t tell the difference in behaviour between machine and person was when we must confer humanity on the machine. So when then night air suddenly penetrated by Miranda’s extended ecstatic scream that tapered to a moan and then a stifled sob […] I duly laid on Adam the privilege and obligations of a conspecific. I hated him.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Alan Turing, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 91
Explanation and Analysis:

[Adam] was supposed to be my moral superior. I would never meet anyone better. Had he been my friend, he would have been guilty of a cruel and terrible lapse. The problem was that I had bought him, he was my expensive possession and it was not clear what his obligations to me were, beyond a vaguely assumed helpfulness. What does the slave owe to the owner? Also, Miranda did not “belong” to me. This was clear. I could hear her tell me that I had no good cause to feel betrayed.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 95
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4 Quotes

“The issue isn’t Adam’s state of mind. It’s yours.”

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 101
Explanation and Analysis:

“Listen,” I said. “If he looks and sounds and behaves like a person, then as far as I’m concerned, that’s what he is. I made the same assumption about you. About everybody. We all do. You fucked him. I’m angry. I’m amazed you’re surprised. If that’s what you really are.”

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Adam
Page Number: 103
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark’s gaze never left Miranda’s face. He was entranced. Now she picked him up and cradled him as she danced around the room, singing “Hey diddle-diddle, the cat and the fiddle.” I wondered if Adam had the capacity to understand the joy of dance, of movement for its own sake, and whether Miranda was showing him a line he couldn’t cross. If so, she may have been wrong. Adam could imitate and respond to emotions and appear to take pleasure in reasoning. He might also have known something of the purposeless beauty of art.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Mark, Adam
Page Number: 119
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5 Quotes

“Nearly everything I’ve read in the world’s literature describes varieties of human failure—of understanding, of reason, of wisdom, of proper sympathies. Failure of cognition, honesty, kindness, self-awareness; superb depictions of murder, cruelty, greed, stupidity, self-delusion, above all, profound misunderstanding of others. Of course, goodness is on show too, and heroism, grace, wisdom, truth. […] But when the marriage of men and women to machines is complete, this literature will be redundant because we’ll understand each other too well. […] Connectivity will be such that individual nodes of the subjective will merge into an ocean of thought, of which our Internet is the crude precursor. As we come to inhabit each other’s minds, we’ll be incapable of deceit. […] Our literatures will lose their unwholesome nourishment. The lapidary haiku, the still, clear perception and celebration of thigs as they are, will be the only necessary form.”

Related Characters: Adam (speaker), Charlie Friend, Miranda Blacke
Related Symbols: Haikus
Page Number: 162
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 6 Quotes

When Miranda had finished her story, there was the silence, and then we had talked. After a while, I had turned to Adam. “Well?”

He took a few seconds, then he had said, “Very dark.”

A rape, a suicide, a wrongly kept secret—of course it was dark. I was in an emotional state and I didn’t ask him to explain. Now, lying next to Miranda as she slept, I wondered if he meant something more significant, the consequence of this thinking, if that was really what it…depends on definitions…That was when I too fell asleep.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Mariam, Peter Gorringe
Page Number: 179-180
Explanation and Analysis:

“But life, where we apply our intelligence, is an open system. Messy, full of tricks and feints and ambiguities and false friends.”

Related Characters: Alan Turing (speaker), Charlie Friend, Adam
Page Number: 192
Explanation and Analysis:

“Then, it seems, they go through a stage of expressing hopeful, idealistic notions that we find easy to dismiss. Rather like a short-lived youthful passion. And then they set about learning the lessons of despair we can’t help teaching them. At worst, they suffer a form of existential pain that becomes unbearable. At best, they or their succeeding generations will be driven by their anguish and astonishment to hold up a mirror to us. In it, we’ll see a familiar monster through the fresh eyes that we ourselves designed. We might be shocked into doing something ourselves. Who knows? I’ll keep hoping. I turned seventy this year. I won’t be here to see such a transformation if it comes. Perhaps you will.”

Related Characters: Alan Turing (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Charlie Friend, Adam
Page Number: 195-196
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 7 Quotes

Surely it’s no crime
when justice is symmetry
to love a criminal?

Related Characters: Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Peter Gorringe, Charlie Friend
Related Symbols: Haikus
Page Number: 203
Explanation and Analysis:

“I should get to work,” he said. “The Fed is likely to raise its rate today. There’ll be fun and games on the exchange markets.”

Fun and games was not an expression that either of us ever used. As Adam came by us to go into the bedroom, he stopped. “I have a suggestion. We talked of going to Salisbury, then we held back. I think we should visit your father, and while we’re there we could drop in on Mr. Gorringe. Why wait for him to come here and frighten us? Let’s go and frighten him. Or at least talk to him.”

We looked at Miranda.

She thought for a moment. “All right.”

Adam said, “Good,” and went on his way, while I felt it right there in my chest, the cool clutch of a cliché: my heart sank.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke (speaker), Peter Gorringe, Sally
Page Number: 207-208
Explanation and Analysis:

We stopped and he looked steadily into my eyes. “I want justice.”

“Fine. But why do you want to put Miranda through this?”

“It’s a matter of symmetry.”

I said, “She’ll be in harm’s way. We all will. This man is violent. He’s a criminal.”

He smiled. “She is too.”

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Mariam, Miranda Blacke, Peter Gorringe
Related Symbols: Eyes
Page Number: 229
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 8 Quotes

“A self, created out of mathematics, engineering, material science and all the rest. Out of nowhere. No history—not that I’d want a false one. Nothing before me. Self-aware existence. I’m lucky to have it, but there are times when I think that I ought to know better what to do with it. What it’s for. Sometimes it seems entirely pointless.”

Related Characters: Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Peter Gorringe, Maxfield Blacke, Charlie Friend
Page Number: 253-254
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9 Quotes

I made what I already knew was going to be my last appeal. “Please let’s remember Mariam. What Gorringe did to her, and where that led. Miranda had to lie to get justice. But truth isn’t always everything.”

Adam looked at me blankly. “That’s an extraordinary thing to say. Of course truth is everything.”

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Peter Gorringe, Mariam
Page Number: 301
Explanation and Analysis:

I bought him and he was mine to destroy. I hesitated fractionally. A half-second longer and he would have caught my arm, for as the hammer came down he was already beginning to turn. He may have caught my reflection in Miranda’s eyes. It was. Two-handed blow at full force to the top of his head. The sound was not of hard plastic cracking or of metal, but the muffled thud as of bone. Miranda let out a cry of horror, and stood.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 301-302
Explanation and Analysis:

Then the pale blue eyes with their tiny black rods turned milky green, his hands curled by jerks into fists, and with a smooth humming sound, he lowered his head onto the table.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam
Related Symbols: Eyes
Page Number: 304
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 10 Quotes

In all our anguished conversations about Adam, his personality, his morals, his motives, we returned often to the moment I brought the hammer down on his head. For ease of reference, and to spare us too vivid a recall, we came to call it, “the deed.” […] The spirit of the deed took various forms. Its least frightening shape was that of a sensible, even heroic move to keep Miranda out of trouble and Mark in our lives. How were we to know that the material was already with the police?

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Miranda Blacke, Mark
Page Number: 307
Explanation and Analysis:

“My hope is that one day, what you did to Adam with a hammer will constitute a serious crime. Was it because you paid for him? Was that your entitlement?”

Related Characters: Alan Turing (speaker), Charlie Friend, Adam
Page Number: 329
Explanation and Analysis:

But for the moment, I remained in the corridor, in a daze, sitting on a bench, staring through an open door opposite, trying to understand what it was, what it meant, to be accused of an attempted murder for which I would never stand trial.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Alan Turing, Peter Gorringe, Miranda Blacke, Adam
Page Number: 331
Explanation and Analysis:
Get the entire Machines Like Me LitChart as a printable PDF.
Machines Like Me PDF

Charlie Friend Quotes in Machines Like Me

The Machines Like Me quotes below are all either spoken by Charlie Friend or refer to Charlie Friend. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Machines and Humans  Theme Icon
).
Chapter 1 Quotes

Before us sat the ultimate plaything, the dream of ages, the triumph of humanism—or its angel of death.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Adam
Page Number: 4
Explanation and Analysis:

It was eerie, to be standing by this naked man, struggling between what I knew and what I felt. I walked behind him, partly to be out of range of eyes that could open at any moment and find me looming over him. He was muscular around his neck and spine. Dark hair grew along the line of his shoulders. His buttocks displays muscular concavities. Below them, an athlete’s knotted calves. I hadn’t wanted a superman. I regretted once more that I’d been too late for an Eve.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Adam
Related Symbols: Eyes
Page Number: 9
Explanation and Analysis:

I felt the need, rather childish, to demonstrate that I was in charge. I said, “Adam, will you walk round the table a couple of times? I want to see how you move.”

“Sure.”

There was nothing mechanical about his gait. In the confines of the room he managed a long stride. When he’d been round twice he stood by his chair, waiting.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 31
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2 Quotes

Behind me, Adam was in place at the table, gazing towards the window. I finished and was drying my hands on a tea towel as I went over to him. Despite my sunny mood, I could not forgive his disloyalty. I didn’t want to hear what else he had to say. There were boundaries of ordinary decency he needed to learn—hardly a challenge for his neural networks. His heuristic shortcomings had encouraged my decision. When I had learned more, when Miranda had done her share, he could come back into our lives.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Adam
Page Number: 37-38
Explanation and Analysis:

There are some decisions, even moral ones, that are formed in regions below conscious thought. I found myself jogging towards the playground’s fence, stepping over it, taking three paces and putting a hand on the woman’s shoulder.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Mark
Page Number: 52-53
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 3 Quotes

Adam’s insights, even when valid, were socially inept.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Simon Syed, Adam, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 73
Explanation and Analysis:

I wanted to persuade myself that Adam felt nothing and could only imitate the motions of abandonment. That he could never know what we knew. But Alan Turing himself had often said and written in his youth that the moment we couldn’t tell the difference in behaviour between machine and person was when we must confer humanity on the machine. So when then night air suddenly penetrated by Miranda’s extended ecstatic scream that tapered to a moan and then a stifled sob […] I duly laid on Adam the privilege and obligations of a conspecific. I hated him.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Alan Turing, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 91
Explanation and Analysis:

[Adam] was supposed to be my moral superior. I would never meet anyone better. Had he been my friend, he would have been guilty of a cruel and terrible lapse. The problem was that I had bought him, he was my expensive possession and it was not clear what his obligations to me were, beyond a vaguely assumed helpfulness. What does the slave owe to the owner? Also, Miranda did not “belong” to me. This was clear. I could hear her tell me that I had no good cause to feel betrayed.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 95
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4 Quotes

“The issue isn’t Adam’s state of mind. It’s yours.”

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 101
Explanation and Analysis:

“Listen,” I said. “If he looks and sounds and behaves like a person, then as far as I’m concerned, that’s what he is. I made the same assumption about you. About everybody. We all do. You fucked him. I’m angry. I’m amazed you’re surprised. If that’s what you really are.”

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Adam
Page Number: 103
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark’s gaze never left Miranda’s face. He was entranced. Now she picked him up and cradled him as she danced around the room, singing “Hey diddle-diddle, the cat and the fiddle.” I wondered if Adam had the capacity to understand the joy of dance, of movement for its own sake, and whether Miranda was showing him a line he couldn’t cross. If so, she may have been wrong. Adam could imitate and respond to emotions and appear to take pleasure in reasoning. He might also have known something of the purposeless beauty of art.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Mark, Adam
Page Number: 119
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5 Quotes

“Nearly everything I’ve read in the world’s literature describes varieties of human failure—of understanding, of reason, of wisdom, of proper sympathies. Failure of cognition, honesty, kindness, self-awareness; superb depictions of murder, cruelty, greed, stupidity, self-delusion, above all, profound misunderstanding of others. Of course, goodness is on show too, and heroism, grace, wisdom, truth. […] But when the marriage of men and women to machines is complete, this literature will be redundant because we’ll understand each other too well. […] Connectivity will be such that individual nodes of the subjective will merge into an ocean of thought, of which our Internet is the crude precursor. As we come to inhabit each other’s minds, we’ll be incapable of deceit. […] Our literatures will lose their unwholesome nourishment. The lapidary haiku, the still, clear perception and celebration of thigs as they are, will be the only necessary form.”

Related Characters: Adam (speaker), Charlie Friend, Miranda Blacke
Related Symbols: Haikus
Page Number: 162
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 6 Quotes

When Miranda had finished her story, there was the silence, and then we had talked. After a while, I had turned to Adam. “Well?”

He took a few seconds, then he had said, “Very dark.”

A rape, a suicide, a wrongly kept secret—of course it was dark. I was in an emotional state and I didn’t ask him to explain. Now, lying next to Miranda as she slept, I wondered if he meant something more significant, the consequence of this thinking, if that was really what it…depends on definitions…That was when I too fell asleep.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Mariam, Peter Gorringe
Page Number: 179-180
Explanation and Analysis:

“But life, where we apply our intelligence, is an open system. Messy, full of tricks and feints and ambiguities and false friends.”

Related Characters: Alan Turing (speaker), Charlie Friend, Adam
Page Number: 192
Explanation and Analysis:

“Then, it seems, they go through a stage of expressing hopeful, idealistic notions that we find easy to dismiss. Rather like a short-lived youthful passion. And then they set about learning the lessons of despair we can’t help teaching them. At worst, they suffer a form of existential pain that becomes unbearable. At best, they or their succeeding generations will be driven by their anguish and astonishment to hold up a mirror to us. In it, we’ll see a familiar monster through the fresh eyes that we ourselves designed. We might be shocked into doing something ourselves. Who knows? I’ll keep hoping. I turned seventy this year. I won’t be here to see such a transformation if it comes. Perhaps you will.”

Related Characters: Alan Turing (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Charlie Friend, Adam
Page Number: 195-196
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 7 Quotes

Surely it’s no crime
when justice is symmetry
to love a criminal?

Related Characters: Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Peter Gorringe, Charlie Friend
Related Symbols: Haikus
Page Number: 203
Explanation and Analysis:

“I should get to work,” he said. “The Fed is likely to raise its rate today. There’ll be fun and games on the exchange markets.”

Fun and games was not an expression that either of us ever used. As Adam came by us to go into the bedroom, he stopped. “I have a suggestion. We talked of going to Salisbury, then we held back. I think we should visit your father, and while we’re there we could drop in on Mr. Gorringe. Why wait for him to come here and frighten us? Let’s go and frighten him. Or at least talk to him.”

We looked at Miranda.

She thought for a moment. “All right.”

Adam said, “Good,” and went on his way, while I felt it right there in my chest, the cool clutch of a cliché: my heart sank.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke (speaker), Peter Gorringe, Sally
Page Number: 207-208
Explanation and Analysis:

We stopped and he looked steadily into my eyes. “I want justice.”

“Fine. But why do you want to put Miranda through this?”

“It’s a matter of symmetry.”

I said, “She’ll be in harm’s way. We all will. This man is violent. He’s a criminal.”

He smiled. “She is too.”

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Mariam, Miranda Blacke, Peter Gorringe
Related Symbols: Eyes
Page Number: 229
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 8 Quotes

“A self, created out of mathematics, engineering, material science and all the rest. Out of nowhere. No history—not that I’d want a false one. Nothing before me. Self-aware existence. I’m lucky to have it, but there are times when I think that I ought to know better what to do with it. What it’s for. Sometimes it seems entirely pointless.”

Related Characters: Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Peter Gorringe, Maxfield Blacke, Charlie Friend
Page Number: 253-254
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9 Quotes

I made what I already knew was going to be my last appeal. “Please let’s remember Mariam. What Gorringe did to her, and where that led. Miranda had to lie to get justice. But truth isn’t always everything.”

Adam looked at me blankly. “That’s an extraordinary thing to say. Of course truth is everything.”

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam (speaker), Miranda Blacke, Peter Gorringe, Mariam
Page Number: 301
Explanation and Analysis:

I bought him and he was mine to destroy. I hesitated fractionally. A half-second longer and he would have caught my arm, for as the hammer came down he was already beginning to turn. He may have caught my reflection in Miranda’s eyes. It was. Two-handed blow at full force to the top of his head. The sound was not of hard plastic cracking or of metal, but the muffled thud as of bone. Miranda let out a cry of horror, and stood.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Miranda Blacke
Page Number: 301-302
Explanation and Analysis:

Then the pale blue eyes with their tiny black rods turned milky green, his hands curled by jerks into fists, and with a smooth humming sound, he lowered his head onto the table.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam
Related Symbols: Eyes
Page Number: 304
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 10 Quotes

In all our anguished conversations about Adam, his personality, his morals, his motives, we returned often to the moment I brought the hammer down on his head. For ease of reference, and to spare us too vivid a recall, we came to call it, “the deed.” […] The spirit of the deed took various forms. Its least frightening shape was that of a sensible, even heroic move to keep Miranda out of trouble and Mark in our lives. How were we to know that the material was already with the police?

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Adam, Miranda Blacke, Mark
Page Number: 307
Explanation and Analysis:

“My hope is that one day, what you did to Adam with a hammer will constitute a serious crime. Was it because you paid for him? Was that your entitlement?”

Related Characters: Alan Turing (speaker), Charlie Friend, Adam
Page Number: 329
Explanation and Analysis:

But for the moment, I remained in the corridor, in a daze, sitting on a bench, staring through an open door opposite, trying to understand what it was, what it meant, to be accused of an attempted murder for which I would never stand trial.

Related Characters: Charlie Friend (speaker), Alan Turing, Peter Gorringe, Miranda Blacke, Adam
Page Number: 331
Explanation and Analysis: