Another Country

by

James Baldwin

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Another Country: Book 2, Chapter 2 Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
Now in New York, Eric is thinking of the last time he saw Yves. They said goodbye to each other at a train station in Paris and promised they would see each other again soon. The last thing Yves said to Eric was, “‘You are all I have in this world.” After saying goodbye to Yves, Eric cried and asked himself why he was returning to New York.
Eric worries that, by moving back to New York, he is destroying the one meaningful relationship he has left in his life. Although Yves’s words are meant to reassure Eric, they only make him worry more about what he might be giving up.
Themes
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Upon returning to New York City, Eric found it strange. There is something both profoundly public and utterly isolating about the city. Even though Eric runs into people everywhere, he finds it hard to connect with anyone. Additionally, everyone—especially young people—seem to suffer from despair, though no one wants to admit it publicly. Eric wonders what happened to turn the city into such a place.
The isolation Eric feels in New York City is similar to what Rufus and Vivaldo describe. There are so many people packed into a single area that they do not have time to care about one another, giving the city a sense of emptiness despite its overwhelming population.
Themes
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Quotes
Four days after returning to New York, Eric visits Cass and Richard to have a celebratory drink. Before going to Cass’s apartment, Eric talks to her on the phone and tells her he missed her but not the city. He remarks on how ugly it has become, and Cass agrees. Eric also thanks Cass for writing to him about Rufus; he knows he would not have found out until he returned otherwise. Then, Cass invites Eric to come see Ida perform a few days later. Eric agrees to go; Rufus never introduced him to Ida, and he is eager to meet her and see Vivaldo, who will also be in attendance.
Seemingly, all of the major characters are in agreement about New York City’s decline. Although none of them can put their finger on exactly what happened, they all feel a sense of alienation toward their home. Now that Eric is in New York, all of the most important figures in Rufus’s life—except Leona—are gathered in one place. In part, it is Rufus’s death that has drawn them together.
Themes
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Eric shows up early to Richard and Cass’s apartment for drinks. He is the first one to arrive and the apartment is quiet. Richard is in his study and the children are at the park, giving Eric a chance to speak with Cass alone. Eric looks at Cass and sees signs of aging and sorrow in her face, as she offers him a drink.
Whenever anyone arrives at Richard and Cass’s apartment, they never seem to be together. Richard is always busy in another room while Cass plays host.
Themes
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While fixing Eric’s drink, Cass chats with him about his time in Paris. She notes that Eric looks much happier than the last time she saw him. Eric admits that is true, and says he enjoyed his time in Paris very much. Cass asks if he left because he became unhappy in Paris. Eric responds that he only returned because of the Broadway show. Cass inquires about his role in the show, and Eric assures her it is the best he has ever had. He also says that he does not plan to return to Paris, at least for some time.
Cass does not understand why Eric would choose to return to New York, given their agreement on its current state. Eric does not seem to know the answer to the question himself, though his return does look promising for his career. Like Vivaldo, Rufus, and Richard, Eric is an artist. Similar to Richard, he creates art that is popular among the masses.
Themes
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Eric contemplates telling Cass about Yves but decides against it. Instead, he admits that, although he is much happier, he is still unsure of what his future will look like. Cass assures him that he has a bright future ahead of him, so much so that she envies him. Eric is surprised anyone could ever find his life worthy of envy.
Eric still is unsure whether he wants Yves to come to New York. Although Eric previously worried that Yves might get sick of him, there seems to be an equal possibility that Eric gets sick of Yves if the distance proves too much.
Themes
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When Eric and Cass’s conversation starts to wane, Eric breaks the silence by asking what Rufus was like toward the end of his life. Cass tells him that she did not know Rufus well enough to know a lot of specifics. However, she knew he was unhappy. She also mentions Leona and the abuse she suffered at Rufus’s hands. Hearing about Leona sparks memories within Eric about how Rufus mistreated him. Eric asks if Leona liked to be mistreated. Cass tells him that Leona did not in any way encourage or bring on Rufus’s treatment of her. Rather, she loved him and always hoped he would get better.
When Eric asks questions about Leona, he is also asking questions about himself. He knows what it is like to be in a relationship with Rufus and, in retrospect, he wonders how anyone could take Rufus’s abuse day after day. Although Eric lasted a long time with Rufus, Leona lasted even longer, so much so that she lost her mind in the process. Eric realizes that he could have ended up like Leona if he did not go to Paris.
Themes
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Cass leads Eric to the living room and then goes to get Richard from his study. Richard excitedly greets Eric and gives him a big hug. Richard asks Eric about his time in France, and what he thinks of the French people. Eric answers Richard’s questions politely and wittily. However, in the middle of their conversation, Eric realizes he does not like Richard very much and only puts up with him because he is Cass’s husband. He wonders if he has always felt this way about Richard—and if Richard has always been this way—or if he has changed. He also wonders what Yves would think about Richard and Cass, and what Richard and Cass would think of Yves.
Here, Eric struggles to reconcile his old life with his new one. Because he has been away from New York for so long, it is difficult for him to tell if it is him that has changed, rather than his surroundings. Meanwhile, Richard, to his credit, does his best to welcome Eric into his home. Since the last time Eric saw Richard, both of them have achieved a similar type of success. They both create art to entertain the masses. Notably, neither of them is completely satisfied with their career despite their success.
Themes
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Quotes
Eric asks Richard about his writing career. Richard informs him that things are going well; he has a new book that he is working on, and there might be a Hollywood adaptation of the first one. Before they can talk any further, Paul and Michael enter the house. Michael is crying and his face is bloody, while Paul has bloody knuckles and a grim look on his face. Cass runs over to help Michael, while Richard asks Paul about what happened.
When talking to Eric, Richard does not reveal his dissatisfaction with his work as he does when he speaks to Vivaldo. This suggests that Richard does not feel as close to Eric and, therefore, does not feel the need to be as honest with him.
Themes
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Paul explains that he and Michael were walking home from the park when a couple African American boys ran up and assaulted them out of nowhere. Paul claims to have never seen the boys before and says he does not know why they attacked. Although Michael was helpless, Paul fought back as much as he could. After Paul gets his story out, he starts to cry. He does not understand why someone would choose to attack him and his brother for no reason.
Given Richard’s history of questionable racial remarks in the past, this new development will put his parenting skills to the test—and perhaps reveal how he truly feels about Black people. His children are frightened and hurt, and they do not understand why they were attacked. Although there is no obvious racial motivation, the topic of race sits under every interaction in the book. The question now is whether Richard will bring it to the surface in an unfortunate manner.
Themes
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Paul asks Richard if the boys attacked them because they were white. Richard explains that race has nothing to do with why they were attacked. Eric echoes his sentiment and tells the boys that people from every race do bad things, just as people from every race do good things. Richard changes the subject, asking Paul if he would recognize his attackers if he saw them again. Paul says that he would. Richard promises his son that he will do something about what happened.
To Richard’s credit, he provides his children with an answer without invoking race in a negative manner. His other remarks in the novel suggest that he still has some racial animosity lying beneath the surface, but his unwillingness to bring it up around his kids and Eric demonstrates that he knows such feelings are wrong. 
Themes
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Quotes
Richard and Cass step into a different room for a moment to argue about what to do next. Cass wants to take the boys to the doctor, even though Richard thinks it is unnecessary. Eventually, Richard gives in to his wife and tells Eric that they will have to celebrate a different night. He also says he wants to move out of the city because of what it has turned into.
When characters talk about what the city has turned into, they are in part talking about an increase in racial diversity (whether they consciously realize it or not). The city saw an influx of Black residents throughout the first half of the 20th century because Black people were trying to escape the South’s racist Jim Crow laws.  
Themes
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Cass hears Richard mention moving, which sparks another argument. She claims that Richard wants to move to live among writers, which she has no interest in doing. In response, Richard mockingly says she should go find someone like Vivaldo to be with instead. He thinks Cass does not like him as much as she used to because he sold out to write a popular book, rather than continue to live life as a struggling artist.
This is the first intimation in the novel that Richard is secretly jealous of Vivaldo even though Vivaldo has no published works to his name. Richard apparently knows that Cass thinks Vivaldo is a better writer than him, and it has caused a rift in their marriage.
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After their argument wraps up, Richard apologizes to Eric for their conduct. Eric tells him it is no problem. He shakes hands with Richard and Cass, then he leaves the apartment. Once again on his own, Eric walks uptown to the jazz club where Ida will be performing. When he arrives, he feels unprepared to see Vivaldo and Ida. At the moment, he feels unprepared to talk to anyone else, and he wonders why he decided to come in the first place. To make matters worse, he feels out of place because he is dressed like he is from France.
The city that Eric once called home continues to alienate him. Unlike Richard, Eric’s feelings have little to do with the city’s changing racial demographics because he has not been gone long enough for them to change much. Additionally, Eric still cannot tell if it is him who has changed or if it is his environment. Eric sticks out in the jazz club even more than he already would because he looks European.
Themes
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Eric sees Vivaldo and Ida walk into the jazz club. At first, Eric does not say anything; he merely watches them. He notices Vivaldo seems more confident than he used to be. After a few minutes, Vivaldo makes eye contact with Eric and runs over to greet him. Vivaldo tells Eric that he is surprised he decided to come back. Then, he introduces Eric to Ida. Ida takes them to a table in the back and explains that she is going to go on stage and sing soon.
Even though Eric is supposed to be meeting Vivaldo and Ida, he is so unsure of himself that he doesn’t say hello right away. In part, he is perhaps offput by the presence of Ida because she is Rufus’s sister. Although Eric does not blame Ida for her brother’s behavior, she is still a reminder of the past, which Eric desperately wants to escape.
Themes
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Vivaldo asks Eric why Richard and Cass did not join him. Eric lies and says that one of the kids are sick. Internally, he kicks himself for lying. He did not want to bring up race in front of Ida, which in retrospect he thinks is patronizing. After settling in, Vivaldo, Eric, and Ida listen to the music. The band’s first few attempts are not great, although the audience remains enthusiastic. Then, they invite Ida up on stage to sing with them.
In attempting to save Ida’s feelings, Eric realizes he is treating her differently than he would treat a white person. He recognizes this as a form of bias within himself and regrets acting in such a manner. Later, he will try to overcorrect this mistake, which only makes the situation worse. Back in New York, race is constantly on Eric’s mind in a way that it was not while he was in France.
Themes
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Ida gets up in front of the crowd and gives a strong performance. The crowd recognizes her as Rufus’s sister and gets excited. As she performs, Eric thinks that, although she is not a trained singer, there is something raw and powerful in her voice that is deeply moving. After her first song, the audience gives her a big round of applause. Ida moves into her second number, which is stronger than the first. Under his breath, Vivaldo states that he is impressed and can tell Ida has been working hard.
When Ida appears on stage, it becomes clear for the first time in the novel that Rufus was a beloved figure in the jazz community. Evidently, musical talent runs in the family, as Ida is a natural talent like her brother. Just like the musicians Rufus played with, Ida’s musical power comes from the sorrow and rage she feels at the world around her.
Themes
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High Art vs. Low Art Theme Icon
Ida gets off stage and returns to Vivaldo and Eric. Both men complement the performance and note that Ida is immensely talented. Ida says that she knows she is not a great performer yet, but she plans to be one day. Briefly, the conversation turns to the subject of Rufus, as Eric tells Ida he is sorry for her loss. Ida appreciates the sentiment and then says that Rufus was too nice for the world, and the world beat him down because of it.
Jazz exists in an uneasy place in the novel’s conversation about high and low forms of art. Although it is not performed by upper-class people (generally speaking), the white and upper-class characters in the novel still respect it.
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Moments later, Steve Ellis comes up and says hello to the table. He explains that he came to see Ida perform. He also chastises Vivaldo for not reaching out to him. In response, Vivaldo moodily says he does not think he has a future in television. Ellis merely shakes his head and tells Ida to do her best to change Vivaldo’s mind. Meanwhile, Eric can sense that there is something negative in the air between his three companions.
Ellis’s reappearance does not bode well for Ida and Vivaldo’s relationship. He was the cause of their first fight and, if Eric’s feeling is correct, it looks like he is going to cause another fight. However, this time, Ellis’s words feel less empty because he has actually seen Ida perform.
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Ida introduces Eric to Ellis, who already recognizes Eric’s name because he knows about the upcoming play. After introductions are made, Ellis invites Ida to go have a drink with him elsewhere. He has no desire to stay in the jazz club, which he describes as a “inferno.” The group agrees to go talk elsewhere.
Although Vivaldo might hate Ellis, he is clearly competent in his field. He is well-connected enough to know about Eric’s role in an upcoming play even though he is not personally involved in theatrical productions.
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Before they depart, Ellis asks why Cass and Richard did not come out to the performance. Determined to tell the truth this time, Eric says that the children got hurt in the park because, “some colored kids beat them up.” Immediately, he regrets his choice of language because he feels Ida grow cold toward him. She asks if the reason for the fight was race-related. Eric says he thinks it must be. Ida responds that Matthew and Paul must have done something to the other boys first. Not wanting to start a fight, Eric agrees with her and lets the matter drop.
Here, Eric tries to overcorrect for his earlier comment and makes the situation worse. Rather than avoiding the subject of race altogether, he puts it front and center and makes it sound as if the assailants’ skin color had something to do with why they assaulted Matthew and Paul. Understandably, Ida distances herself from Eric because he seems to have outed himself as a racist.
Themes
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Ellis, Eric, Ida, and Vivaldo walk together in silence to their next destination. To break the silence, Eric tries to start a conversation with Ellis. However, as soon as he starts talking, Ida and Vivaldo begin fighting with each other. Ida is angry because she thinks Vivaldo is acting jealous again. In her rage, she says, “I’ll never understand white people, never, never, never!”, which only makes Vivaldo angrier. He does not like that Ida invokes race to explain his behavior, so he does the same to her in return.
Ida and Vivaldo’s argument is typical of the arguments they will have for the rest of the novel. Ida makes a generalization about white people. Rather than focus on why Ida is hurt, Vivaldo gets caught up fighting with her about the generalization. He feels Ida is projecting the sins of all white people on to him, while she feels that he fundamentally does not understand what it is like to be Black in America.
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As Ida and Vivaldo continue to yell at each other, Eric tries to drown them out by asking Ellis about television. Eric finds Ellis boring but prefers listening to him over Ida and Vivaldo’s arguing. Eric also tells Ellis a bit about Paris and how he spent his time abroad. As they talk, the group walks by two openly gay men. Ida says that she feels bad for them—speaking about gay men in general—because of how others treat them. Eric stays quiet, while Vivaldo tries to pick another fight.
Eric hangs back with Ellis to try to escape Ida and Vivaldo’s fight, though his effort is largely unsuccessful because Ida and Vivaldo do not care who hears what they are saying. Ida’s comment about the gay men who she walks by seems to be an olive branch to Eric, perhaps because Vivaldo told her he is gay, and she wants to indirectly show her support.
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As soon as they arrive at the bar, Ellis immediately starts talking business. He tells Ida that she has a bright future but needs a lot of work. He suggests that she regularly come by his office to work with him, assuming Vivaldo does not object. Vivaldo admits to Ellis that he does not like him but also does not plan to stand in Ida’s way. Ellis thanks Vivaldo for his honesty, tells the server that drinks are on him, and then heads home.
Although Vivaldo does not like Ellis, he knows he has no right to stand in the way of a great career opportunity for Ida. After all, Ida and her family are not wealthy, and it would be cruel of Vivaldo to deny her the opportunity. However, if Ida accepts Ellis’s offer, that means the problem of Ellis will stick around in their relationship.
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Vivaldo steps aside to call Cass, leaving Eric and Ida alone. Ida asks Eric about his relationship with Rufus. Eric says that he cared for Rufus very much, though their relationship was difficult. Rufus was always focused on his music, and, as a young man, Eric did not always understand. Eric does not mention any of the abuse he suffered from Rufus.
Ida’s questioning suggests that she knows the nature of Rufus and Eric’s relationship, though it is unclear whether she knows her brother abused Eric. For his part, Eric is not eager to share; not only does he not know Ida well, but he also doesn’t see what good it would do to bring up Rufus’s dark side.
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Quotes
Ida says that people often wanted more from Rufus than he was able to give. She brings up Leona and once again insults her, calling her a “little whore of a nymphomaniac” and a “filthy white slut.” Eric assures Ida that his relationship with Rufus was nothing like that at all. Ida tells Eric not to worry—she did not assume anything like that of him and wants to be his friend.
The way Ida speaks of Leona is perhaps her least likeable characteristic. She seems to assume Leona was the problem in the relationship because she was white, and Ida has no desire to think of her brother’s culpability. Of course, Vivaldo knows what really happened, and Eric likely has an idea given his own past experiences.
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Vivaldo returns to the table and assures Eric and Ida that everything is alright with Cass, Richard, and the kids. Then, Vivaldo says he thinks he should go home. Ida is annoyed that he wants to leave so early but does as he suggests. Vivaldo apologizes to Eric for what the night has turned into. However, he empathically promises Eric that they are still friends, and that he wants to get together soon. Eric says he will take him up on his promise and says goodbye.
Both of the couples Eric was supposed to spend the night with (Cass and Richard; Vivaldo and Ida) ended up fighting rather than keeping him company. Although Eric tries to downplay both situations, both only increase his sense of alienation. He left New York because of a difficult relationship, and he has returned to find his friends in troubled relationships.
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