Kumiss Symbol Analysis

In Tolstoy’s story, the beverage named kumiss is used to represent an appreciation of life’s pleasures, in contrast with a constant striving for more. Kumiss is mildly alcoholic and holds much cultural significance. Consumed during certain times of the year and during celebrations, the Bashkirs consider kumiss, made from the milk of mares, to be a magical cure-all, and they eagerly offer some to Pakhom upon his arrival in a gesture of friendship and good will. Upon observing the Bakshirs, however, Pakhom notes that “all the men seemed concerned with was drinking kumiss and tea, eating mutton and playing their pipes.” The Bashkirs lack Pakhom’s greedy ambition, and in fact don’t seem compelled to work their land at all; on the contrary, they are content to enjoy the simple things in life—such as kumiss, music, and the company of neighbors. After Pakhom negotiates the land deal with the elder Bashkir, he offers Pakhom more kumiss, tea, and mutton, which they which they happily consume together, suggesting a celebratory atmosphere following their agreement. In the morning before Pakhom’s walk, the Bashkirs offer him yet more kumiss, but this time he declines. He is eager to start walking—and, it follows, to secure his land. This last offer of kumiss represents a test of sorts, a final chance for Pakhom to savor the pleasures of the world in front of him rather than reject them in favor of the promise of wealth. Pakhom’s rejection of the kumiss foretells his failure, and he dies as he circumnavigates the Bashkirs’ land.