The Vendor of Sweets

by R. K. Narayan

Jagan Character Analysis

The novel’s protagonist, Jagan, is a timid, devout Hindu man in his late 50s who owns a sweet shop in southern India in the 1960s. As a young man, Jagan entered into an arranged marriage with Ambika, and they eventually had a son, Mali. Jagan was also heavily involved with India’s independence movement in his youth. In the present, Ambika has been deceased for about 10 years and Mali is a 20-year-old college student, while Jagan is focused on his faith and his beliefs about healthy eating (he has even written a book on the subject). Jagan and Mali have struggled to connect since Ambika’s death, mostly because Jagan fears offending Mali or making their relationship worse. Most of what Jagan knows about Mali he learns from the cousin, who acts as a go-between for father and son. Jagan is conflicted about how to react when Mali drops out of college to write, steals money to go to the U.S., and returns several years later to start a business manufacturing story-writing machines. Jagan believes that Mali has been inappropriately influenced by American and British cultural ideals, and it disturbs him that Mali seems not to value Indian culture and the independent Indian nation that Jagan fought so hard for. But rather than talk to Mali directly—or refuse outright to invest in Mali’s business venture—Jagan continues to communicate through the cousin and tries to immerse himself more deeply in his faith. Ultimately, just as Mali is arrested for alcohol possession, Jagan decides to go on a religious retreat. He leaves money for Mali’s bail but otherwise he fully disconnects from his family.

Jagan Quotes in The Vendor of Sweets

The The Vendor of Sweets quotes below are all either spoken by Jagan or refer to Jagan. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Communication vs. Fear Theme Icon
).

Chapter 1 Quotes

“Conquer taste, and you will have conquered the self,” said Jagan to his listener, who asked, “Why conquer the self?” Jagan said, “I do not know, but all our sages advise us so.”

Related Characters: The Cousin (speaker), Jagan (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 7
Explanation and Analysis:

As long as the frying and sizzling noise in the kitchen continued and the trays passed, Jagan noticed nothing, his gaze unflinchingly fixed on the Sanskrit lines in a red-bound copy of the Bhagavad Gita, but if there was the slightest pause in the sizzling, he cried out, without lifting his eyes from the sacred text, “What is happening?”

Related Characters: Jagan (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 12
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 2 Quotes

Everything in this house had the sanctity of usage, which was the reason why no improvement was possible.

Related Characters: Jagan, Mali
Page Number and Citation: 19
Explanation and Analysis:

Jagan found his son’s attraction to aspirin ominous. He merely replied, “I’ll get you better things to eat than this pill. Forget it, you understand?”

Related Characters: Jagan (speaker), Ambika, Mali
Related Symbols: Story-Writing Machines
Page Number and Citation: 22  
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 3 Quotes

“Writer” meant in Jagan’s dictionary only one thing—a “clerk”—an Anglo-Indian, colonial term since the days when Macaulay had devised a system of education to provide a constant supply of clerical staff for the East India Company. Jagan felt ghast. Here he was trying to shape the boy into an aristocrat with a bicycle, college life, striped shirts, and everything, and he wanted to be a “writer”! Strange!

Related Characters: The Cousin, Mali, Jagan
Page Number and Citation: 28–29
Explanation and Analysis:

Even with the passage of time, Jagan never got over the memory of that moment. The coarse, raw pain he had felt at the sight of Mali on that fateful day remained petrified in some vital centre of his being. From that day, the barrier had come into being. The boy had ceased to speak to him normally.

Related Characters: Jagan, Mali, Ambika
Page Number and Citation: 38
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 4 Quotes

“I hate to upset him, that’s all. I have never upset him in all my life.”

“That means you have carried things to the point where you cannot speak to him at all.”

Related Characters: The Cousin (speaker), Jagan (speaker), Mali, Ambika
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:

“Did Valmiki go to America or Germany in order to write his Ramayana?” asked Jagan with pugnacity. “Strange notions these boys get nowadays!”

Related Characters: Jagan (speaker), The Cousin, Mali
Page Number and Citation: 47
Explanation and Analysis:

“They eat only beef and pork in that country. I used to know a man from America, and he told me . . .”

“They also take a lot of intoxicating drinks, never water or milk,” said the cousin, contributing his own bit of information.

Related Characters: Jagan (speaker), The Cousin (speaker), Mali
Page Number and Citation: 48
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 5 Quotes

Gradually his reading of the Bhagavad Gita was replaced by the blue airmail letters.

Related Characters: Grace, Jagan, Mali
Page Number and Citation: 56
Explanation and Analysis:

The only letter Jagan rigorously suppressed was the one in which Mali had written, after three years’ experience of America, “I’ve taken to eating beef; and I don’t think I’m any the worse for it. Steak is something quite tasty and juicy. Now I want to suggest why not you people start eating beef? It’ll solve the problem of useless cattle in our country and we won’t have to beg food from America. I sometimes feel ashamed when India asks for American aid. Instead of that, why not slaughter useless cows which wander in the streets and block traffic?”

Related Characters: Mali (speaker), Jagan
Page Number and Citation: 57–58
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 6 Quotes

“You are not one who knows how to make money. If you were unscrupulous, you could have built many mansions, who knows?”

“And what would one do with many mansions?”

Related Characters: Jagan (speaker), The Cousin (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 72
Explanation and Analysis:

Jagan asked, “Do you want to use this for writing stories?”

“Yes, I am also going to manufacture and sell it in this country. An American company is offering to collaborate. In course of time, every home in the country will possess one and we will produce more stories than any other nation in the world. Right now we are a little backward. Except Ramayana and Mahabharata, those old stories, there is no modern writing, whereas in America alone every publishing season ten thousand books are published.”

Related Characters: Mali (speaker), Jagan (speaker)
Related Symbols: Story-Writing Machines
Page Number and Citation: 80
Explanation and Analysis:

Prayer was a sound way of isolating oneself—but sooner or later it ended: one could not go on praying eternally, though one ought to.

Related Characters: Jagan, Grace, Mali
Related Symbols: Story-Writing Machines
Page Number and Citation: 85
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 7 Quotes

“Do you make your images there?”

At this, the man burst into a big laugh and said, “Did I not tell you what I do now? I make hair dyes. I can make the whitest hair look black.”

Related Characters: Jagan (speaker), The Bearded Man (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 110–111
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 8 Quotes

He went on talking and Jagan listened agape as if a new world had flashed into view. He suddenly realized how narrow his whole existence had been—between the Lawley Statue and the frying shop[.]

Related Characters: Jagan, Mali, The Bearded Man
Page Number and Citation: 117
Explanation and Analysis:

“It would be the most accredited procedure according to our scriptures—husband and wife must vanish into the forest at some stage in their lives, leaving the affairs of the world to younger people.”

Related Characters: The Bearded Man (speaker), Jagan, Mali
Page Number and Citation: 123
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 9 Quotes

“If she has nothing to do here, she goes back, that’s all. Her air ticket must be bought immediately.”

“But a wife must be with her husband, whatever happens.”

“That was in your day,” said Mali, and left the room.

Related Characters: Mali (speaker), Jagan (speaker), Grace
Related Symbols: Story-Writing Machines
Page Number and Citation: 131
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 10 Quotes

“Mo has no more use for me.”

“Use or no use, my wife—well, you know, I looked after her all her life.”

Related Characters: Grace (speaker), Jagan (speaker), Mali, Ambika
Page Number and Citation: 139
Explanation and Analysis:

“Our young men live in a different world from ours and we must not let ourselves be upset too much by certain things they do.”

Related Characters: The Cousin (speaker), Grace, Jagan, Mali
Page Number and Citation: 141
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 11 Quotes

“Grace has been getting funny notions, that’s why I told you to pack her off, but you grudged the expenditure,” said Mali.

Related Characters: Jagan (speaker), Mali (speaker), Grace
Page Number and Citation: 151
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 12 Quotes

Jagan, as became a junior, was careful not to show too much personal interest in his marriage, but he was anxious to know what was going on.

Related Characters: Ambika, Jagan, Grace, Mali
Page Number and Citation: 162
Explanation and Analysis:

They sent out three thousand invitations. […] Jagan’s whole time was spent in greeting the guests or prostrating himself at their feet as if they were older relatives. The priests compelled him to sit before the holy fire performing complicated rites and reciting sacred mantras; his consolation was that during most of these he had to be clasping his wife’s hand; he felt enormously responsible as he glanced at the sacred thali he had knotted around her neck at the most auspicious moment of the ceremonies.

Related Characters: Ambika, Jagan, Mali, Grace
Page Number and Citation: 165–166
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 13 Quotes

“That’s why I discouraged his idea of buying that horrible green car!” He vented his rage against the green automobile until the cousin interrupted, “A bottle could be sneaked in anywhere . . .”

“You don’t understand. It’s the motor car that creates all sorts of notions in a young fellow,” said Jagan[.]

Related Characters: The Cousin (speaker), Jagan (speaker), Mali
Related Symbols: Green Car
Page Number and Citation: 184
Explanation and Analysis:

“If you meet her, tell her that if she ever wants to go back to her country, I will buy her a ticket. It’s a duty we owe her. She was a good girl.”

Related Characters: Jagan (speaker), Grace, The Cousin, Mali
Page Number and Citation: 191
Explanation and Analysis:
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Jagan Character Timeline in The Vendor of Sweets

The timeline below shows where the character Jagan appears in The Vendor of Sweets. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Chapter 1
Commerce, Taste, and the Good Life Theme Icon
Religion Theme Icon
Jagan says, “Conquer taste, and you will have conquered the self,” to a man whom he... (full context)
Generational Difference Theme Icon
Commerce, Taste, and the Good Life Theme Icon
India vs. the U.K. and the U.S. Theme Icon
Jagan tells the cousin that he decided to stop eating salt because people should only eat... (full context)
Communication vs. Fear Theme Icon
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Jagan used to make his own sandals from the skin of already-dead animals because, as an... (full context)
Commerce, Taste, and the Good Life Theme Icon
The cousin sees Jagan blush at the cousin’s crude speculations about “natural salt.” Amused, the cousin says soothingly how... (full context)
Commerce, Taste, and the Good Life Theme Icon
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Though during the day the shop fills with the sound of frying while Jagan reads the Bhagavad Gita, it is silent when he counts the money, which a boy... (full context)
Chapter 2
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On Jagan’s walk home from the store, he passes Truth Printing, the shop to which he gave... (full context)
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At home, Jagan walks through the house to the backyard bathroom, briefly glancing at and pondering the stars... (full context)
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Every morning at 5 a.m. Jagan wakes up, goes to the back yard, and uses a twig from his margosa tree... (full context)
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Jagan’s wife (Ambika) used to loathe Jagan’s theories about healthy living. She became especially annoyed the... (full context)
Chapter 3
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One morning at breakfast, Mali tells Jagan that he is quitting college. When Jagan asks whether Mali is being bullied, Mali says... (full context)
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That evening, when the cousin visits Jagan in his shop, Jagan tries to call him over—but the cousin goes into the kitchen... (full context)
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Jagan tells the cousin about Mali’s idea to quit college and explains that he’d hoped Mali... (full context)
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At 10 p.m. that night, the cousin comes by Jagan’s house, and they take a walk. The cousin explains to Jagan, who is spinning disaster... (full context)
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The cousin, not realizing that Jagan has misunderstood the word “writer,” continues: he waited for Mali outside the college, where Mali... (full context)
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Jagan and the cousin keep walking and talking until midnight. Suddenly, a frustrated Jagan wonders aloud... (full context)
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As soon as Jagan gets the chance, he peeks through Mali’s keyhole into his room. Much to Jagan’s disappointment,... (full context)
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Humbly, Jagan asks what Mali is working on. Snootily, Mali replies that he is working on a... (full context)
Communication vs. Fear Theme Icon
Commerce, Taste, and the Good Life Theme Icon
...must send in their submissions with a filled-out coupon from the magazine before September 30th. Jagan points out that it’s May, and Mali retorts that he has five months. When Jagan... (full context)
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Jagan effusively claims to believe in Mali. Meanwhile, though, he wonders why an “invisible barrier” exists... (full context)
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 Jagan tells Mali again that he believes in him and that he only asked about the... (full context)
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At the sweet shop the next day, Jagan brags to his head cook that Mali is going to earn 25,000 rupees with a... (full context)
Chapter 4
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Though Jagan and Mali don’t talk much at home, Mali is happy that Jagan isn’t insisting he... (full context)
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September passes, and Jagan has no idea whether or not Mali has written and sent off his novel manuscript.... (full context)
Communication vs. Fear Theme Icon
When the cousin asks when Jagan last had a conversation with Mali, Jagan realizes it was a brief, contentless exchange more... (full context)
India vs. the U.K. and the U.S. Theme Icon
...the sweet shop and announces that Mali wants to travel to America to study writing. Jagan, patriotism offended, asks rhetorically whether Valmiki traveled to America to learn to write the Ramayana.... (full context)
Generational Difference Theme Icon
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Jagan wonders aloud, “Why America?” He worries that people only eat cattle and pigs there. The... (full context)
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...Mali has already gone to Madras for his passport and stolen the travel fare from Jagan’s savings in the house. Jagan is pleased by Mali’s independence and can-do spirit, but he... (full context)
Chapter 5
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After Mali leaves, Jagan brags to everyone that his son is heading to America. One day, he receives a... (full context)
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Jagan leaves Truth Printing and heads for work. On the way, he stops a couple acquaintances... (full context)
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...a great deal via letter—though he generalizes about American culture rather than sharing anything personal. Jagan reads and re-reads these letters, which supplant his daily Bhagavad Gita, and forces information about... (full context)
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After three years, however, Jagan receives a letter whose contents he does not share with anyone: in it, Mali says... (full context)
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Jagan, perplexed, goes to meet Mali’s train with the cousin. When Mali appears, he seems taller... (full context)
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...the town’s loveliness, Mali says, “Honey, live in it and see what it is like.” Jagan wonders whether her name is Grace or Honey. (full context)
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When they reach the house, Jagan becomes anxious, as he spent a lot of money in the past two weeks renovating... (full context)
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As the days pass, Jagan starts dodging his acquaintances because he doesn’t want to explain who Grace is. The cousin,... (full context)
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Every so often, one of Mali’s old friends will visit and talk quietly with Mali; Jagan, who can’t hear what they’re saying, wants to join the conversation but worries it would... (full context)
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One day, Grace enters Jagan’s side of the house and starts cleaning. When he tries to stop her, she proclaims,... (full context)
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Soon Jagan, uncomfortable, asks Grace whether Mali earned his degree in America. Grace, surprised, asks whether Jagan... (full context)
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Jagan, uncomfortable, says he couldn’t have known—he didn’t know about Grace. When Grace asks whether Mali... (full context)
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...(Mali) was taking creative writing. They met at a football game. Abruptly, Grace asks whether Jagan is pleased. When Jagan nods, she admits that she was scared to come to India... (full context)
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One day, Mali rushes up to Jagan and asks him to get a telephone for the house. When Jagan says he’s never... (full context)
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Jagan, examining Mali up close, sees that Mali looks unwell. He suddenly notices that Mali is... (full context)
Chapter 6
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...sweet shop, the cousin makes conversation about a fight at the market because he’s noticed Jagan doesn’t want to discuss Mali. Jagan complains that the other merchants raising prices have no... (full context)
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After a digression in which Jagan and the cousin discuss how Mali seems to have borrowed a friend’s scooter, the cousin... (full context)
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The cousin, noting Jagan’s confusion with pleasure, asks whether he’s never heard of the story-writing machines in America. Jagan... (full context)
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The next morning, when Grace comes to clean Jagan’s side of the house, Jagan asks her whether Mali is free to talk. Grace goes... (full context)
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Jagan asks Mali whether he actually wants to write using the story-writing machine. Mali says he... (full context)
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Grace enters the room and says to Jagan how intelligent Mali is. Jagan, wondering what exactly Mali’s scheme is, tells Grace that the... (full context)
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Mali tells Jagan that if they raise $51,000, their American backers will give them help worth $200,000 to... (full context)
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When the cousin enters the sweet shop that afternoon, Jagan asks him what $50,000 is in rupees. The cousin says “two lakhs”—a conversion he checked... (full context)
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At home, Jagan feels that Mali and Grace are now putting themselves in his path and looking at... (full context)
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One day, while Jagan is walking to work, the homeless man by the statue asks him for money. Jagan... (full context)
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Jagan reaches the sweet shop and opens the Bhagavad Gita, but all he can think about... (full context)
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Jagan decides that he will use “non-violent non-cooperation” of the sort he learned from Gandhi to... (full context)
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Mali calls to Jagan before Jagan can escape. When Jagan enters Mali’s room, Mali asks whether Jagan has come... (full context)
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Mali tells Jagan that they need the money soon or their business associates will back out. Jagan claims... (full context)
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When the cousin enters the sweet shop that afternoon, he sees Jagan looking miserable and so praises the quality of that day’s sweets. Jagan, smiling, says he... (full context)
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The cousin asks whether Jagan plans to give up his business, and Jagan says that Mali isn’t interested in taking... (full context)
Chapter 7
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When the cousin comes to the shop two days later, Jagan has lowered the price of every sweets packet to “25 paise.” Many people buy from... (full context)
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Jagan tells his employees that he’ll teach them how to spend their increased free time profitably... (full context)
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Jagan keeps reading, boring his employees, until three visitors unexpectedly arrive: the owner of the Ananda... (full context)
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Jagan says he’ll send his customers to his visitors’ shops if his visitors adhere to “pure... (full context)
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Jagan, confused, asks an employee to fetch sodas for his visitors. The Ananda Bhavan owner suggests... (full context)
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Jagan’s employee comes back with the sodas. When the Ananda Bhavan owner asks why Jagan isn’t... (full context)
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A bit later, the bearded man comes back into the shop. He introduces himself to Jagan; he used to be called “Chinna Dorai” to distinguish him from his master “Peria Dorai—the... (full context)
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After some further chat, Jagan asks the bearded man where his master lived. The bearded man says it’s relatively nearby,... (full context)
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Jagan asks the bearded man whether he carves his own images at his master’s place. The... (full context)
Chapter 8
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The next day, the bearded man brings Jagan to a remote shrine by a pond in overgrown, wooded surroundings. When Jagan notes how... (full context)
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When Jagan asks how the master fed his family up here, the bearded man explains that the... (full context)
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...people will notice his business once they “notice fewer gray hairs around.” At this point, Jagan comments on the man’s white beard. The bearded man says he has no desire to... (full context)
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The bearded man walks into the sanctuary, points out an empty alcove to Jagan, and tells him that his master wanted to carve the goddess Gayatri for the space.... (full context)
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The bearded man offers Jagan a piece of fruit from a nearby guava tree. Jagan takes it but tells the... (full context)
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Wrapped up in these thoughts, Jagan loses track of the bearded man until the bearded man asks whether Jagan is paying... (full context)
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The bearded man orders Jagan to reach into the pool and feel around. Beneath the water, the bearded man grabs... (full context)
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...die happy if he can spend the rest of his life carving this statue. When Jagan asks how old he is, the bearded man asks him to guess—but when Jagan, confused,... (full context)
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Suddenly, the bearded man tells Jagan that only Jagan can help him complete the goddess—by purchasing the property and installing the... (full context)
Chapter 9
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Jagan returns home and begins spinning yarn—a practice that Gandhi recommended both for economic reasons and... (full context)
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Mali enters and asks Jagan to stop spinning the wheel so they can talk. When Jagan nervously asks what Mali... (full context)
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Mali launches into another pitch for his business. When Jagan asks what will happen if he says no to the business, Mali says Grace will... (full context)
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When Jagan asks again whether Grace is unhappy, Mali says that she has nothing to be happy... (full context)
Chapter 10
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Jagan wants to talk to Grace, but though he hears her moving about the house, she... (full context)
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At the sweets shop, when Jagan asks the cousin whether he has run into Mali lately, the cousin says he ran... (full context)
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...showing the cousin the land where he plans to build the factory for his business, Jagan goes into the puja room and prays for guidance. Then he goes and knocks on... (full context)
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Grace opens her door, greets Jagan, and invites him in. After Jagan makes some introductory comments, he tells himself not to... (full context)
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Grace, walking Jagan out, says that “Mo”—Mali—wants her to return to America. Jagan, shocked, asks why. Grace explains... (full context)
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...though Mali promised to marry her according to Indian cultural traditions when he brought her. Jagan asks whether the marriage took place after they arrived, and Grace says Jagan would know... (full context)
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When the cousin enters the shop, Jagan tells him that Mali isn’t married. The cousin asks whether Jagan talked with Grace, and... (full context)
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The cousin suggests that Jagan ask Mali’s “side of the story.” Jagan points out that Mali told him he wanted... (full context)
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Jagan asks the cousin how he can continue living in his house. The cousin suggests he... (full context)
Chapter 11
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Jagan spends an entire morning shutting off his part of the house from Mali and Grace’s.... (full context)
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Now all Jagan’s relatives are shunning him because of Grace: his sister sent him a nasty postcard about... (full context)
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As Jagan walks to the sweets shop, Mali and Grace drive up in the green car and... (full context)
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Two weeks later, Jagan realizes he hasn’t seen or heard Grace in a while. One day, Mali hears Jagan... (full context)
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Jagan announces that Mali and Grace need to get married. When Mali shouts that Jagan has... (full context)
Chapter 12
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Jagan, anxious and preoccupied, goes through his workday in a daze. While he counts his cash,... (full context)
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That evening, sitting on a colonial statue pedestal near his house, Jagan recalls traveling to a village called Kuppam to meet a possible bride suggested to him... (full context)
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When the possible bride’s family serves food, Jagan wants to eat it all—he hasn’t yet given up salt and sugar—but his brother gives... (full context)
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The party sits in the home’s central hall. Jagan hears a harmonium playing and a rather deep woman’s voice—Ambika’s—singing inside. Then, after several people... (full context)
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As Jagan and his brother begin their journey home, Jagan is thoughtful and silent. At the rail... (full context)
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Jagan and his brother get back to Malgudi early the next morning. Soon the whole family... (full context)
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Finally, Jagan’s father sends a letter approving the marriage to Ambika’s family. A multitude of letters pass... (full context)
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September approaches. Jagan’s father tells him to take time off college to help with the preparations. Jagan is... (full context)
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Ultimately, 3,000 people are invited to Jagan and Ambika’s wedding, which takes place in Kuppam. Jagan feels that he spends the whole... (full context)
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There are two unfortunate incidents during the wedding. First, a highly respected 75-year-old relative of Jagan’s is accidentally seated with the children—but Ambika’s father apologizes and is forgiven. Second, the “gold... (full context)
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After the marriage, Jagan and Ambika get a room in the middle of the family house. Jagan spends all... (full context)
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Yet after almost 10 years of marriage, Jagan and Ambika still have not had a child—and meanwhile, Jagan has failed to get his... (full context)
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...that the infertility doesn’t come from her family, as all her sisters have had children. Jagan, stung, argues that his family is very prolific too. The couple, frustrated, starts having less... (full context)
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One morning, Jagan’s father abruptly announces that Jagan and Ambika will be traveling to a temple on Badri... (full context)
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On the appointed day, Ambika, Jagan, and Jagan’s parents take a bus to the base of Badri Hill. Jagan has to... (full context)
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When Ambika, Jagan, and Jagan’s parents disembark from the bus, Jagan’s father goes to buy food from a... (full context)
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...many gifts and hold a feast in honor of her first-born child. Her father and Jagan’s father agree to start a savings account for Mali, and Ambika and Jagan feel proud... (full context)
Chapter 13
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Back in the present, Jagan has fallen asleep while thinking about the past. Birds wake him where he has been... (full context)
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Recalling how Mali rejected the idea of a quick marriage, Jagan concludes that he no longer has a place in his family home and decides: “At... (full context)
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Jagan enters the house and packs a few things, including his charka so that he can... (full context)
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As Jagan walks away from the house, the cousin speeds by on a bicycle and then falls... (full context)
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...bailed him out the previous night, if only the cousin had been able to find Jagan. Jagan explains he was sleeping outside. He moans that he knows how awful the jail... (full context)
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When Jagan admits that he didn’t know Mali drank, the cousin says under Prohibition they can charge... (full context)
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...story-writing machine company—is investigating the possibility that the arresting officer might have a grudge against Jagan or Mali for some reason. Jagan says that if Mali’s defense is true, then he’ll... (full context)
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Jagan—feeling that he has come to an epiphany—wishes luck to everyone involved in the case but... (full context)
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Jagan insists that he plans to see a goddess carved from stone—and then stay or go... (full context)