The Remains of the Day
by Kazuo Ishiguro
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Themes and Colors
Dignity and Greatness  Theme Icon
History, Retrospection and Regret Theme Icon
Class Difference and Social Change Theme Icon
Politics and Loyalty  Theme Icon
Authenticity, Performance, and Self-Deception Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Remains of the Day, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Politics and Loyalty  Theme Icon
Politics and Loyalty  Theme Icon

The Remains of the Day is a deeply personal account of Stevens’s life that is staged alongside the histories of Great Britain and Europe in the years preceding and following World War II. Just as Stevens sometimes recalls his personal memories incorrectly to preserve a narrative to which he is attached, his staunch loyalty to Lord Darlington reveals a disjuncture between Stevens’s own characterization of certain political events and how those events appear to anyone who knows the broader political history of the time.

From the beginning, Stevens acknowledges that the reputation of Lord Darlington has suffered—if not been destroyed—following the war. It slowly becomes clear that Lord Darlington spent much of the 1930s attempting to promote cooperation and good feeling between England and Germany under the Nazis. From Stevens’s account, this attempt was entirely benign, evidence of Lord Darlington’s character as a gentleman who truly believed that polite conversation over dinner could solve any disagreement. Yet Lord Darlington’s assurances that Nazi atrocities were a “misunderstanding” are at best naïve and at worst actively harmful, and Stevens’s insistence that Lord Darlington was never anti-Semitic—while still recounting Darlington’s explicitly anti-Semitic comments and acts—comes to seem similarly troubling. Because he is so loyal to Lord Darlington, Stevens himself contributes to this norm by firing two Jewish maids under his employer’s orders. While he’s uncomfortable with this action, he never questions whether or not he should follow the order, and he’s shocked that Miss Kenton would think of disobeying on moral grounds. One’s own beliefs and opinions, he thinks, should never get away from the only ethical requirement he finds worth following: that of fidelity.

There is a parallel between the personal and the political that is constructed throughout the book, in the argument that it is always easier to understand the truth in retrospect rather than in the process of living. But there is also an unmistakable difference between Stevens’s misunderstandings, and the choices that the wealthy aristocrats around Lord Darlington made (whether actively malicious or simply misguided)—a difference that turns on the power that these men continued to wield at a perilous time in British politics. Only gradually does Stevens begin to wonder if the fierce loyalty he showed to Darlington was correct. At the same time, Stevens is rather quick to forgive Lord Darlington for his own political choices. Even if Darlington chose a certain political path of collaboration with true evil, Stevens ends up blaming himself, not necessarily for helping Darlington do so, but for failing to make his own decisions and his own mistakes. It’s unquestioned loyalty more than politics that Stevens begins only belatedly to question—and only fleetingly, as he almost immediately returns to thoughts of how to be loyal to his new boss, Mr. Farraday.

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Politics and Loyalty Quotes in The Remains of the Day

Below you will find the important quotes in The Remains of the Day related to the theme of Politics and Loyalty .

Prologue: July 1956 Quotes

It is quite possible, then, that my employer fully expects me to respond to his bantering in a like manner, and considers my failure to do so a form of negligence. This is, as I say, a matter which has given me much concern.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Mr. John Farraday
Related Symbols: Banter
Page Number and Citation: 16
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens is attempting to describe his relatively new American employer Mr. Farraday, and to explain how he differs from Stevens’s former employer, Lord Darlington. Mr. Farraday is far more informal and far less interested in keeping up a certain social distance—one based on inevitable difference of class and status—between himself and his butler. Instead, he jokes and seems at ease with Stevens, who responds with confusion rather than relief. Part of the humor of this passage lies in the way in which Stevens treats banter—something that’s meant to be easy and natural—as a difficult professional task to be mastered. Stevens Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necess

Day Two: Morning Quotes

But now that I think further about it, I am not sure Miss Kenton spoke quite so boldly that day. […] I am not sure she could actually have gone so far as to say things like: “these errors may be trivial in themselves, but you must yourself realize their larger significance.” In fact, now that I come to think of it, I have a feeling it may have been Lord Darlington himself who made that particular remark to me that time he called me into his study some two months after that exchange with Miss Kenton outside the billiard room.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Miss Kenton (Mrs. Benn), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 60
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens has been relating a series of anecdotes about clashing with Miss Kenton, mostly on the subject of his father’s declining powers. He has concluded by quoting Miss Kenton as claiming that Stevens senior’s “trivial” errors add up, altogether, to something more significant. But here, for the first time, Stevens acknowledges that his memory may well be slightly flawed—that it may not have been Miss Kenton at all who said such a thing, but his own employer. On one hand, this admission underlines the limitations of the first person: Stevens controls the narrative, and what seems to be frank confession Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. M

“He is an amateur and international affairs today are no longer for gentleman amateurs. The sooner you here in Europe realize that the better. All you decent, well-meaning gentlemen, let me ask you, have you any idea what sort of place the world is becoming all around you? The days when you could act out of your noble instincts are over. Except of course, you here in Europe don’t yet seem to know it.”

Related Characters: Mr. Lewis (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 102
Explanation and Analysis:
It’s the end of the unofficial international conference that Lord Darlington has organized with Sir Cardinal in March 1923, and M. Dupont—who, earlier, seemed like he was in cahoots with the American senator, Mr. Lewis—has openly condemned Mr. Lewis’s attempts to sway him. In response, Mr. Lewis stands up and presents a toast that belittles Lord Darlington’s attempts to deal in international politics. By calling Darlington an amateur, unlike the professional politicians in America, Lewis promotes a different definition of professionalism than Stevens’s definition: for Lewis, a professional is not someone who acts with a certain level of dignity, but Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium es

Day Two: Afternoon Quotes

To us, then, the world was a wheel, revolving with these great houses at the hub, their mighty decisions emanating out to all else, rich and poor, who revolved around them. It was the aspiration of all those of us with professional ambition to work out way as close to this hub as we were each of us capable. For we were, as I say, an idealistic generation for whom the question was not simply one of how well one practiced one’s skills, but to what end one did so; each of us harboured the desire to make our own small contribution to the creation of a better world, and saw that, as professionals, the surest means of doing so would be to serve the great gentlemen of our times in whose hands civilization had been entrusted.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker)
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 116
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens compares two different conceptions of the world, one of his father’s generation and one that he and other butlers in his generation espouse. The earlier generation thought of the world as a ladder which one should climb to ever greater professional success, while men of his age, Stevens argues, were more idealistic in their conception of society as a wheel. Idealism, though, is described in a perhaps unusual way. Stevens’s desire to contribute to “the creation of a better world” is, indeed, idealistic, putting progress at the heart of his life and his profession. But Stevens doesn’t think that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit.

Let me say that Lord Darlington was a gentleman of great moral stature—a stature to dwarf most of the persons you will find talking this sort of nonsense about him—and I will readily vouch that he remained that to the last. Nothing could be less accurate than to suggest that I regret my association with such a gentleman. Indeed, you will appreciate that to have served his lordship at Darlington Hall during those years was to come as close to the hub of this world’s wheel as one such as I could ever have dreamt.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 126
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens has been forced to reckon with the fact that he’s now twice, though without quite meaning to, sought to hide the fact that he used to work for Lord Darlington. In seeking to explain why, he argues that such a response simply allows him to avoid hearing the “nonsense” that’s now being said about his former employer. Here as elsewhere in his narrative, Stevens mounts a forthright defense of Lord Darlington, arguing not that he was misguided—as he will come to admit, even if only obliquely later on—but that he was actually a towering moral figure. By referring once Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. N

Day Three: Morning Quotes

I had been rather pleased with my witticism when it had first come into my head, and I must confess I was slightly disappointed it had not been better received than it was. I was particularly disappointed, I suppose, because I have been devoting some time and effort over recent months to improving my skill in this very area. That is to say, I have been endeavouring to add this skill to my professional armoury so as to fulfil with confidence all Mr. Farraday’s expectations with respect to bantering.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Mr. John Farraday
Related Symbols: Banter
Page Number and Citation: 130
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens has tried out a pun on the other guests at the inn where he is staying, and although they seem friendly, the witticism has fallen somewhat flat. Here Stevens returns to the question of banter, a “skill” that he’s been trying to work on in order to best serve Mr. Farraday, his new employer. Once again, there’s a comic element here, at the expense of Stevens himself, in his eagerness to consider even something like banter, like casual conversation, only in terms of professional requirements. This passage also underlines how out of place Stevens is in general outside the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit.

And then again, you will hear these same persons talking as though Lord Darlington did something unusual in receiving hospitality from the Nazis on the several trips he made to Germany during those years. […] The fact is, the most established, respected ladies and gentleman were availing themselves of the hospitality of the German leaders, and I can vouch at first hand that the great majority of these persons were returning with nothing but praise and admiration for their hosts. Anyone who implies that Lord Darlington was liaising covertly with a known enemy is just conveniently forgetting the true climate of those times.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 136-137
Explanation and Analysis:
This is the first time Stevens says anything specific regarding the reasons why Lord Darlington’s reputation has been ruined since the end of the war. He introduces it, though, defensively, beginning by making an explicit comparison between Lord Darlington’s behavior and that of all the aristocratic gentlemen and their families of the time. Stevens seems to recognize that any association with the Nazis will sound damning to a postwar public, so he’ll need to make Lord Darlington’s past seem as palatable as possible in order to justify his own loyalty to and respect for his former employer. The irony of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debit

Day Three: Evening Quotes

“Does it not occur to you, Mr. Stevens, that to dismiss Ruth and Sarah on these grounds would be simply—wrong? I will not stand for such things. I will not work in a house in which such things can occur.”
“Miss Kenton, I will ask you not to excite yourself and to conduct yourself in a manner befitting your position. This is a very straightforward matter. If his lordship wishes these particular contracts to be discontinued, then there is little more to be said.”

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Miss Kenton (Mrs. Benn) (speaker), Ruth and Sarah
Page Number and Citation: 149
Explanation and Analysis:
In this exchange, Stevens is relaying to Miss Kenton the orders he’s received from Lord Darlington to dismiss two housemaids, Ruth and Sarah, based on the fact that they’re Jewish. Darlington has, according to Stevens, fallen under the sway of Mrs. Barnet, a fiercely anti-Semitic woman associated with a fascist organization in Britain, the “blackshirts.” The exchange underlines the different priorities and viewpoints held by Stevens and Miss Kenton regarding the relationship between duty, professionalism, and one’s own actions. She immediately objects to the dismissals by recurring to her moral sense, expressing shock and dismay that such decisions could be Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint ape

There is, after all, a real limit to how much ordinary people can learn and know, and to demand that each and every one of them contribute “strong opinions” to the great debates of the day cannot, surely, be wise. It is, I any case, absurd that anyone should presume to define a person’s “dignity” in these terms.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 194
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens is reflecting on the conversation he’s had earlier this evening with Mr. Harry Smith and a number of other villagers in Moscombe, in which the question of dignity came up. Mr. Smith argued that every free citizen in England has proper dignity, and expresses it by involving him- or herself in the political life of the nation. His is a deeply democratic view—one that cuts against the assumptions of someone like Lord Darlington, who was always suspicious of democracy and preferred the idea of a few privileged figures directing the affairs of the masses. Stevens has internalized such views, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque

Throughout the years I served him, it was he and he alone who weighed up evidence and judged it best to proceed in the way he did, while I simply confined myself, quite properly, to affairs within my own professional realm. And as far as I am concerned, I carried out my duties to the best of my abilities, indeed to a standard which many may consider “first rate.” It is hardly my fault if his lordship’s life and work have turned out today to look, at best, a sad waste—and it is quite illogical that I should feel any regret or shame on my own account.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 201
Explanation and Analysis:
As Stevens continues to reflect on Lord Darlington’s decisions and actions throughout the 1920s and 1930s, and his own involvement in them, he relates those recollections to his own belief in duty, dignity, and professionalism. For him, these duties involve internalizing and expressing the viewpoints of his employer to the utmost degree. Part of his professional position, to him, involves lacking any strong opinions of his own—rather, doing everything he can so that his employer’s opinions can reach the widest audience possible. Nonetheless, this is the strongest language Stevens has yet used in characterizing how Darlington’s actions now seem, no Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas.

Day Four: Afternoon Quotes

I remember this American chap, even drunker than I am now, he got up at the dinner table in front of the whole company. And he pointed at his lordship and called him an amateur. Called him a bungling amateur and said he was out of his depth. Well, I have to say, Stevens, that American chap was quite right. It’s a fact of life. Today’s world is too foul a place for fine and noble instincts.

Related Characters: Mr. Reginald Cardinal (speaker), Mr. Stevens, Lord Darlington
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 224
Explanation and Analysis:
Mr. Cardinal has paid an impromptu visit to Lord Darlington, who is about to host Lord Halifax and Herr Ribbentrop, in an attempt to promote a visit by the British Prime Minister to Nazi Germany. Frustrated and upset, Mr. Cardinal begins to drink too much, and speaks to Stevens, recalling the conference from March 1923 when Mr. Lewis made a drunken speech of his own. At the time, the senator’s speech was openly condemned by the crowd. Now, though, midway through the 1930s, Mr. Cardinal recognizes that Lord Darlington is being manipulated by the Nazis, that he’s their “pawn,” as Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. P

Day Six: Evening Quotes

“Lord Darlington wasn’t a bad man. He wasn’t a bad man at all. And at least he had the privilege of being able to say at the end of his life that he made his own mistakes. His lordship was a courageous man. He chose a certain path in life, it proved to be a misguided one, but there, he chose it, he can say that at least. As for myself, I cannot even claim that. You see, I trusted. I trusted in his lordship’s wisdom. All those years I served him, I trusted I was doing something worthwhile. I can’t even say I made my own mistakes. Really—one has to ask oneself—what dignity is there in that?”

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker), Lord Darlington
Page Number and Citation: 243
Explanation and Analysis:
In a very uncharacteristic manner, Stevens is expressing personal thoughts and concerns—and not just to anyone but to an utter stranger on the pier at Weymouth. For almost the first time, Stevens bespeaks here a level of self-awareness, honesty, and regret for his past actions. Rather than continuing to insist that he shouldn’t have regrets, that he couldn’t possibly have acted differently, he criticizes himself for having trusted absolutely and followed blindly in another person’s wake. His regrets, fundamentally, are about his inability to call even his regrets his own. At the same time, though, Stevens refuses to give up Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum

After all, what can we ever gain in forever looking back and blaming ourselves if our lives have not turned out quite as we might have wished? The hard reality is, surely, that for the likes of you and I, there is little choice other than to leave our fate, ultimately, in the hands of those great gentlemen at the hub of this world who employ our services.

Related Characters: Mr. Stevens (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 244
Explanation and Analysis:
Stevens has just finished relating a final anecdote, a discussion he had with a stranger who happened to sit next to him on a bench at the Weymouth pier. Uncharacteristically, Stevens began to confess personal details to the man, even admitting that while Lord Darlington’s mistakes were his own, he can’t even claim that he made his own mistakes or can have his own regrets. Here, he ostensibly reflects on the advice that the man gave him; but his conclusions seem somewhat different from what the man actually said, which was that one must keep looking forward rather backward, especially Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam